Koma Kodi Nchenicheni?

CHIMENE munthu wina angapange, wina akhoza kupeka chofanana nacho. Chimene mukuwona chikugulitsidwa chingawonekere kukhala chenicheni chimene mukufuna, koma kodi nchenicheni? Nthaŵi zina, zilango zokhwima zaperekedwa kuchepetsa mchitidwe wopeka zinthu. Mjeremani wina wokhala ndi hotela lake laling’ono m’zaka za zana la 14 anapachikidwa chifukwa chogulitsa vinyo wina akunamiza anthu kuti ndi vinyo wamtengo wapatali wotchedwa Rüdesheimer. Ku Briteni, mkati mwa zaka 140 chisanafike chaka cha 1832, anthu oposa 300 anapachikidwa chifukwa chopeka zinthu. Mu 1597, eni zipala za golidi aŵiri anakhomeredwa ndi misomale pamtengo wokhaulitsira kumakutu awo chifukwa choika zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti ndigolidi paziŵiya zosakhala zagolidi.

“Mzimu wosonkhanitsa zinthu zamakedzana unapatsa mwaŵi ochita malonda osawona mtima,” akutero Mark Jones, yemwe anagwirizana ndi British Museum kukonza chisonyezero chovumbula zopeka ndi bukhu lakuti Fake? The Art of Deception. Ngakhale anthu achidziŵitso chabwino koposa amanyengedwa. “Mafupa” a munthu wolingaliridwa kukhala wamakedzana wotchedwa Piltdown anangopekedwa ndipo anaputsitsa asayansi kwa zaka zambiri. Zolembedwa za “m’mabuku” a Hitler zimapereka umboni wokhutiritsa wosonyeza luso la opeka zinthu lokhoza kunyenga ngakhale amene ayenera kudziŵa bwino koposa.

“Mbali yaikulu kwambiri yopeka katundu lerolino,” akutero Mark Jones, “ndiyo . . . chinyengo pakatundu woikidwa chizindikiro cha opanga.” Mwachitsanzo, kuŵerengera kwachisawawa kunachitidwa kwakuti, makompyuta okwanira kuchokera pa 10,000 kufika ku 15,000 onamiziridwa kukhala a mtundu wa Apple, anagulitsidwa mwezi uliwonse mu United States mu 1987. Posachedwapa, chinyengo chinavumbulidwa chakugulitsa makrustalo opeka a Waterford a ndalama zokwanira $33 miliyoni. The Sunday Times ya ku Briteni inanena kuti: “Zopeka za makrustalo otchuka koposa padziko zinapangidwa ku fakitale yokhala ku mudzi wakutali mu Falansa.”

Mbadwo uno umalakalaka zinthu zosangulutsa. “Lero,” akutero Vincent Carratu, yemwe kale ankalimbana ndi opeka zinthu, wopeka wa malonda aakulu “akhoza kupeka mafuta onunkhira a Chanel, maŵa akasinthira ku malaya oseŵerera otchedwa Fila, ndiyeno pambuyo pake adzaloŵetsa m’dziko zoseŵerera mpira wa tenesi za Dunlop zopeka.” Chirichonse chimene wogula amafuna, wopeka amachipanga. Koma, gulu la Britain’s Anti-Counterfeiting likuchenjeza kuti, “kaŵirikaŵiri . . . watchi yothokozedwayo imene ingagulitsidwe pa £50 imakhala yamtengo wa £5 chabe.”

Zopeka Zoika Moyo Paupandu

Anti-Counterfeiting News nayonso imatchula vuto lina, upandu wa zinthu zosapangidwa bwino kwenikweni: “Zopangidwa zaupandu ndi zosafikapo kwenikweni zimapereka upandu weniweni pa moyo wa ogula.” Kodi upanduwo ngowopsa motani? Bukhu la Trademark World limapereka zitsanzo izi: “Ngozi za kugwa kwa ndege khumi ndi zinayi ndi anthu aŵiri kapena kuposapo amene anafa zapezedwa kuti zinachititsidwa ndi zipangizo zopeka za ndege.” Bungwe la National Consumer Council m’Briteni linaulula mmene zikwizikwi za mapulagi amagetsi ndi masilinda amabuleki a galimoto opeka okhala ndi ma seal ake apulasitiki zinayambira kugulitsidwa. “Zonsezi,” inatero, “zikhoza kuchititsa ngozi kwa wogula.”

Opanga mankhwala opeka ndiwo ouma mtima kwenikweni. “Kufika pa 70% ya mankhwala ogulitsidwa m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za Afirika ali opeka,” likutero bungwe la Anti-Counterfeiting Group la ku Briteni. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a maso omwe anapezedwa ku Nigeria analibemo msanganizo wokhala ndi mphamvu yochiritsa ndipo anapangidwa ndi madzi oipitsidwa. Mankhwalawo akanachititsa anthu khungu. “Ngati anthu adzadalira pa mankhwala opanda msanganizo wokhala ndi mphamvu yochiritsa,” linatero bungwe la World Health Organization mu 1987, “padzakhala imfa zambiri, chotero kupeka zinthu kuli mbanda yaikulu.”

Ngakhale ndalama zapepala zimene mulinazozo zikhoza kukhala zopeka. Posachedwapa, m’chaka chimodzi chokha, ndalama zapepala zopeka zokwanira $110 miliyoni zinagwidwa padziko lonse. Ndalama yapepala ya $100 yopeka yomwe inkagwira ntchito mu Ireland inali yopangidwa mwaluso koposa “kotero kuti zokwanira 155 zinapyola m’mabanki onse aakulu,” ikutero The Irish Times.

Kodi mungachitenji kuti musanyengedwe ndi zinthu zopeka? Katswiri wina wa kagulidwe ka zinthu ananena kuti “chitetezo chabwino koposa ku chinyengo chopeka zinthu ndicho kukhala wogula wodziŵa bwino.” Nawonjezera kuti: “Ngati chinthucho chithokozedwa koposa, samalani, chingakhale ‘chikomekome cha nkhuyu mkati muli nyerere.’”

[Chithunzi patsamba 14]

“Mafupa” a munthu wolingaliridwa kukhala wamakedzana wotchedwa Piltdown anaputsitsa asayansi kwa zaka zambiri