Makhalidwe Abwino Kodi Akukanidwa ndi“Makhalidwe Atsopano”?

“Tsoka kwa iwo amene ayesa zoipa zabwino, amene aika zoŵaŵa m’malo mwa zotsekemera!”—Yesaya 5:20.

ZAKA za zana la 20 zinaona masinthidwe aakulu m’makhalidwe. M’zaka makumi angapo zimene zinatsatira nkhondo ziŵiri za dziko, njira za makhalidwe zinafikira pakuonedwa mwapang’onopang’ono monga zachikale. Mikhalidwe yomasintha ndi malingaliro atsopano ponena za khalidwe la munthu ndi sayansi zinakhutiritsa maganizo anthu ambiri kuti makhalidwe akale sanalinso ofunika. Makhalidwe amene kalelo anayamikiridwa kwambiri anakankhiridwa pambali monga katundu wosafunika. Zitsogozo za Baibulo zimene panthaŵi ina zinali zolemekezedwa zinakanidwa kukhala zachikale. Zinali zoletsa kwambiri ku chitaganya chomasulidwa cha moyo wosafuna malamulo, cha anthu achimakono a m’zaka za zana la 20.

Chaka chimene chinaona posinthira pa zinthu pamenepa mu mbiri ya anthu chinali 1914. Zolembedwa za olemba mbiri ponena za chakacho ndi Nkhondo Yadziko I nzodzazidwa ndi mawu awo olengeza 1914 kukhala chaka cha masinthidwe osaiŵalika, chizindikiro chenicheni chogaŵanitsa nyengo m’mbiri ya anthu. Zaka za ma 20 Zamkokomo zinafika mwamsanga pambuyo pa nkhondoyo ndipo anthu mwaphuma anayesayesa kupeza zinthu zimene anasoŵa mkati mwa zaka zimenezo za nkhondo. Makhalidwe akale ndi ziletso zamakhalidwe zopingazo zinakankhiridwa pambali kukonza njira ya kumwerekera m’zisangalalo. Makhalidwe atsopano, kumwerekera m’kulondola zinthu zakuthupi, mwadzidzidzi zinaloŵa m’malo—kwakukulukulu kachitidwe ka zinthu kololeza zonse. Makhalidwe atsopano mosapeŵeka anafika ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe abwino.

Wolemba mbiri Frederick Lewis Allen akuthirira ndemanga pa zimenezi kuti: “Chotulukapo china cha kusinthako chinali chakuti makhalidwe sanangokhala osiyana chabe, koma—kwa zaka zingapo—osalamulirika. . . . Mkati mwa zaka khumi zimenezi akazi osamalira alendo . . . anapeza kuti alendo awo sanasamale za kulankhula nawo pa kufika kapena pa kunyamuka; kuti ‘kuloŵa mosaitanidwa’ pa madansi kunakhala mchitidwe wovomerezeka, anthu anali ‘a mkhalidwe wofika mochedwa’ pa chakudya, anasiya ndudu za fodya zomayaka paliponse, anatayira phulusa la fodya pa makapeti, popanda kupepesa. Ziletso zakale zinali zitachotsedwa, panalibe zatsopano zimene zinaikidwa, ndipo zidakali choncho nkhumba zinaloŵa pachitsime. Mwinamwake, tsiku lina, zaka khumi zimene zinatsatira nkhondoyo zingadzatchedwe moyenerera kuti zaka khumi za Makhalidwe Oipa. . . . Ngati zaka khumizo zinali za makhalidwe oipa, zinalinso zosakondweretsa. Mkhalidwe wa zinthu wakale unapitira limodzi ndi mpambo wa makhalidwe amene anali atapereka ubwino wake ndi tanthauzo ku moyo ndipo makhalidwe owaloŵa m’malo sanapezeke mopepuka.”

Makhalidwe oloŵa m’malo amene akanabwezeretsa ukoma wake ndi tanthauzo ku moyo sanapezeke konse. Sanafunafunidwe. Njira ya moyo yosangalatsa yovomereza zonse ya nyengo ya Zaka za ma 20 Zamkokomo zinamasula anthu pa ziletso za makhalidwe, mkhalidwe umene anafuna kumene. Iwo sanali kutaya makhalidwe; anali kungowakonzanso, kuwamasula pang’ono. M’kupita kwanthaŵi anawatcha kuti Makhalidwe Atsopano. Mmenemo aliyense amachita chomkomera m’maso mwake. Akumakhala woposa onse. Amachita zimene akufuna. Amasankha njira yakeyake.

