Kodi Chachitika Nchiyani ku Makhalidwe Abwino?

AKULUAKULU a boma. Akuluakulu a ndale zadziko oyembekezera kuvoteredwa. Atsogoleri achipembedzo. Timayembekezera anthu a ntchito zimenezi kukhala zitsanzo za makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, posachedwapa anthu a m’malo antchito ameneŵa akhala otsogolera m’kutenga mbali m’nkhani zoipa kwambiri. Makhalidwe awo achita zoipa zonse—kuyambira pachigololo ndi bodza lochititsa manyazi kufikira ku machitachita azachuma ndi kuba ndalama.

Mawu a m’buku lakuti The Death of Ethics in America modandaula anati: “Pamene kuli kwakuti mtundu uno watanganitsidwa ndi kulimbana ndi nthenda yakupha . . . Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, mtundu wina wa AIDS [Acquired Integrity Deficiency Syndrome (Kuyambukiridwa ndi Kusakhulupirika)] ukuwonekera kukhalanso mliri. Komabe sukupatsidwa chisamaliro chamwamsanga cha kuuchiritsira monga choperekedwa kwa winawo.” (Kanyenye ngwathu.) Magazini a Time akusimba kuti United States “akugubuduka m’chithaphwi cha makhalidwe oipa.”

Chithaphwi cha makhalidwe oipacho sichili ku United States kokha. M’nthaŵi zaposachedwapa China, Germany, Greece, France, India, Indonesia, Israel, ndi Japan agwedezedwa ndi nkhani zochititsa manyazi zoloŵetsamo anthu olemekezeka. Ndipo sikuyenera kudabwitsa kuti khalidwe loipa la atsogoleri achitaganya limangosonyeza la anthu onse. Nduna yaboma yaikulu ya Thailand inatcha kuipitsa zinthu m’boma la dziko lake kukhala “nthenda ya kansa.” Inawonjezera kuti chitaganya chikudwala nthenda yochokera muumbombo ndi makhalidwe opotoka a anthu.

Anthu amadabwa mowona mtima kuti: ‘Kodi nchiyani chimene chikuchititsa kusintha kwa makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse? Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, kodi zonsezo zikutitsogolera kuti?’

Pamene ‘Kuba Sikuli Kubanso’

Mu Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A., chitseko chakumbuyo cha galimoto lochinjirizidwa lokhala ndi alonda okhala ndi mfuti chinatseguka, ndipo matumba aŵiri a ndalama anagwa. Pamene ndalama zokwana pafupifupi madola mamiliyoni aŵiri zinauluka ndi mphepo ndi kumwazika mumsewu waukulu, oyendetsa magalimoto ambirimbiri anatuluka m’galimoto zawo ndi kudzadza matumba awo ndi zikwama zawo zandalama ndi ndalama za mapepala. Oyendetsa magalimoto ena anauza anzawo pawailesi ya CB kudzagwirizana nawo m’kubako.

Mapempho aboma ndi malonjezo a mphotho ya 10 peresenti yopatsidwa kwa munthu wobwezera ndalama zilizonse ananyalanyazidwa kotheratu. Ambiri anasankha kukhala ndi lingaliro lakuti “ukatola chinthu nchako.” Ndalama zochepa zokha ndizimene zinapezedwa. Munthu wina analungamitsa kubako mwakunenadi kuti ndalamazo zinali “mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu.” Komabe, zochitika zonga zimenezi sizachilendo ayi. Anthu odutsa anasonyeza dyera lofananalo pamene ndalama zinataika kuchokera m’galimoto zokhala ndi alonda okhala ndi mfuti mu San Francisco, California, ndi ku Toronto, Canada.

Mchitidwe wakuti anthu owona mtima ndi olungama amanyengeka mosavuta ndi mkhalidwe wakuba umatanthauza zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri. Kwenikweni, mchitidwe umenewu umasonyeza mmene malingaliro a anthu ambiri a makhalidwe abwino apotozedwera. Thomas Pogge, wothandiza wa profesa wanthanthi pa Yunivesite ya Columbia mu New York, anatsutsa kuti pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri amaona kubera munthu kukhala khalidwe loipa, iwo amaona kubera kampani kukhala kopanda mlandu kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a Kugonana Akusintha

Lingaliro lopotoka la makhalidwe limawonedwanso m’nkhani ya kugonana. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kwasonyeza kuti anthu amalekelera anthu andale oyembekezera kuvoteredwa amene amadziloŵetsa m’chiwerewere. Wolemba wina ananena kuti ochita votiwo angazengereze kutsutsa chisembwere chifukwa chakuti ‘iwo eniwo amachita chisembwere.’

