Kodi Makhalidwe Akumka Kuti?

KWA zaka mazana ambiri Baibulo linakayikiridwa m’maiko ambiri za kukhala kwake muyezo wa makhalidwe abwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti sianthu onse amene anakhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi malamulo ake a makhalidwe apamwamba, Baibulo linapereka kwa anthu amene analivomereza mpambo umodzi wa makhalidwe, kapena mpimo wa makhalidwe. Koma prezidenti wa Yunivesite ya a Jesuit Joseph O’Hare anadandaula kuti: “Takhala tili ndi mpambo wa miyezo ya mwambo umene wakayikiridwa ndi kupezedwa kukhala wosakwanira kapena wosayenderana ndi zochitika zamakono. Tsopano pakuwonekera kukhala palibiretu malire a makhalidwe.”

Kodi nchiyani chimene chinachititsa makhalidwe a Baibulo kuleka kuyanjidwa? Chochititsa china chachikulu chinali kufalikira kwa kuvomerezedwa kwa nthanthi ya chisinthiko. Buku lakuti American Values: Opposing Viewpoints limati: “M’nthaŵi yonseyo ya kutsungula kodziŵika, anthu anakhulupirira za kukhalako kwa maiko aŵiri: looneka, ndi losaoneka. . . . Dziko losaonekalo linapereka maziko a tanthuzo ndi khalidwe labwino . . . Linali magwero a mgwirizano wa chitaganya chawo. Komabe, pafupifupi chapakati pa zaka zana lapita, anthu anayamba kuuzidwa kuti panalibe dziko losaoneka lotero. Silinakhaleko ndi kale lonse.” Makamaka ndikuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo kumka mtsogolo, pamene panali kuukira Baibulo ndi makhalidwe ake abwino kosafanana ndi kwina kulikonse. Chotchedwa kuti chisulizo chapamwamba pa Baibulo ndi kufalitsidwa kwa buku la Darwin, Origin of Species zinali pakati pamalingaliro anthanthi oukira ameneŵa.a

Motero, chisinthiko chinazimiriritsa ulamuliro wa Baibulo m’maganizo a anthu ambiri. Monga momwe nkhani ina ya mu Harvard Magazine inanenera, tsopano Baibulo linangoonedwa kukhala “buku la nthano.” Kuukira makhalidweko kunali kowononga. Chisinthiko chinafikira kukhala chimene wasayansi wina wotchuka Fred Hoyle anatcha “laisensi ya khalidwe lililonse la kugwiritsira ntchito mwaŵi.”

Zowona, chisinthiko changokhala imodzi ya mbali zochititsa kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe. Nkhondo ziŵiri zadziko zinasonkhezera mowonjezereka kusadalira chipembedzo. Nyengo ya kusinthira kumaindastale inadzetsa kusintha kwakukulu—kwa anthu—ndi m’makhalidwe. Ndiponso, kukula kofulumira kwa njira zofalitsira mawu kwachititsa anthu kuona makhalidwe oluluzika pamlingo waukulu.

Kodi Zonse Zimadalira pa Munthu?

Pamenepa, mposadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri alibe malingaliro oyenera a makhalidwe abwino. Iwo amangotengekatengeka mofanana ndi ngalaŵa yopanda tsikilo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri amangotsatira mkhalidwe wa maganizo wa anthu ambiri wakuti makhalidwe abwino amadalira pa munthu, lingaliro lakuti “ubwino wa makhalidwe umadalira pa munthu aliyense payekha ndi pamagulu amene amawasunga.” Malinga nkunena kwa nthanthi imeneyi, palibe makhalidwe ogwira ntchito kwa anthu onse—onse amadalira pa munthu. ‘Chimene chili choipa kwa inu chingakhale chabwino kwa munthu wina,’ amatero ochilikiza nthanthi yakuti zonse zimadalira pa munthu. Chifukwa chakuti kampasi yawo yamakhalidwe imaloza kulikonse, iwo amafulumira kuvomereza pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa khalidwe kukhala wololeka.

Motero, kachitidwe kamene poyambapo kanatchedwa “uchimo” kapena “cholakwa” tsopano kamangotchedwa kuti “kupusa.” Mchitidwewo ungakhululukiridwe nukhala “wokwiyitsa” koma sunganenedwe kukhala “makhalidwe oipa.” Pazimenezi, munthu amakumbutsidwa za masiku a mneneri Yesaya pamene kunali anthu amene ananedwa kuti “ayesa zoipa zabwino, ndi zabwino zoipa; amene aika mdima m’malo mwa kuyera, ndi kuyera m’malo mwa mdima.”—Yesaya 5:20.

Kukankhira Mlandu kwa Munthu Wina

Chikhoterero china m’makhalidwe a anthu ndicho kukankhira mlandu kwa munthu wina. Adamu anakankhira mlandu kwa Hava, ndipo Hava nayenso, anakankhira mlanduwo kwa njoka. Mofananamo anthu opalamula mlandu lerolino amapeŵa thayo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizidwa kuchita zimenezo ndi maloya ndi madokotala a nthenda za maganizo. Nkhani ina ya mu U.S.News & World Report inadzudzula gulu la madokotala a zamaganizo chifukwa cha “kulenga nthenda zatsopano zimene zimasonyeza opalamula mlandu kukhala ovutika osakhoza kudziletsa.” Mwachitsanzo, gulu lotchedwa kuti American Psychiatric Association linasimbidwa kukhala likulingalira mwamphamvu mchitidwe wa kutcha anthu ogwirira chigololo kukhala mikhole ya nthenda yotchedwa bwino kuti “kugwirira chigololo kosaletseka.” Ena analingalira kuti zimenezi zingachititse kulolezedwa ndi lamulo kwa kugwirira chigololo popanda kulangidwa. “Akazi atsutsa mwamphamvu kuti mkhalidwe wa kugwirira chigololo sunali nthenda konse.”