Kapena ndimo mmene amaganizirira. Kwenikweni, zaka zikwi zitatu zapitazo, Mfumu yanzeru Solomo inati: “Palibe kanthu katsopano pansi pano.” (Mlaliki 1:9) Ngakhale kuposa pamenepo, mkati mwa nyengo ya Oweruza, Aisrayeli anali ndi ufulu waukulu wa kusankha kumvera Chilamulo cha Mulungu kapena ayi: “Panalibe mfumu m’Israyeli masiku aja; yense anachita chomkomera pamaso pake.” (Oweruza 21:25) Koma unyinji wawo anasonyezadi kukhala osafunitsitsa kumvera Chilamulo. Mwa kufesa mwanjira imeneyi, Israyeli anatuta zaka mazana ambiri za masoka amtunduwo. Mofananamo, lerolino mitundu yatuta zaka mazana ambiri za zoŵaŵitsa ndi kuvutika—ndipo zoipitsitsa zidakali m’njira.

Pali liwu lina limene limadziŵikitsa Makhalidwe Atsopano mwapadera kwambiri, lakuti, “relativism (zimadalira pa munthu).” Chotero Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary imalimasula kuti: “Lingaliro lakuti choonadi cha makhalidwe chimadalira pa munthu aliyense payekha ndi pa magulu amene amawasunga.” Mwachidule ochirikiza lingaliro lakuti zimadalira pa munthu amanenetsa kuti chilichonse chimene chili chabwino kwa iwo ndicho khalidwe labwino kwa iwo. Wolemba nkhani wina anafotokoza mowonjezereka ponena za lingaliro lakuti zimadalira pa munthu pamene anati: “Lingaliro lakuti zimadalira pa munthu, lobisika kwa nthaŵi yaitali, linatulukira monga lingaliro lofala la mu ‘zaka khumi za ine’ za m’ma [70]; likulamulirabe m’nyengo ya mayupi a m’ma [80]. Tingakhale tikungonenabe ndi pakamwa chabe za makhalidwe amwambo, koma m’machitidwe, chilichonse chimene chili chondikondweretsa ndicho chabwino kwa ine.”

Ndipo zimenezo zimaphatikizapo makhalidwe abwino—‘Ngati andikondweretsa, ndidzawasunga; ngati satero, sindidzatero. Sangakhale oyenera kwa ine, ngakhale ngati anali abwino kwambiri kwa inu. Angawononge ufulu wanga wa umwini, kundichititsa kuonekera kukhala wopanda mphamvu, kundisintha kukhala munthu wofooka.’ Mwachionekere, kwa anthu otero zimenezi sizimakhudza machitidwe a makhalidwe amwano okha komanso ngakhale mawu abwino osavutawo atsiku ndi tsiku onga akuti ‘Chonde, Pepani, Ndikhululukireni, Zikomo, Imani ndi kutsegulireni chitseko, Dzakhaleni pano, Lekani ndikunyamulireni mtukawo.’ Ameneŵa ndi mawu ena ali ngati mafuta ofeŵetsera makina amene amachititsa kayendedwe kamyaa ndi kupangitsa maunansi a anthu kukhala okondweretsa. ‘Komatu kusonyeza makhalidwe abwino kwa ena,’ munthu wodzikonda angatsutse motero, ‘kukandilepheretsa kusunga ndi kusonyeza umunthu wanga wa kukhala wotsogolera.’

