Kodi Nchiyani Chimene Chikuchitika ku Mitundu Yogwirizana?

CHINACHAKE chikuchitika ku Mitundu Yogwirizana. Zinthu zochititsa chidwi zikuchitika zimene zidzayambukira mtsogolo mwanu. Atsogoleri adziko ali otsimikiza kwenikweni ponena za izo. Talingalirani mawu awo:

“Zaka makumi anayi mphambu zisanu pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake, pambuyo pa kulefulidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, gulu la [Mitundu Yogwirizana] likufutukuka pamaso pathu, ndipo tsopano likuwonekera monga woweruza weniweni, kupereka lamulo ndi kuyesayesa kulikhwimitsa.”—Prezidenti François Mitterrand wa ku Falansa pachigawo cha 45 cha Msonkhano wa Onse wa UN, September 24, 1990.

Pamsonkhano umodzimodziwu, yemwe kale anali Nduna Yowona Nkhani Zakunja kwa Soviet Union, Eduard Shevardnadze ananena kuti “munthu sangalephere kukhutiritsidwa ndi umodzi wosayembekezereka wa Bungwe Lachitetezo la [UN] . . . Kaimidwe kotengedwa ndi mamembala a Gulu la [Mitundu Yogwirizana] kamapatsa Bungwe Lachitetezo ulamuliro wakuchita zimene mtendere wadziko ungafune.”

Masiku oŵerengeka pambuyo pake, Prezidenti George Bush wa ku United States analankhula pa Msonkhano wa Onse wa UN. Masinthidwe amene anawawona anamfulumiza kunena kuti: “Chiyambire 1945 sitinawonepo kuthekera kwenikweni kwakugwiritsira ntchito Mitundu Yogwirizana monga momwe inalinganizidwira—monga maziko a chisungiko chamitundu yonse pamodzi.” Iye ananena zimenezi chifukwa chakuti “Mitundu Yogwirizana inachitapo kanthu mogwirizana ndi motsimikiza mtima kwambiri” kutsoka la ku Persian Gulf. “Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, Bungwe Lachitetezo la U.N. likuyamba kugwira ntchito imene linalinganizidwira kuichita.” Iye anatinso: “Mitundu Yogwirizana ingathandize kubweretsa nyengo yatsopano” ngati mamembala ake ‘aleka zida zowopsa.’ Mwakuchita zimenezi, iwo angachifikire “chonulirapo chakalekale cha dongosolo la dziko latsopano ndi nyengo yaitali ya mtendere.”

Bambo Guido de Marco, prezidenti wa bungwe la Msonkhano wa Onse la Mitundu Yogwirizana, nayenso anali ndi malingaliro otsimikiza ameneŵa. Iye analengeza motenthedwa maganizo kuti: “Kuyambika kwa dongosolo latsopano lozikidwa pa ubwenzi ndi kugwirizana pakati pa maulamuliro aakulu kukuwonekera. . . . Zochitika zimenezi zatsitsimutsa Gulu la Mitundu Yogwirizana.” Iye ananena kuti “ntchito ya Msonkhano wa Onse monga maziko a kukambitsirana ndi kulingalira kosamalitsa kwa mitundu yonse, yatsimikiziridwa mogwira mtima kwenikweni.” Chifukwa cha chimenechi, iye anawonjezera kuti: “Dziko silikukhalanso m’chiopsezo cha kuthekera kwa Armagedo yoyambitsidwa ndi kupikisana kwamalingaliro.”

Kodi “zochitika zimenezi” zomwe zakweza mofulumira Mitundu Yogwirizana pamalo otchuka ndi achisonkhezero oyembekezeredwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ameneŵa zinali chiyani? Kodi nchiyani chimene chinapangitsa malingaliro otsimikiza oterowo omwe anasonkhezera atsogoleri adziko kulankhula modalirika za “dongosolo la dziko latsopano ndi nyengo yaitali ya mtendere” zopanda upandu wa Armagedo ya nyukiliya?

Kodi Nchiyani Chinabweretsa Masinthidwewo?

“Kutha kwa nkhondo ya mawu [m’Yuropu],” anayankha motero Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Javier Pérez de Cuéllar m’lipoti lake la 1990 la ntchito ya Mitundu Yogwirizana. Kwazaka makumi ambiri mkhalidwe wachidani umenewo “unayambitsa kukaikirana kosalekeka ndi mantha ndi kugaŵikana kwa dziko.” Iye anadziŵitsa kuti “lingaliro la chisungiko [limene] layamba kuwonekera liridi limene Mitundu Yogwirizana yakhala ikubukitsa m’zaka zonsezi.”