Kumenekutu sikukana chenicheni chakuti nkhanza zochitiridwa kwa munthu paubwana wake zingakhale ndi chiyambukiro choipa pamunthuyo pamene akhala wachikulire. Koma kunena kuti nkhanza zakale zimenezi za paubwana zimapangitsa munthuyo kukhululukiridwa mkhalidwe wake wachiwawa kapena makhalidwe oipa, nkulakwa.

Achichepere—Opanda Kampasi ya Makhalidwe

Kusokonezeka kwa makhalidwe a m’dziko kwasiya chipsera makamaka pa achichepere otengeka maganizo. Wofufuza Robert Coles wa Yunivesite ya Harvard anapeza kuti palibiretu mpambo wotsimikizirika wa malingaliro umene umatsogolera miyoyo ya ana a ku Amereka. Iwo amatsogozedwa ndi makampasi a makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndi mipimo yake. Pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya achichepere opita kusukulu amene anafunsidwa ananena kuti anatsogozedwa ndi zimene zimawapititsa patsogolo kapena zimene zimawasangalatsa.

Panthaŵi zina masukulu nawonso amachilikiza mkhalidwe wa kusokonezeka kwa makhalidweko. Lingalirani za programu ina yotchuka kwambiri yopatsidwa dzina lakuti “kufotokozedwa kwa makhalidwe abwino,” imene inayamba zaka zoŵerengeka zapitazo m’masukulu a ku United States. Kodi ziphunzitso zake zazikulu nzotani? Ana ayenera kudzisankhira makhalidwe awo.

Kupanda pake kwa programu imeneyo nkoonekera m’chochitika cha wophunzira sukulu wina wa ku New York City amene anasankha kubwezera chikwama cha ndalama kwa eni ake chimene chinali ndi ndalama zokwanira $1,000. Kodi nchiyani chimene ophunzira anzake anachita m’kalasi la makhalidwe? Ananyodoledwa ndi kudzudzulidwa chifukwa cha kuchita motero! Chinthu choipa kwambiri koposa chinali chakuti, panalibe ngakhale mphunzitsi mmodzi kapena akuluakulu asukuluyo amene anayamikira khalidwe lake lowona mtimalo. Mphunzitsi wina analungamitsa kutonthola kumeneku mwa kunena kuti: “Ngati ndiwasankhira chabwino kapena choipa, ndiye kuti sindine phungu wabwino amene ayenera kulola ophunzira kudziŵa kusankha okha.”

Kodi Matchalitchi Angaletse Kuwonongeka kwa Makhalidwe?

Mosadabwitsa, mkhalidwe woipa wa makhalidwe a m’dziko wachititsa anthu kutembenukira kumakhalidwe akale. Ambiri tsopano amalengeza za kubwereranso kumakhalidwe akale, zimene kwa anthu ena zikutanthauza kubwereranso kuchipembedzo. Komabe, matchalitchi ali ndi mbiri yoipa ya kutsogolera m’makhalidwe. Osonkhana pa Msonkhano Waukulu wa Tchalitchi cha Presbyterian (United States) anavomereza kuti: “Tikuyang’anizana ndi vuto lowopsa ponena za ukulu wake ndi zotsatirapo zake.” Kodi limeneli ndivuto la mkhalidwe wotani? “Pakati pa 10 ndi 23 peresenti ya atsogoleri achipembedzo m’dziko lonseli aloŵa m’zachisembwere kapena kugona ziŵalo za tchalitchi, anthu odzafuna chithandizo, ogwira ntchito, ndi ena otero.”

Kusadalira chipembedzo kofala kukupitirizabe. Prezidenti wa United States Business and Industrial Council ananena zimenezi mwachidule pamene anati: “Magulu achipembedzo alephera kuphunzitsa makhalidwe awo a mumbiri, ndipo m’zochitika zambiri, akhala mbali yochititsa vutolo [makhalidwe], akumachilikiza nthanthi ya ufulu ndi malingaliro a kusaweruza khalidwe la munthu wina.”

Pamenepa, kuli kwachiwonekere kuti chikumbumtima chaumunthu chosalangizidwa sichingathe kutsogolera anthu. Makhalidwe a lerolino akutengeka mwapang’onopang’ono kumka kukuwonongeka kotheratu. Tifunikira chitsogozo chimene chingachokere kwa munthu wina wamkulu woposa ife enife.—Yerekezerani ndi Miyambo 14:12; Yeremiya 10:23.

Chitsogozo chotero chilipo. Nchopezeka kwa onse amene akuchifuna.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 5]

Kukhulupirira chisinthiko kunali chochititsa kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe abwino a m’Baibulo

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

‘Pakati pa 10 ndi 23 peresenti ya atsogoleri achipembedzo aloŵa m’chisembwere kapena kugona ziŵalo za tchalitchi, anthu odzafuna chithandizo, ogwira ntchito, ndi ena otero.’

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Atsogoleri achipembedzo achilikiza makhalidwe ozikidwa panzeru ya umunthu mmalo mwa Baibulo