Katswiri wa kakhalidwe ka anthu James Q. Wilson akusonyeza kuti kuwonjezereka kwa kusagwirizana ndi khalidwe la upandu zachititsidwa ndi kugwa kwa chimene lerolino “monyoza chimatchedwa ‘makhalidwe a zaka zapakati,’” ndipo lipotilo likupitiriza kuti: “Kufa kwa makhalidwe ameneŵa—ndi kuwonjezereka kwa lingaliro lakuti zimadalira pa munthu—kukuonekera kukhala kukuyenderana limodzi ndi kukwera kwa upandu.” Kumayendera limodzi ndi chikhoterero chamakono cha kukana chiletso chilichonse pa kunena mosadziletsa, mosasamala kanthu za mmene zingakhalire zachipongwe kapena zokhumudwitsa. Zimenezi zili monga momwe katswiri wa kakhalidwe ka anthu wina, Jared Taylor, ananenera kuti: “Chitaganya chathu chasuntha mosalekeza kuchokera pa kudziletsa kumka pa kunena mosadziletsa, ndipo anthu ambiri amakankhira pambali makhalidwe akale kukhala otsendereza.”

Kugwiritsira ntchito lingaliro lakuti zimadalira pa munthu kumakupangitsani inu mwini kukhala woweruza wa khalidwe lanu, kukankhira pambali lingaliro la wina aliyense, kuphatikizapo la Mulungu. Mumadzisankhira chimene chili chabwino ndi chimene chili choipa, monga momwe anthu aŵiri oyamba anachitira mu Edene pamene anakana lamulo la Mulungu ndi kudzisankhira okha chimene chinali chabwino ndi chimene chinali choipa. Njoka inanyenga Hava kuyamba kuganiza kuti ngati iyeyo sakamvera Mulungu ndi kudya za chipatso choletsedwacho, pamenepo zinthu zikasintha monga momwe njokayo inanenera kwa iye kuti: “Adzatseguka maso anu, ndipo mudzakhala ngati Mulungu, wakudziŵa zabwino ndi zoipa.” Chotero Hava anatenga zina za chipatsocho nadya napatsanso Adamu china cha icho, ndipo anachidya. (Genesis 3:5) Kusankha kudya kwa Adamu ndi Hava kunali kwangozi kwa iwo ndi kwa tsoka ku mbadwa zawo.

Pambuyo pa kutchula mndandanda wautali wa mchitidwe wa kuipa wopezeka pakati pa andale za dziko, anthu azamalonda, azamaseŵero, asayansi, wopata mphoto ya Nobel, ndi mtsogoleri wachipembedzo, wopenyerera wina anati, m’nkhani yake pamaso pa Harvard Business School: “Ndikhulupirira kuti lerolino tikuona zimene ndingasankhe kutcha kuti vuto la umunthu m’dziko lathu, kutayikiridwa ndi zimene mwamwambo kupyolera m’kutsungula kwa Kumadzulo zinalingaliridwa kukhala ziletso zamkati ndi makhalidwe amkati amene amatiletsa kufuna kukhutiritsa dyera la chibadwa.” Iye analankhula “mawu amene angamveke kukhala osazoloŵereka pamene anenedwa m’mikhalidwe imeneyi, mawu onga akuti kulimba mtima, ulemu, ntchito, thayo, chifundo, kudekha—mawu amene pafupifupi afikira kukhala osagwira ntchito.”

M’ma 60 pa mayunivesite, panabuka nkhani zina. Ambiri ananena kuti ‘Kulibe Mulungu, Mulungu n’ngwakufa, palibe chilichonse, palibe makhalidwe apamwamba, moyo uli wopanda tanthauzo kotheratu, ukhoza kugonjetsa kupanda kanthu kwa moyo kokha mwa mkhalidwe wauchamuna wa munthu pawekha.’ Mahipe anapezerapo mpata nayamba kufuna kugonjetsa kupanda kanthu kwa moyo mwa ‘kununkhiza coke, kuchita chisembwere, ndi kufunafuna mtendere wa munthu mwini.’ Umene sanapeze konse.

Ndiyeno panali magulu otsutsa a m’ma 60. Mmalo mwa kungokhala chabe chithu chakanthaŵi, iwo analandiridwa ndi anthu ambiri a ku America ndi kuloŵa nawo m’zaka khumi za Ine za ma 70. Motero tinaloŵa m’nyengo imene Tom Wolfe, wopenda chitaganya, anatcha kuti “za khumi za Ine.” Imeneyo inathera m’ma 80, monyodola yotchedwa ndi ena kuti, “nyengo yokondweretsa ya umbombo.”

