Mitundu Yogwirizana—Kodi Iri Njira Yabwinopo?

MAWU otsegulira a Tchata cha Mitundu Yogwirizana amalongosola zolinga zolemekezeka izi: “Ife anthu a Mitundu Yogwirizana tinatsimikiza kupulumutsa mibadwo yotsatira kuululu wankhondo, womwe kaŵiri m’nyengo ya moyo wathu wadzetsa chisoni chosaneneka pa anthu, . . . ndipo [pofuna] kugwirizanitsa nyonga yathu yakusungitsa mtendere ndi chisungiko za mitundu yonse, . . . tatsimikiza kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa zathu kukwaniritsa zolinga zimenezi.”

Kodi UN ‘inakwaniritsa zolinga zimenezi’? Kodi inapangitsa maiko kugwirizanitsa nyonga zawo ndikusungitsa mtendere ndi chisungiko? Ayi, kutalitali, ngakhale kuti UN yayesayesa mowona mtima kukhala njira yabwinopo kuposa Chigwirizano cha Amitundu. Komabe, chiyambire pamenepo, mbadwo umene unawona kukhazikitsidwa kwake mu 1945 wakanthidwa ndi nkhondo zambiri, kuukira, kuloŵerera, kulanda maboma, ndi nkhalwe m’mbali zambiri za dziko lapansi. Ndipo chiwawa chimenechi chinaphatikizapo maiko ambiri omwe anatsimikiza “kusungitsa mtendere ndi chisungiko za mitundu yonse.”

Sinjira Yabwinobe

Osuliza amene amaseka kulephera kwa Mitundu Yogwirizana kuletsa masoka ameneŵa, angakhale akuiŵala mfundo yofunika kwambiri—nyonga ya gulu imadalira pa mphamvu imene tchata chake chimalipatsa ndi pa kudzipereka kwa anthu ake kuchita mathayo awo pansi pa tchata choperekedwacho. Choyamba, Tchata cha Mitundu Yogwirizana sichimakhazikitsa UN monga boma ladziko lokhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa maiko onse omwe ndimamembala ake.

Mfundo 2(7) imalamula kuti: “Palibe chirichonse chokhala m’Tchata chiripochi chomwe chidzavomereza Mitundu Yogwirizana kuloŵerera m’nkhani zomwe ziri za m’mphamvu ya boma lirilonse.” UNCIO (United Nations Conference on International Organization), bungwe lomwe linakumana mu San Francisco kuyambira pa April 25 mpaka June 26, 1945, kutsiriza tchatacho, linakuwona kukhala kofunika “kutsimikiza kuti Mitundu Yogwirizana pansi pa mikhalidwe yadziko iripoyi siyenera kupyola malire ovomerezeka kapena kupitirira ziletso zoikidwa.”

Kodi mwawaona mawu omveketsa mfundowo, akuti “pansi pa mikhalidwe yadziko iripoyi”? Ngati mikhalidweyi itasintha, UNCIO inanena kuti lamulo limeneli lingasinthidwe “pamene mkhalidwe wa dziko, lingaliro launyinji la dziko, ndi kudalirana kwenikweni kwa dziko kukupanga kukhala kofunika ndi koyenerera.”

Cholinga cholembedwa m’tchata cha Mitundu Yogwirizana chakusungitsa “mtendere ndi chisungiko za mitundu yonse” chimafotokoza chonulirapo chokhumbirika cha anthu. Dziko likanakhaladi lachisungiko koposa ngati maiko anamvera Mfundo 2(4) ya Tchata cha UN yakuti: “Mamembala onse ayenera kupeŵa . . . kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito nkhondo polimbanira malire a dziko kapena ufulu wandale zadziko wa boma lirilonse.” Koma dyera la maiko okhala mamembala mobwerezabwereza lalepheretsa zosayesayesa za UN za kukwaniritsa chifuno chakecho. M’malo molabadira chowinda chawo cha UN “chakuthetsa mikangano yawo yamitundu yonse mwamtendere,” maiko kapena magulu a maiko atembenukira ku nkhondo, akumanena kuti ‘nkhaniyo inali kwakukulukulu ya dziko lawo.’—Mfundo 2(3,7).

