Zikumbukiro Mwakungosinika Batani!

Muthamangira ku shopu yakwanuko yazithunzithunzi kukatenga zithunzithunzi zokongola zija munajambulitsa pa tchuthi chanu chapita. Koma nzogwiritsa mwala chotani nanga! Zithunzithunzi zina nzakuda, zina nzotumbuluka kapena zopendeka. ‘Ndikamera!’ munena tero mokwiya. Koma kodi ulidi mlandu wa kamera? Kapena kodi ndimlandu wa wojambulayo?

UKWATI wanu, malo okongola amene munachezera, mabwenzi amene anasamuka, agogo ndi achibale ena, kuyamba kuyenda kwa mwana wanu—zikumbukiro zonsezi zingajambulidwe pafilimu mwakungosinika batani. Komabe, nkogwiritsa mwala chotani nanga pamene zithunzithunzi zanu sizituluka bwino—kapena zapserera! Ayi, kamera yatsopano mwachiwonekere sindilo yankho. Mfungulo kuchipambano ndiyo kudziŵa malamulo aakulu a kujambula zithunzithunzi.

Kodi Kamera Imagwira Ntchito Motani?

Kunena mokhweka, kamera ndi bokosi lotsekerezedwa ku kuunika lokhala ndi “diso,” lens, loloŵerapo kuunika ndipo kumasumikidwa pa filimu kupanga chithunzithunzi. Pamwamba pafilimu pali machemical amene amalandira kuunika kokwanira komwe kumawalitsidwa moyenerera. Kuunika kopambanitsa kumapangitsa zithunzithunzi zanu kuwonekera kukhala zotumbuluka. Kuunika kocheperatu kumapangitsa zithunzithunzi zanu kukhala zakuda kwambiri.

Pamene mujambula chithunzithunzi chanu, shutter ya kamerayo imatseguka kwa nusu ya kamphindi, kulola chithunzithunzi kupangika pafilimu yanu. Chotero njira imodzi yolamulira kuwonekera kwa filimu ndiyo kusintha utali umene shutter imakhala yotseguka. M’kuunika kwanthaŵi zonse kwadzuŵa chithunzithunzi wamba chingajambulidwe paliŵiro la shutter la 1/125 ya kamphindi. Makamera ambiri ali ndi liŵiro losiyanasiyana la shutter, koma kunena mwachisawawa muyenera kugwiritsira ntchito liŵiro la shutter monga momwe ukulu wakuunika ungalolere. Ngati shutter ikhala yotseguka kwanthaŵi yaitali, chithunzithunzi chanu chidzambuŵiritsidwa kwambirinso ndi kugwedezeka kwa kamera. M’mikhalidwe yolira chisamaliro chachikulu izi zingachinjirizidwe mwakukwezeka kamera pa choimikapo cha miyendo ndi kumasula shutter mogwiritsira ntchito nsambo kapena timer ya kamera.

Njira ina yolamulirira kuunikiridwa kwa filimu ndiyo kusintha ukulu wa aperture ya lens (yotchedwanso f-stop). Ichi chingayerekezeredwe ndi kutong’ola diso lanu, kulitseka pang’ono, kapena kuyang’anira mphepete. Iyo imalamulira unyinji wa kuunika umene umaloŵa. Malens ambiri ali ndi dial yokhala ndi manambala osiyanasiyana, kapena ma f-stop, amene mungasankhepo. Ngati aperture njaikulu, kuunika kochuluka kumaloŵa ndipo kuunikiridwa kwa filimu kukhala kwakukulu. Chimene chimasokoneza wophunzira kujambula nchakuti, manambala a f-stop ngosiyana ndi ukulu wa aperture. Mwachitsanzo, f-2.8 ndikhomo lalikulu; f-32 ndikhomo laling’ono. Makamera ambiri tsopano amapangidwa ndi mbali yonga yolamulira yokha kuunikiridwa ndi mamita akuunika opangidwira mkati amene amakuuzani penipeni poika masinthidwewo. Ndithudi, ku makamera okhoza kujambula okha, masinthidwe onse ngopangidwa kale. Makamera otero angakusumikirireni!

