Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Nkhani ya Fuko Ili Yaikulu Motero?

CHIYAMBIRE pachiyambi cha mbiri ya munthu yolembedwa, lingaliro lakuti “iwo” ndi “ife” lakhala lalikulu m’maganizo a anthu. Anthu ambiri ali okhutira m’maganizo kuti ndiwo okha amene ali anthu enieni okhala ndi njira zolondola zochitira chinthu chilichonse. Kalingaliridwe kameneka ndikamene asayansi amakatcha ethnocentrism, lingaliro lakuti anthu a mtundu wako ndi njira zawo ndiwo okha olondola ndi ofunika kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, Agiriki akale analingalira moipa za “abarbarian” (akunja), liwu limene anatchulira munthu aliyense wosakhala Mgiriki. Liwulo “barbarian” linachokera kukamvekedwe ka kalankhulidwe ka anthu achilendo m’makutu a Agiriki, komveka ndi mawu akuti “bar-bar” okhaokha osatanthauza kanthu. Aigupto amene anayamba kukhalako Agiriki asanatero ndi Aroma amene anabwera pambuyo pa Agiriki nawonso anadziona kukhala apamwamba kuposa anthu a mitundu ina.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri anthu a ku China anatcha dziko lawo Zhong Guo, kapena Ufumu Wapakati, chifukwa chakuti anali okhutiritsidwa kuti China anali malo apakati a dziko ndipo mwina a chilengedwe chonse. Pambuyo pake, pamene amishonale a ku Ulaya okhala ndi tsitsi lofiira, maso obiriŵira, ndi khungu lofiirira anabwera ku China, anthu a ku China anawatcha “ziŵanda zakunja.” Mofananamo, pamene Akummaŵa anafika kwa nthaŵi yoyamba ku Ulaya ndi North America, maso awo opendekeka ndi miyambo yawo yoonedwa kukhala yachilendo zinawapangitsa kunyodoledwa ndi kukaikiridwa.

Komabe, pali mfundo yaikulu yofunika kuilingalira, monga momwe buku lakuti The Kinds of Mankind limanenera kuti: “Kukhulupirira kukhala pamwamba kwa [fuko la] munthu nkosavuta; koma kuyesa kutsimikizira zimenezo, mwakugwiritsira zopezedwa ndi sayansi, kuli kovuta kwambiri.” Zoyesayesa zofuna kutsimikizira kuti fuko lina nlapamwamba koposa linzake sizakale kwambiri. Katswiri wa mitundu ya anthu Ashley Montagu analemba kuti “lingaliro lakuti pali mafuko a anthu amene amasiyana m’chibadwa ndi kapangidwe ka maganizo ndi thupi linali lisanakhalepo kufikira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu.”

Kodi nchifukwa ninji nkhani ya kunyada kwaufuko inadzakhala yaikulu motero mkati mwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19?

Malonda a Akapolo ndi Fuko

Chifukwa chachikulu nchakuti malonda opindulitsa kwambiri a kugulitsa akapolo anali atafika pachimake panthaŵi imeneyo, ndipo nzika za Afirika zikwi mazana ambiri zinali kutengedwa mokakamiza ndi kukagulitsidwa muukapolo ku Ulaya ndi America. Kaŵirikaŵiri mabanja analekanitsidwa, amuna, akazi, ndi ana akumatumizidwa ku malo osiyanasiyana a dziko, osadzaonananso. Kodi ndimotani mmene ogulitsa ndi ogula akapolowo, amene ambiri a iwo anadzinenera kukhala Akristu, analungamitsira machitidwe auchinyama oterowo?

Mwakufalitsa lingaliro lakuti anthu akuda a mu Afirika mwachibadwa anali otsika. “Ndili wolondola kulingalira kuti anegro onse, ndipotu anthu onse a mafuko ena mwachibadwa ali otsika kwa oyera,” analemba motero wanthanthi wa ku Scotland wa m’zaka za zana la 18 David Hume. Kwenikweni, Hume ananena kuti munthu sangapeze “zinthu zopangidwa mwaluntha pakati pa [Anegro], alibe zopangapanga zaumisiri, alibe za sayansi.”

Komabe, malingaliro oterowo anali olakwa. The World Book Encyclopedia (1973) inanena kuti: “Maufumu Achinegro otsungula kwambiri analipo m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za Afirika zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. . . . Pakati pa 1200 ndi 1600, yunivesite ya Anegro ndi Aluya inapita patsogolo ku Timbuktu mu West Africa ndipo inatchuka kuzungulira Spain, North Africa, ndi m’Middle East.” Komabe, odziloŵetsa m’malonda a akapolo anali ofulumira kuvomereza lingaliro la anthanthi onga Hume lakuti anthu akuda anali fuko lotsika kwa oyera, inde, kuti sanalidi anthu enieni.