Maiko sananyalanyaze kokha njira zodzetsera mtendere za UN komanso alakwira ndikunyoza mwapoyera malamulo othetsera mikangano. Ndipo nduna zawo zaboma kaŵirikaŵiri zapangitsa cholankhulirapo cha UN ndipo zapereka nkhani zazitali kuyesayesa kulungamitsa machitidwe awo ankhondo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuzemba malamulo oikidwira kusungitsa mtendere kumeneku kwalepheretsa UN m’nthaŵi zovuta ndipo kwawononga mowopsa kutchuka kwake. Nduna za UN zimene zimakhala m’magawo okambitsirana oterowo kaŵirikaŵiri zimalefulidwa. Potsirizira pake, kaŵirikaŵiri kukambitsirana koteroko kumangotsimikizira kukhala chinyengo chimene chimachepsa kapena kulungamitsa chiwawa ndi kukhetsa mwazi kochitikako. Nkosadabwitsa kuti Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ananena kuti UN “inalingaliridwa m’mbali zina kukhala nsanja ya Babele ndipo pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino koposa imakhala malo okambitsirana zinthu zosaphula kanthu nthaŵi zonse.”

Palinso chifukwa china chimene UN yakhalira ndi vuto kudzitsimikizira kukhala njira yabwinopo. Pamene inayamba kugwira ntchito pa October 24, 1945, “panalibe njira yotsimikizirika ya mtendere imene inakhazikitsidwa,” anatero Pérez de Cuéllar. Popanda chimenechi, kodi ndimotani mmene Mitundu Yogwirizana ikanakhalira ulamuliro wodalirika wopezera mtendere wadziko umene inakonzedwera?

Kodi ndi Mtendere Wamtundu Wanji Umene Ikanaupeza?

Pérez de Cuéllar akuyankha kuti: “Mtendere sudzabweretsa kulekeka kwa kukangana konse. Udzangopanga mikangano kukhala yokhoza kuthetsedwa mwanjira yosakhala nkhondo kapena chiwopsezo. . . . Mitundu Yogwirizana imafuna kutiphunzitsa kukhala ndi lingaliro la chonulirapo chimenecho.” Chotero mtendere wokha womwe UN ingaupeze ndiwo kulamulira chiwawa.

Kodi zimenezi ndizodi mtendere ndi chisungiko? Zowonadi, “kukhala membala wa Mitundu Yogwirizana kuli kotseguka kwa . . . maboma onse okonda mtendere.” (Mfundo 4(1)) Koma kodi dziko limene liri lokonda mtendere poloŵa mu UN lidzakhalabe lotero? Maboma amasintha, ndipo olamulira atsopano amabweretsa malamulo atsopano. Bwanji ngati membala akhala wankhalwe, wokondetsa dziko lake ndipo wokhala ndi chikhumbo chanjiru chosirira maiko? Ndipo bwanji ngati liyamba kudzikonzekeretsa ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi zamakemikolo? Pamenepo Mitundu Yogwirizana ikakhala ndi bomba loyembekezera kuphulika m’manja mwake. Komabe, monga momwe zochitika zaposachedwapa za ku Middle East zikusonyezera, kusintha kwa zinthu koteroko kungakhale chinthu chenichenicho chosonkhezera maiko kupatsa UN mphamvu zakuchotsa chiwopsezo chimenechi kaamba ka chisungiko chawo.

Kodi Maiko Angaipange Kukhala Njira Yabwinopo?

Kuposa ndi kale lonse, maiko akuzindikira mowonjezereka chimene UNCIO inachitcha “kudalirana kwenikweni kwa dziko.” Palibenso boma limene lingadziimire palokha. Maiko onse ali mamembala achitaganya chimodzi cha mitundu yonse. Onse akulimbana ndi mpambo umodzimodzi wa mavuto awa: ziyambukiro zosakaza za kuipitsa malo okhala, umphaŵi, matenda othetsa nzeru, malonda oipa a mankhwala m’kontinenti iriyonse, uchigaŵenga, zida zanyukiliya zowopsa koposa m’zosungira zida za maiko ochulukirachulukira. Mfundo zimenezi zikukakamiza maiko kaya kufuna mtendere ndi chisungiko kupyolera mwa chitsogozo cha Mitundu Yogwirizana kapena kudzipha kwa dziko lonse.

