Chifukwa Chake Chigwirizano Chinafunikira

NKHONDO YADZIKO YA I inali chipululutso cha zaka zinayi cha imfa ndi kusakaza, chomwe chinali chisanawonedwepo ndi kale lonse. Atagaŵikana m’magulu aŵiri otsutsana a magulu ogwirizana, maulamuliro onse aakulu adziko, ndi ena, anapita kunkhondo, mbali iliyonse ikukhala ndi chidaliro cha chilakiko, polimbikitsidwa ndi nthungululu za anthu omwe analingalira kuti nkhondo inali chochitika chaulemerero.

Koma m’miyezi yochepa yokha, dziko linaphunzira mokhaula mphotho yowopsa ya nkhondo. Ndipo pamene inatha, kupha kwakukulu kokhetsa mwazi, kusakaza miyoyo ndi zinthu kopanda chifundo, kunasiya dziko likuzunzika ndi kutaikiridwa kwakukulu kochititsidwa ndi nkhondo. Chinachake chinayenera kuchitidwa kuchinjiriza kuulikanso kwa mkangano woterowo. Bwanji osapanga makonzedwe amene mitundu ikathetsera mikangano yawo mwamtendere m’malo mwa nkhondo? Kodi linali lingaliro latsopano? Osati kwenikweni.

Chifukwa Chake Zoyesayesa Zapapitapo Zinalephera

Nkhondo Yadziko ya I isanachitike, khoti lina linakhazikitsidwa kuyesa kuthetsa mikangano mwamtendere. Linali khoti lotchedwa Permanent Court of Arbitration lomwe linali ku The Hague mu Netherlands. Kumayambiriro kwa ma 1900, anthu ambiri anali kulingalira kuti ilo lingakhale malo apakati kumene kukambitsirana kukaloŵa m’malo nkhondo. Koma kodi nchiyani chinachitika pa Misonkhano ya Mtendere ya ku Hague mu 1899 ndi 1907 chimene chinapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa khoti limeneli, lodziŵika mofala monga Hague Court?

Pamisonkhano yonse iŵiriyo maiko oimiridwa sanavomereze ulamuliro wokakamiza, ndiponso sanachepetse miulu yawo ya zida zankhondo. Kwenikweni, iwo anakana lingaliro lirilonse lakuchotsa zida ndi kuletsa makonzedwe alionse omwe akawapatsa thayo lakuthetsa mikangano yawo mwakukambitsirana.

Chotero, pamene Hague Court linayamba kugwira ntchito, maikowo anali atatsimikiza kale kuti silidzachepetsa kudzidalira kwawo kotheratu. Motani? Mwa machenjera okhweka: Mwakupangitsa kuti kubweretsa milandu pamaso pa oweruzawo kukhale kodzisankhira. Ndipo maiko amene anapititsa mikangano yawo kukhoti limeneli sanali ndi thayo lakuvomereza zigamulo zirizonse zimene linapereka.

Komabe, kuchinjiriza ulemerero wautundu kwamachenjera kumeneku kunali kudodometsa mtendere ndi chisungiko za dziko. Chotero mpikisano wa zida zankhondo unapitiriza kufikira unagwetsera anthu m’mpambo wa kuulika kwa nkhondo komwe kunaswa mtendere wadziko m’chilimwe cha 1914.

Nkodabwitsa kuti pamene mphindi zomalizira za mtendere zinali kutha, Serbia, poyankha chigamulo cha Austria, anafotokoza kufunitsitsa kwake “kuvomereza mgwirizano wamtendere, mwakupereka funso limeneli . . . ku chigamulo cha Bwalo Lamilandu la Mitundu Yonse la Hague.” Koma popeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito Hague Court kunali kodzisankhira, Austria sanadzimve kukhala wokakamizika kuvomereza “mgwirizano wamtendere” wothekera umenewu. Chotero nkhondo inalengezedwa kusunga mtenderewo—ndipo anthu wamba ndi asilikali oposa 20 miliyoni ndiwo anaulipirira!