Chipembedzo ndi Fuko

Ochita malonda a akapolo anapeza chichilikizo chachikulu cha malingaliro awo a tsankho la fuko kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo. Kalelo m’ma 1450, malamulo a apapa a Roma Katolika anavomereza kugwira ndi kupanga anthu “akunja” ndi “osakhulupirika” kotero kuti “miyoyo” yawo ikapulumutsidwe kaamba ka “Ufumu wa Mulungu.” Pokhala ndi chivomerezo cha tchalitchi, ozonda maiko oyambirira ochokera ku Ulaya ndi ogulitsa akapolo sanakhale ndi lingaliro la liŵongo mpang’ono ponse ponena za nkhalwe zimene ankachita pa nzika za Afirika.

“M’ma 1760, ndiponso m’zaka makumi ambiri zotsatirapo, ukapolo wa anthu akuda unavomerezedwa ndi akuluakulu a matchalitchi a Katolika, Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian, ndi Reformed ndi ophunzitsa zaumulungu ena,” likutero buku lakuti Slavery and Human Progress. “Palibe tchalitchi chamakono kapena mpatuko umene unayesayesa kuletsa ziŵalo zake kukhala ndi akapolo achikuda kapena ngakhale kuloŵa m’malondawo.”

Ngakhale kuti matchalitchi ena analankhula za ubale Wachikristu wa padziko lonse, iwo anachilikiza ziphunzitso zimene zinakulitsa mkangano wa fuko. Mwachitsanzo, Encyclopaedia Judaica imanena kuti “kunali pambuyo pa kulimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi makambitsirano a zaumulungu pamene nzika za Spain zinavomereza kuti mafuko amene zinapeza ku America anali anthu enieni okhala ndi miyoyo.”

Lingaliro linali lakuti malinga ngati “miyoyo” ya anthu a mafuko oterowo “inapulumutsidwa” mwa kutembenuzidwira ku Chikristu, zinalibe kanthu kuti iwo anachitiridwa motani mwakuthupi. Ndipo ponena za anthu akuda, atsogoleri achipembedzo ambiri ananenetsa kuti ndi iko komwe, iwo anatembereredwa ndi Mulungu. Malemba anapotozedwa poyesa kutsimikizira zimenezi. Atsogoleri achipembedzo Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, ndi David Brown, m’ndemanga zawo pa Baibulo, akugomeka kuti: “Kanani akhale wotembereredwa [Genesis 9:25]—temberero limeneli linakwaniritsidwa m’chiwonongeko cha Akanani—m’kutsitsidwa kwa Igupto, ndi ukapolo wa anthu a mu Afirika, mbadwa za Hamu.”—Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Whole Bible.

Chiphunzitso chakuti kholo lakale la fuko la anthu akuda linatembereredwa sichimaphunzitsidwa konse m’Baibulo. Chowonadi nchakuti, fuko la anthu akuda linachokera kwa Kusi, osati Kanani. M’zaka za zana la 18, John Woolman ananena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito temberero la m’Baibulo kulungamitsira ukapolo wa anthu akuda, kuwamana maufulu awo achibadwa, “ndiko kuganizira kopambanitsa kwambiri kosakhoza kuvomerezedwa ndi munthu wanzeru aliyense amene amakhumba mowona mtima kutsogozedwa ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino.”

Sayansi Yonama ndi Fuko

Sayansi yonama nayonso inachita mbali yake kuchilikiza lingaliro lakuti anthu akuda ali fuko lotsika. Buku lakuti Essay on the Inequality of Races, lolembedwa ndi mlembi wa Chifrench Joseph de Gobineau wa m’zaka za zana la 19, linayalira maziko mabuku ambiri oterowo amene anatsatirapo. M’buku limenelo, Gobineau anagaŵa mtundu wa anthu m’mafuko atatu kuyamba ndi wapamwamba akumatsika: oyera, achikasu, ndi akuda. Iye ananena kuti mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya fuko lililonse inapitirizidwa mwa mwazi, ndi kuti motero kusanganizikana kulikonse mwa kukwatirana kukachititsa kutsika ndi kutayika kwa mikhalidwe yapamwamba.

Gobineau ananena kuti kale kunali fuko losadetsedwa la anthu oyera, aatali, atsitsi lotuŵira bwino, amaso a bluu amene anawatcha Aaryan. Anali Aaryan, iye anatero, amene anapereka kutsungula ndi chinenero chapamwamba cha Sanskrit ku India, ndipo anali Aaryan amene anayambitsa kutsungula kwa Girisi wakale ndi Roma. Koma chifukwa cha kukwatirana ndi mitundu yotsika ya m’malowo, kutsungula kwaulemerero kwakale kumeneko kunatayika, limodzi ndi mikhalidwe yaluntha ndi yabwino ya fuko la Aaryan. Anthu okhalapobe ofanana kwambiri ndi Aaryan enieni, akutero Gobineau, akupezeka kumpoto kwa Ulaya, ndiwo a ku Scandinavia, ndipo abale awo ndiwo Ajeremani.