Kodi Muyenera Kusankha Filimu Yotani?

Mofanana ndi makamera, palinso mafilimu amitundumitundu omasintha nthaŵi zonse. Filimu ya color negative imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupanga zithunzithunzi zamitundu yonse. Izi nzosavuta kuziyendetsa ndipo nzotchipa kujambula kapena kukulitsa. Ubwino wina ngwakuti chifukwa cha ukulu wake, kapena exposure range, ngakhale negative yosaunikiridwa bwino idzatulutsa chithunzithunzi chabwino. Mafilimu a color-reversal amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutulutsa color transparencies, kapena masilaidi. Komabe, kuti musangalale ndi zimenezi, mudzafunikiranso kugula projekitala ndi chosonyezerapo. Masilaidi ngosalimba kwambiri ndipo amafunikira chisamaliro chachikulu m’kuunikiridwa. Komabe, angakupatseni zithunzithunzi zabwino.

Mafilimu amasiyana m’liŵiro lawo (kuyambukiridwa ndi kuunika) ndipo amasiyanitsidwa ndi manambala a ISO kapena ASA.a Ena amathamanga pang’ono pa ISO 25 ndipo enanso amathamanga mofulumira pa ISO 3200. Filimu yogwira ntchito bwino mwachisawawa ikakhala ISO 100 Daylight, popeza kuti filimu imeneyi ya liŵiro lachikatikati imagwira bwino ntchito masana kujambula zithunzithunzi zanthaŵi zonse. Filimu yaliŵiro lalikulu la ISO 400 imagwira bwino ntchito mumikhalidwe yokhala ndi kuunika kochepera, monga ngati m’madzulo pang’ono, masiku pamene kuli mitambo, ndi m’nyumba. Komabe, monga lamulo lachisawawa, ngati filimu ndiyaliŵiro lochepa, imatulutsa zithunzithunzi zosalala. Mafilimu a liŵiro lalikulu amasonyeza timadonthomadontho pa zithunzithunzi zotuluka.

Ngati Kamera yanu iri ndi film-speed selector, kuli kofunika kuilinganiza ndi nambala ya ISO kapena ASA yolondola. Tsopano nayi mfundo yovuta kwambiri:

Mmene Mungajambulire Chithunzithunzi Chabwino

Ophunzira kujambula ambiri amangojambula zithunzithunzi. Iwo amalozeretsa kamera ndi kusinika batani. Wojambula zithunzithunzi wodziŵa bwino amatenga nthaŵi ndi kulingalira napanga chithunzithunzi. Iye amachilinganiza. Kuika bwino chandamale chanu kapena mbali yokondweretsa kumatchedwa composition. Ayi, kuika chandamale chanu pakati penipeni sindiko njira yabwino koposa kwenikweni. Tawonani, chitsanzo choperekedwa panopa (tsamba 26), chandamale chingakhale chokondweretsa pamene chisunthidwira chakumbali pang’ono kuchoka pakati—tinene kuti pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi m’zitatu cha mtunda wochokera pamwamba kapena kumbali kwa chithunzithunzi. Uku kumatchedwa kugwiritsira ntchito the rule of thirds.

Nkofunikanso kulekanitsa chandamale ndi malo akumbuyo. Malo akumbuyo okhala ndi zinthu zambiri, kapena piringupiringu, angadodometse chisamaliro cha wopenya pa chandamale. Kodi kuli chipupa choyera kapena malo akumbuyo ena achikatikati amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuimako anthu? Ngati malo akumbuyo oyenera sangapezedwe, sinthirani aperture ku khomo lalikulu (nambala ya f-stop yaing’ono). Ichi chidzachititsa chandamale chanu kuwonekera bwino, koma chidzasonyeza malo akumbuyo mwachimbuuzi.—Onani chitsanzo, patsamba 24.