Nduna yakale yowona nkhani zakunja kwa Soviet Union Shevardnadze ananena kuti: “Mitundu Yogwirizana ingagwire ntchito bwino lomwe ngati ili ndi ulamuliro wochokera kwa mamembala ake, ngati maboma avomereza modzifunira ndipo kwakanthaŵi kuipatsa mbali ya zoyenerera zawo zaufumu ndi kuipatsa mphamvu ya kuchita ntchito zina kaamba ka ubwino wa aunyinji.” Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Ndi mwanjira yokhayi imene tingapangire nyengo ya mtendere wokhalitsa ndi wosabwerera m’mbuyo.”

Ngati izi zingachitidwe, pamenepo mphamvu ya ulamuliro ya UN ingatsutse mwamphamvu dziko lirilonse lowopseza mtendere wa dziko. Itakhala ndi mphamvu zenizeni, ingapondereze mwamphamvu ndi mofulumira anjiru oterowo. Koma kodi maiko omwe ndimamembala a UN angaipatse konse ulamuliro umenewu, ‘kupereka magulu awo ankhondo, chithandizo ndi ziŵiya’ kupezera mtendere? (Mfundo 43(1)) Iwo angatero—ngati pabuka tsoka lowopseza kudodometsa maziko enieni pamene ulemerero wa maiko awo wadalira. Ngati maikowo awona kuti ‘kugwirizanitsa mphamvu zawo kusungitsa mtendere ndi chisungiko za mitundu yonse’ pansi pa chitsogozo cha UN kungachotse ziwopsezo zoterozo, chimenechi chingawonjezere ulemu wawo kulinga kwa iyo.

Mwinamwake mukukaika kuti, ‘Kodi thayo la UN m’tsoka la ku Persian Gulf linali kuyambika kwa kachitidwe kameneko?’ Kukanaterodi. Maiko ambiri anayang’anizana ndi kuthekera kwa kugwa kwatsoka kwa chuma chawo. Ndipo ngati chuma chawo cholukanalukana chikanagwa, chikanateronso cha dziko lonse. Chotero maiko anaunjikana pamodzi pansi pa Mitundu Yogwirizana. Bungwe Lachitetezo linapereka mpambo wa zigamulo za UN kuthetsa tsokalo mwamtendere, ndipo pamene zimenezi zinalephera, linachirikiza chigamulo cha UN mwakugwiritsira ntchito nkhondo ku Gulf.

Mlembi wa Boma wa United States James Baker, akumapempha chigamulo chimenechi, ananena kuti: “Mbiri yatipatsa mwaŵi wina. Popeza kuti nkhondo yoputana ndi mawu yatha, tsopano tiri ndi mwaŵi wakumanga dziko limene linalingaliridwa ndi oyambitsa a . . . Mitundu Yogwirizana. Tiri ndi mwaŵi wakupanga Bungwe Lachitetezoli ndi Mitundu Yogwirizana kukhala ziŵiya zenizeni za mtendere ndi chiweruzo cholungama pa dziko lonse. . . . Tiyenera kukwaniritsa masomphenya atonsefe a dziko lamtendere ndi lolungama lapambuyo pa nkhondo yoputana ndi mawu.” Ndipo ponena za kukambitsirana kwawo kwa kugwiritsira ntchito nkhondo ku Gulf iye anati: “Ndikuganiza kuti [icho] chidzakhala chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika koposa m’mbiri ya Mitundu Yogwirizana. Chidzachitadi zambiri kutsimikiza mtsogolo mwa bungwe limeneli.”

Mboni za Yehova zimakhulupirira zolimba kuti Mitundu Yogwirizana idzachita mbali yaikulu m’zochitika zadziko mtsogolo posachedwapa. Mosakaikira zochitika zimenezi zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri. Ndipo zotulukapo zake zidzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chofika patali pamoyo wanu. Tikukufulumizani kufunsa Mboni za Yehova m’dera lanu kaamba ka tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka pankhaniyi. Baibulo limasonyeza bwino lomwe kuti posachedwapa Mitundu Yogwirizana idzapatsidwa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro. Pamenepo UN idzachita zinthu zodabwitsa zimene zingakusangalatseni. Ndipo mudzasangalatsidwa kudziŵa kuti pali njira ina yabwinopo imene ili pafupi imene idzabweretsadi mtendere ndi chisungiko zamuyaya!

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Guido de Marco, prezidenti wa Msonkhano wa Onse wa UN (kulamanja), ndi Mlembi Wamkulu Pérez de Cuéllar pa chigawo cha 45 cha Msonkhanowo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN photo 176104/Milton Grant