Inde, mlembi wamkuluyo anati, kunawonekera kuti mitundu pomalizira pake inali kuphunzira kuti “kutangwanitsa maganizo ndi chisungiko cha zida zankhondo kumatulukapo mpikisano womakulakula wa zida, . . . kumalepheretsa kukambitsirana kwandale zadziko, . . . ndipo kumakuza lingaliro lakupanda chisungiko m’mitundu yonse.” Ndipo kodi mkhalidwe watsopanowu unatulutsanji?

Mzimu wa kugwirizana ndi kudalirana unayamba kuwonjezeka pamisonkhano ya akuluakulu aboma a maulamuliro aakulu. Pamene mzimu umenewu unali kukula, iwo sanawonenso kufunika kwakukhala ndi unyinji umodzimodziwo wa magulu ankhondo okhala ndi zida zamphamvu otumikira monga zotetezera m’malo akuti akuti mu Yuropu. Khoma la Berlin linagwetsedwa. Jeremani anagwirizanitsidwa. Maiko ambiri a Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu anakhazikitsa maboma atsopano, akumapatsa nzika zawo ufulu womwe anali asanasangalale nawo ndi kale lonse. Malire otsekedwa anatsegulidwira alendo ochezera maiko, kusinthana miyambo, mtengatenga, ndi malonda. Ndipo pamwamba pa zonse, Soviet Union ndi United States anayamba kutamanda gulu la Mitundu Yogwirizana ndikulengeza kufunika kwa kuligwiritsira ntchito monga chiŵiya champhamvu m’kufunafuna mtendere ndi chisungiko za dziko.

Kukhalabe Ndi Lingaliro Lenileni

Kodi masinthidwe amwadzidzidzi ameneŵa anakudabwitsani? Kodi munayamba kulingalira kuti, pomalizira pake, mtendere ndi chisungiko ziri pafupi ndikuti Mitundu Yogwirizana idzachita mbali yaikulu m’kufikiritsa zonulirapo zimenezo? Polingalira zimene zachitika, malingaliro otsimikizawo angakhale omveka. Komabe, nzeru ndi mbiri yakale zimasonyeza kuti tiyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro lenileni la kuthekera kumeneku.

Onani zimene Bambo Pérez de Cuéllar ananena m’lipoti lawo: “Kaŵiri m’zaka za zana lino, pambuyo pa nkhondo ziŵiri zosakaza, kuthekera kwa kupanga dongosolo lamtendere lapadziko lonse sikunafikiridwe kwenikweni.” Prezidenti Bush anagwiritsira ntchito pafupifupi mawu amodzimodziwo m’nkhani yake ku chigawo cha onse cha msonkhano wa U.S. Congress pa March 6, 1991. “Kaŵiri kalelo m’zaka za zana lino, dziko lonse linagwedezedwapo ndi nkhondo. Kaŵiri m’zaka za zana lino, chifukwa cha zowopsa za nkhondo panakhala chiyembekezo cha mtendere wokhalitsa. Kaŵiri kalelo, ziyembekezo zimenezo zinatsimikizira kukhala loto wamba, losatha kukwaniritsidwa ndi munthu.”

Mlembi wa Boma wa United States James Baker ananena molunjika pamene anali kulankhula ndi Bungwe Lachitetezo la UN. Popempha chigamulo cha UN cha kugwiritsira ntchito nkhondo ku Persian Gulf, iye anakumbutsa anzake kuti “kuchonderera Chigwirizano cha Amitundu [kwa mu 1936 kwa Ethiopia] sikunamvedwe. Zoyesayesa za Chigwirizanocho za kuchotsa mkanganowo zinalephera ndipo panabuka chipoloŵe cha mitundu yonse ndi nkhondo.” Ndiyeno Bambo Baker anachonderera kuti: “Sitiyenera kulola Mitundu Yogwirizana kutsatira Chigwirizano cha Amitundu.”

Kodi Chigwirizano cha Amitundu chinali chiyani? Kodi nchifukwa ninji chinalinganizidwa? Kodi nchifukwa ninji chinalephera? Mayankho a mafunso ameneŵa adzatitheketsa kumvetsetsa masinthidwe amene akuchitika ku Mitundu Yogwirizana.