Kuti musunge kuunikiridwa kwabwino, mungajambulenso zithunzithunzi ziŵiri zowonjezereka ndi liŵiro la shutter kapena aperture yoikidwa pamakhazikitsidwe apamwamba ndi ena pansi. Ichi chitanthauza kuti ngati mujambula chithunzithunzi chanu pa f-8 ndi 1/125 ya kamphindi, mungajambulenso pa f-5.6 ndi f-11 paliŵiro limodzimodzilo. Mwanjirayi, mumakulitsa ukulu m’mikhalidwe ya kuunika. Kumbali ina, ngati mukufuna ukulu wokwanira wa malo, pamenepo jambulani zithunzithunzi zowonjezereka mwakuwonjezera liŵiro la shutter (1/60, 1/125, ndi 1/250 ya kamphindi) mosasintha f-stop.

Kuunika nkofunikanso. Ngati pangakhale malo akumbuyo owala kwambiri kapena kuunika kwamphamvu kumbuyo kwa chandamale chanu (chipale chofewa, nyanja yochezima, kapena gombe), zingasokoneze kamera yanu ndi kuchititsa kuunikiridwa kochepera. Kodi chothetsera vutolo nchiyani? Yandikirani pafupi ndi chandamale, ndipo linganizani kuunika molondola. Kenaka bwererani pamalo anu oyambirira, ndipo jambulani chithunzithunzi chanu pa makhazikitsidwe osankhidwa. Ojambula zithunzithunzi ozoloŵera kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito electronic flash masana monga fill-in lighting imene imachotsa nthunzi wopangidwa ndi kuunika kowala kwakumbuyo kapena nthunzi waukulu.

Dzuŵa loŵala, lounikira mwachindunji pamutu pa chandamale (kapena mwachindunji kumbuyo) lingachititse nthunzi wosakondweretsa pansi pa maso a munthu, mphuno, ndi chibwano. Ngati nditero, ikani chandamale chanu mumthunzi kapena gwiritsirani ntchito fill-in flash. Mukhozanso kuika dzuŵa mwachindunji kumbuyo kapena kumbali kwa chandamale chanu kupangitsa kuŵala kwa dzuŵa pamene dzuŵalo liunikira tsitsi la munthuyo, malinga ngati dzuŵa siliunikira m’lens yanu mwachindunji.

Electronic flash iri ndi zolephera zake, popeza kuti maflash unit ambiri amagwira bwino ntchito pamtunda wa mamita 10 okha. Chotero, kuyesa kujambula chithunzithunzi ndi flash pa bwalo lamaseŵera (monga pamsonkhano Wachikristu) kapena nyumba yosanja m’mzinda kumangowononga batiri yanu. Flash yachindunji imapanga mithunzi kapena kuwonetsa maŵanga kumaso. Kodi chothetsera vutolo nchiyani? Yesani kuphimba flash yanu (osati lens) ndi tissue kapena nsalu yakumanja kupeŵetsa madera ounikiridwa mopambanitsa, kapena kulozetsa flash ku tsindwi loyera. Ichi chidzafunikiranso kulinganiza kuunikiridwa. Mukhoza kuika chandamale chanu kutsogolo kwa malo odera kuchepetsa nthunzi.

Zithunzithunzi mmene maso amawoneka ofiira ndichinthu china chosakondweretsa cha kujambula zithunzithunzi ndi flash, makamaka ndi kamera imene iri ndi flash yoikidwiramotu. Ngati simungalekanitse kamera yanu ndi flash unit (monga ngati ndi mounting bracket), pamenepo penyetsani munthuyo choyamba ku kuunika kowala kotero kuti maso ake asatong’oke pamene mujambula chithunzithunzi. Kapena pewetsani munthuyo kuyang’ana m’lens mwachindunji.