Malingaliro aakulu a Gobineau—kugaŵa m’magulu a mafuko atatu, mzera wobadwira, fuko la Aaryan—analibe umboni wa sayansi mpang’ono ponse, ndipo atsutsidwa kotheratu ndi asayansi amakono. Komabe, malingalirowo analandiridwa mwamsanga ndi anthu ena. Pakati pa iwo panali Mngelezi wina, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, amene anakonda kwambiri malingaliro a Gobineau kwakuti anakakhala m’Germany ndi kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro lakuti chiyero cha fuko la Aaryan chikasungidwa kokha kupyolera mwa Ajeremani. Mwachionekere, zolembedwa za Chamberlain zinaŵerengedwa mofala m’Germany, ndipo zotulukapo zinali zoipa.

Zotulukapo Zoipa za Tsankho la Fuko

M’buku lake lakuti Mein Kampf (Nkhondo Yanga), Adolf Hitler ananena motsimikiza kuti fuko la Ajeremani linali mtundu wapamwamba wa Aaryan limene linaikidwiratu kulamulira dziko lonse. Hitler analingalira kuti Ayuda, amene anawanena kuti ndiwo anawononga chuma cha Germany, anali chopinga cha chiyembekezo chaulemerero chimenecho. Motero panatsatira kupululutsidwa kwa Ayuda ndi mitundu ina yaing’ono ya mu Ulaya, imene inali imodzi ya nyengo zoipitsitsa za mbiri ya munthu. Zimenezo ndizo zinali chotulukapo chatsoka cha malingaliro a kusankha fuko, kuphatikizapo aja a Gobineau ndi Chamberlain.

Komabe, zoipa zimenezo sizinali ku Ulaya kokha. Kutsidya kwa nyanja yaikulu kotchedwa dziko latsopano, malingaliro opanda pake ofananawo anachititsa kuvutika kosaneneka kwa mibadwomibadwo ya anthu opanda liŵongo. Ngakhale kuti akapolo ochokera mu Afirika anamasulidwa potsirizira pake mu United States pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, malamulo anaperekedwa m’maboma ambiri oletsa anthu akuda kukhala ndi ufulu wambiri umene nzika zina zinali nawo. Chifukwa ninji? Nzika zachiyera zinalingalira kuti fuko la anthu akuda linalibe luntha la kuchita ntchito za m’chitaganya ndi m’boma.

Chitsanzo chosonyeza kuzama kwa malingaliro akusankhana fuko chasonyezedwa m’nkhani yokhudza lamulo la kusaloŵana kwa mafuko. Lamulo limeneli linaletsa maukwati pakati pa anthu akuda ndi oyera. Poimba mlandu okwatirana amene anaswa lamulo limeneli, woweruza wina anati: “Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse analenga mafuko a anthu oyera, akuda, achikasu, Amalay ndi ofiira, ndipo Iye anawaika pazigawo zadziko zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ngati sipakanakhala kusokonezedwa kwa kakonzedwe Kake sipakanakhala maukwati oterewa.”

Woweruzayo ananena zimenezi, osati m’zaka za zana la 19 ndiponso osati m’malo achikale, koma mu 1958—ndipo pamtunda wa makilomita 100 okha kunja kwa Likulu la United States! Ndithudi, kufikira mu 1967 ndipamene Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu la United States linachotsa malamulo onse oletsa kukwatirana pakati pa mafuko osiyana.

Malamulo atsankho oterowo—limodzinso ndi kusankhana kwa m’masukulu, matchalitchi, ndi ziungwe zina zaboma ndiponso tsankho la pantchito ndi m’kupeza nyumba—zinachititsa chipwirikiti, masitalaka, ndi ziwawa zimene zakhala njira ya moyo mu United States ndi malo ena ambiri. Ngakhale ngati kuwonongedwa kwa moyo ndi chuma sizili kanthu kwa munthu, nsautso, chidani, ndi kusapatsana ulemu zimene zatsatirapo zilidi zochititsa chisoni ndi zamanyazi za chitaganya chotchedwa chotsungula.

Chotero, tsankho la fuko lakhala chochititsa magaŵano chachikulu koposa pakati pa chitaganya cha anthu. Ndithudi, zimenezi zikuchititsa kukhala kofunika kwa tonsefe kupenda mitima yathu, tikumadzifunsa kuti: Kodi ndimakana ziphunzitso zilizonse zimene zimakweza fuko lina pamwamba pa linzake? Kodi ndayesayesa kuchotsa m’maganizo mwanga malingaliro otsalira alionse a kunyada kwaufuko?

Kulinso koyenera kufunsa kuti: Kodi pali chiyembekezo chotani cha kuchotsedwa kwa tsankho la fuko ndi chidani, zimene zafala kwambiri lerolino? Kodi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zinenero, ndi miyambo angathe kukhala pamodzi pamtendere?

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Achiyera ambiri analingalira anthu akuda kusakhala anthu enieni

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chopangidwanso kuchokera ku DESPOTISM—A Pictorial History of Tyranny

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Misasa ya Nazi yopululutsira anthu inali chotulukapo chatsoka cha malingaliro a tsankho la fuko

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi cha U.S. National Archives