Kuitanitsa Chigwirizano kwa Atsogoleri Achipembedzo

Mu May 1919, Chauncey M. Brewster, bishopu wa Episkopo analengeza pa msonkhano watchalitchi mu United States kuti “chiyembekezo cha dziko cha mtendere wolungama ndi wokhalitsa chingakwaniritsidwe mwakusintha lamulo la mitundu kukhala ndi ulamuliro watsopano. . . . Lamulo la mitundu yonse liyenera kupatsidwa ukumu wokhalitsa kuposa zigamulo zoperekedwa pa Msonkhano wa ku Hague [zimene zinakhazikitsa Hague Court]. Chotero, kugwirizana kwa mitundu kuyenera kukhala kumvana kwa onse kokhala ndi ziyeneretso za chipangano kapena chigwirizano.”

Kadinala wa Roma Katolika, Mercier wa ku Belgium anali ndi lingaliro lofananalo. Ananena motere pamene anafunsidwa m’March 1919: “Kukuwonekera kwa ine kuti thayo lalikulu la Maboma kulinga ku mbadwo wamtsogolo ndilo kulepheretsa kotheratu kuchitikanso kwa maupandu omwe akuvutitsabe dziko.” Iye anatcha okambitsirana pangano lamtendere la ku Versailles kukhala “opanganso dziko latsopano” ndipo analimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa chigwirizano cha amitundu kuti chifikiritse chonulirapo chimenechi. Iye anayembekezera kuti chigwirizano chimenechi chikakhala chosungitsa mtendere changwiro.

Tsamba lapatsogolo la The New York Times ya January 2, 1919, linali ndi mutu waukulu uwu: “Papa Ayembekezera za Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chigwirizano cha Amitundu.” Ndime yake yoyambirira inalengeza kuti: “Muuthenga wake wa Chaka Chatsopano wopita ku Amereka, . . . Papa Benedict anafotokoza chiyembekezo chakuti Msonkhano wa Mtendere ungatulukepo dongosolo la dziko latsopano, ndi Chigwirizano cha Amitundu.” Papayo sanagwiritsire ntchito mawu enieniwo akuti “dongosolo la dziko latsopano” muuthenga wake. Komabe, ziyembekezo zimene anafotokoza za Chigwirizanocho zinawonekera kukhala zofunika koposa kotero kuti Associated Press kapena Vatican Press Office inalingalira kuti mawuwo anali oyenerera.

Talingalirani ziyembekezo zimenezi molinganiza ndi nthaŵi yake. Anthu ovutitsidwawo anali kulirira kutha kwa nkhondo. Nkhondo zambirimbiri m’maiko ambirimbiri zinasakaza mokulira. Ndipo tsopano yaikulu koposa zonsezo inali itatha pomalizira pake. Kwa anthu ofuna chiyembekezo mothedwa nzeru, mawu a papawo anamveketsa uthenga uwu: “Kubadwetu Chigwirizano cha Amitundu chimene, mwakuchotsa kulembedwa usirikali, chidzachepetsa zida; chimene, mwakukhazikitsa mabwalo amilandu amitundu yonse, chidzachotsa kapena kuthetsa mikangano, chimene, mwakukhazikitsa mtendere pamaziko olimba, chidzapatsa aliyense ufulu ndi kulingana kwa zoyenerera.” Ngati Chigwirizano cha Amitundu chingakwaniritse zonsezo, chidzakhazikitsadi “dongosolo la dziko latsopano.”

Chifukwa Chake Chinalephera

M’zolembedwa, zonulirapo ndi njira za Chigwirizanocho zinamveka zokongola kwambiri, zogwira ntchito kwambiri, ndiponso zothandiza kwambiri. Pangano la Chigwirizano cha Amitundu linanena kuti chifuno chake chinali “kuchilikiza kugwirizana kwa mitundu yonse ndi kufikira mtendere ndi chisungiko za mitundu yonse.” Kufikira mtendere ndi chisungiko kunadalira pa kugwirizana kwa mitunduyo ndi “kuvomereza [kwawo] mathayo akusatembenukira ku nkhondo.”