Zithunzithunzi Zovumbula

Chithunzithunzi chabwino chimachita zambiri koposa kungotulutsa mawonekedwe akumaso a munthuyo. Chingapereke chidziŵitso cha umunthu ndi mkhalidwe wa munthuyo. Kuti mutulutse zithunzithunzi zabwino motero, muyenera kudziŵa njira zojambulira zithunzithunzi. Motero mungasumike chidwi pa chimene mufuna kujambula, osati pa makina anu.

Choyamba, pangitsani munthu wanu kumasuka. Gwiritsirani ntchito telephoto lens kotero kuti mujambule chithunzithunzi chapafupi popanda kusendeza kamerayo kwa iye imene ingamdodometse. Nyimbo yoyenerera imamasula munthu. Kulankhula ndinjira inanso yothandiza munthuyo kusapereka chisamaliro ku kamera ndi kukhala ndi mkhalidwe wachibadwa. Gwiritsirani ntchito mafunso kumlankhulitsa momasuka ndi kudzutsa malingaliro amene mufuna kujambula. Pojambula ana zithunzithunzi, kupangeni kukhala maseŵera kapena asimbireni kankhani. Aloleni kukhala mwachibadwa ndi moseŵera. Ziŵiya zopangitsa mkhalidwe wachibadwa weniweni zingathandizenso munthu amene mufuna kujambula kumasuka. Chotero ikani katswiri wa nyimbo ndi chiŵiya chake choimbira kapena wantchito ndi ziŵiya zake zogwirira ntchito.

Chithunzithunzi cha gulu sichimatanthauza kwenikweni kukhazikitsa aliyense mumzera wabwino. Apatseni chiŵiya chopangitsa mkhalidwe wachibadwa weniweni—mpando umodzi kapena iŵiri—ndikuŵakhazikitsa mouzungulira, mwinamwake mumpangidwe wokhala ndi mbali zitatu. Sikofunika kuti aliyense amwetulire ku kamera. Tsopano pendani mawonekedwewo mosamalitsa musanasinike batani. Kodi zovala ndi tsitsi nzokonzedwa bwino? Kodi kuli zinthu zosokoneza kumbuyo? Kodi kakhazikitsidwe ka kamera ndiko kokhumbirika koposa? (Kamera yoikidwa chapansi pang’ono pa nkhope ikhoza kufupikitsa mphuno yaitali kapena kusavumbula tsitsi loyedzamira kumbuyo.) Tsopano yambani kujambula zithunzithunzi zingapo, ndipo pamene zatsukidwa, sankhani chabwino koposa.

Ndikuyesayesa kochepera—ndi kuyeseza—kamera yanu ikhoza kukudzetserani chisangalalo chachikulu ndi kukuthandizani kusunga zikumbukiro, zikumbukiro zojambulidwa mwakungosinika pang’ono batani ya kamera yanu!

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 26]

Njira Zina Zopeŵera Zithunzithunzi Zogwiritsa Mwala

1. Ŵerengani ndikutsatira malangizo a kamera mosamalitsa.

2. Tsimikizirani kuti film-speed setting njolondola.

3. Tsimikizirani kuti lens ndi flash nzosaphimbidwa ndi zala zanu kapena lens cap.

4. Linganizani ndikukonzekeretsa chithunzithunzi chanu mwakusintha malo anu kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zoom lens.

5. Gwirani kamera mosagwedera, ndipo sinikani release button.

[Zithunzi patsamba 24]

“Aperture” yaikulu (“f-stop” yaing’ono) imalekanitsa duŵa ndi malo akumbuyo kwake; “aperture” yaing’ono imapangitsa chimene mufuna kujambula ndi malo kuwonekera bwino

[Zithunzi patsamba 25]

“Fill-in flash” iwongolera nthunzi m’chithunzithunzi pamwambapo

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Mwakugwiritsira ntchito njira imodzi ya, “the rule of thirds,” chinthu chokondweretsa chimachotsedwa pakati pa chithunzithunzi