Ndithudi, kupenda kwaposachedwapa kwavumbula kuti 31 peresenti ya anthu onse a muukwati mu United States anachita kapena amagonana ndi ena kunja kwa ukwati. Anthu ambiri a ku Amereka, ofika 62 peresenti, “amaganiza kuti palibe cholakwika m’makhalidwe” mwakuchita motero. Malingaliro onena za kugonana munthu asanaloŵe muukwati amavomerezedwanso. Kufufuza kochitidwa mu 1969 kunasonyeza kuti 68 peresenti ya anthu onse a ku United States panthaŵiyo sanavomereze kugonana ukwati usanakhale. Lerolino, pali 36 peresenti okha amene samavomereza. M’ma 1960, pafupifupi theka la akazi amene anafunsidwa patsiku la ukwati wawo anali anamwali. Lerolino, 20 peresenti okha ndi amene ali anamwali.

Kodi Ndiati Amene Ali Makhalidwe Abwino?

Kusintha kwa makhalidwe kukuwonekeranso m’malonda. Zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, 39 peresenti okha a anyamata a pa koleji amene anafunsidwa anaganiza kuti “kupambana m’zachuma nkofunika.” Pofika mu 1989 chiŵerengerocho chinaŵirikiza kaŵiri. Mwachiwonekere, kupeza ndalama kumalamulira maganizo a anthu achichepere ambiri—limodzi ndi zotulukapo zowopsa za makhalidwe oipa.

Pamene amagiredi apamwamba a pasukulu ya sekondale okwanira 1,093 anafunsidwa, 59 peresenti ananena kuti akanafunitsitsa kuchita malonda osalolezedwa ndi lamulo andalama zokwanira mamiliyoni khumi a madola—ngakhale atakhala paupandu wokhala m’ndende yomangidwira kunja akuyang’aniridwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi! Ndiponso, 67 peresenti ananena kuti akachita monyenga popereka akaunti ya bizinesi yawo; 66 peresenti ananena kuti akanena bodza kuti apeze phindu m’bizinesi. Komabe, achichepere akungolondola zimene zimachitidwa ndi achikulire. Pamene mamanijala 671 a makampani anafunsidwa lingaliro lawo ponena za makhalidwe abwino m’bizinesi, pafupifupi nusu anatsutsa kuti makhalidwe abwino angawononge kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito yawo. Oposa theka anavomereza kupotoza malamulo oikidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zifuno zawo za kupita patsogolo.

Poyesayesa kuletsa chikhoterero chosokoneza chimenechi, makoleji ena amapereka makosi ophunzitsa makhalidwe. Koma anthu ambiri ngokaikira ndi phindu la zoyesayesa zimenezi. “Sindikuwona mmene makalasi a makhalidwe abwino adzathandizira,” anasimba choncho mwamuna wina wotchuka wa bizinesi wa ku Canada. “Ophunzira amene ali kale ndi makhalidwe abwino sakaphunzira zambiri zimene zili zatsopano kwa iwo, ndipo ophunzira ena amene ali kale osawona mtima angangogwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chimene akuphunziracho kupezera njira zina zochenjerera ndi makhalidwe oipa amene akachitanso.”

Mofananamo, mabizinesi ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo a makhalidwe ofunika. Komabe, anthu odziŵa amanena kuti malamulo oterowo angokhala achiphamaso ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyazidwa—kusiyapo kokha ngati pabuka nkhani zowononga. Modabwitsa, kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kunavumbula kuti makampani amene ali ndi malamulo olembedwa a makhalidwe anaimbidwa mlandu wa makhalidwe oipa mobwerezabwereza koposa makampani amene analibe!

Inde, m’mbali zonse makhalidwe akusintha, ndipo palibe amene akudziŵa kumene mkhalidwewo ukupita. Mkulu wina wa bizinesi anati: “Malamulo amene anali kusiyanitsa chabwino ndi choipa kulibenso. Afafanizidwa pang’ono ndi pang’ono.” Kodi nchifukwa ninji malire a makhalidwe oterowo azimiririka? Kodi chikuloŵa mmalo mwake nchiyani? Mfundo zimenezi zidzapendedwa m’nkhani zotsatira.