Chotero, ngati mkangano wovuta kwambiri unabuka, mitundu yokanganayo yomwe ndi mamembala, pokhala italumbira kusunga mtendere, ikapereka nkhani yawo “ku bungwe lothetsa mikangano kapena kufunsidwa ndi Bungwe” la Chigwirizanocho. Ndiponso, Chigwirizano cha Amitundu chinaloŵetsa Permanent Court of Arbitration, mu The Hague, m’dongosolo lake losungitsa mtendere. Ndithudi, kunalingaliridwa kuti zonsezi zikachotsa kuthekera kwa nkhondo ina yaikulu. Koma sizinatero.

Malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale, chifukwa chimodzi chimene Chigwirizano chinalepherera monga chosungitsa mtendere chinali kulephera kwa “mamembala [ake ambiri] kuzindikira mtengo womwe unafunikira kulipiridwa kuti apeze mtendere.” Kuchepetsa zida kunali mbali yofunika ya mtengowu. Koma maikowo sakanalipira mtengo umenewo. Choncho zinthu zimodzimodzizo zinachitika—kumlingo waukulu koposa. Maiko anayambanso mpikisano wa zida. Chigwirizano chinalephera kukhutiritsa maikowo kugwirizana m’kuletsa mpikisanowo. Kuchonderera ndi kutsutsana konse sikunamvedwe. Maikowo anaiwala phunziro lalikulu la mu 1914 lakuti: Kuunjika zida zochuluka kumayambitsa lingaliro lakudzidalira la kupambana m’zankhondo.

Kuzindikira phindu la “chitetezo cha onse” kunali mbali ina yofunika ya mtengo wa mtendere. Kuukira dziko limodzi kunayenera kuwonedwa monga kuukira maiko onse. Koma kodi nchiyani kwenikweni chimene chinachitika pamene dziko limodzi linatembenukira ku nkhondo m’malo mwa kukambitsirana? M’malo mogwira ntchito mogwirizana kuletsa mkanganowo, maiko anadzigaŵa m’zigwirizano zosiyanasiyana, kufunafuna chitetezo chaunyinji. Chimenecho chinali chinyengo chimodzimodzicho chimene chinawagwetsera m’vuto la mu 1914!

Chigwirizanocho chinafooketsedwanso ndi kukana kuloŵamo kwa United States. Ambiri amaganiza kuti unali “ulamuliro waukulu umodzi umene unali ndi kuthekera kwakuchipanga kukhala chogwira mtima” ndikuti kukhala m’Chigwirizano kwa Amereka kukanachipatsa mlingo wakutiwakuti wakuwonekera kukhala chapadziko lonse komwe kunali kofunika kuti chipambane.

Koma panali zifukwa zina zimene Chigwirizano chinalepherera. Talingalirani mawu osalimbikitsa awa opezeka kumayambiriro kwa Pangano lake: “Membala aliyense wa Chigwirizano akhoza kuchokamo m’Chigwirizanocho atapereka chidziŵitso cha cholinga chake zaka ziŵiri pasadakhale.” (Mfundo 1(3)) Mosasamala kanthu kuti chosankha chimenechi chinali chabwino, chinapatsa Chigwirizanocho kusakhazikika, ndipo nakonso, kunalepheretsa maikowo kusunga chigamulo chawo chakumamatira ku icho mokhulupirika.

Ufulu wakuchokamo umenewu unapangitsa Chigwirizanocho kulamulidwa ndi mamembala ake, omwe akanaleka pamene anafunira. Ziŵalo zakezo zinakhala zofunika kuposa icho. Ndipo chotero, pofika May 1941, maiko okwanira 17 sanalinso m’Chigwirizanocho. Zida zamphamvu za Nkhondo Yadziko ya II zinali kuswa chiyembekezo cha “dongosolo la dziko latsopano” ndikupangitsa kugwa kwa Chigwirizanocho.

Panafunikira kukhala njira yabwinopo!

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 7]

Chigwirizano cha Amitundu chinalephera kuletsa Nkhondo Yadziko ya II

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Cassino, Italiya, ikuphulitsidwa, March 15, 1944

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

U.S. Army