Kodi zonsezi zili nchochita chanji ndi makhalidwe abwino? Zimafotokoza za kudziika iwe mwini patsogolo, ndipo ngati udziika patsogolo, sungagonje mosavuta kwa ena, sungathe kuika ena patsogolo, sungathe kusonyeza makhalidwe abwino kwa ena. Mwa kudziika iwe mwini patsogolo, kwenikweni, ungakhale ukumwerekera mumkhalidwe wa kudzilambira, kulambira Ine mwini. Kodi ndimotani mmene Baibulo limasonyezera munthu amene amachita zimenezo? Limamsonyeza kukhala “[munthu waumbombo, NW], amene apembedza mafano,” kukhala wosonyeza “chisiriro, chimene chili kupembedza mafano.” (Aefeso 5:5; Akolose 3:5) Kodi ndani kwenikweni amene anthu otero amatumikira? “Mulungu wawo ndiyo mimba yawo.” (Afilipi 3:19) Zosankha zonyansa za njira za moyo zimene anthu ambiri asankha kukhala zabwino mwamakhalidwe kwa iwo ndi zotulukapo zatsoka ndi zakupha za njira za moyo zimenezo zimasonyezadi kuona kwa Yeremiya 10:23: “Inu Yehova, ndidziŵa kuti njira ya munthu sili mwa iye mwini; sikuli kwa munthu woyenda kulongosola mapazi ake.”

Baibulo linaoneratu zinthu zonsezi ndi kuneneratu monga chenjezo lamtsogolo la “masiku otsiriza,” monga momwe kwalembedwera pa 2 Timoteo 3:1-5, New English Bible kuti: “Uyenera kuyang’anizana ndi choonadi: nyengo yomaliza ya dzikoli idzakhala nthaŵi ya mavuto. Anthu adzakonda ndalama ndi iwo eni kuposa kanthu kena kalikonse; adzakhala onyada, odzitukumula, ndi onyoza; opanda ulemu kwa makolo, osayamika, osapembedza, opanda chikondi chachibadwa; adzakhala osalekerera paudani wawo, onamizira ena, osadziletsa ndi aukali, osazoloŵera ubwino, opereka ena, olondola chuma, odzala ndi kudzikweza. Adzakhala anthu amene amaika chisangalalo pamalo a Mulungu, anthu amene amasunga kaonekedwe kakunja ka chipembedzo, koma amachikana. Talikirana ndi anthu otere.”

Talekana kwambiri ndi mmene tinalengedwera—m’chifanizo ndi m’chifanefane cha Mulungu. Mikhalidwe yothekera ya chikondi, nzeru, chilungamo, ndi mphamvu tili nayobe koma yafikira kukhala yosalinganizika ndi yopotozedwa. Sitepe loyamba la kubwerera lasonyezedwa m’chigawo chamawu otsiriza a lemba la Baibulo logwidwa pamwambapolo: “Talikirana ndi anthu otere.” Funafunani mabwenzi atsopano, amene adzasinthadi malingaliro amtima wanu. Omangirira pa cholinga chimenechi ndiwo mawu anzeru olembedwa ndi Dorothy Thompson zaka zambiri zapita mu The Ladies’ Home Journal. Mawu ake ogwidwa akuyamba ndi chilengezo chakuti kuti kupulupudza kwa ana kugonjetsedwe, nkofunika kuti mtima wa mwana uphunzitsidwe mmalo mwa maganizo ake:

“Machitidwe ake ndi mkhalidwe wamaganizo monga mwana kwakukulukulu umadziŵikitsa machitidwe ake ndi mkhalidwe wamaganizo pamene adzakhala wachikulire. Koma zimenezi sizimasonkhezeredwa ndi ubongo wake, koma mikhalidwe ya mtima wake. Amadzakhala zimene akulimbikitsidwa kuchita ndi kuphunzitsidwa kukonda, kukhumbira, kulambira, kusamalira, ndi kudzimana. . . . Mu zonsezi makhalidwe abwino amachita mbali yofunika, pakuti makhalidwe abwino ndiwo chisonyezero cha kulingalira ena. . . . Mikhalidwe ya mtima imasonyezedwa ndi khalidwe lakunja, koma nalonso khalidwe la kunja limachirikiza kukulitsidwa kwa mikhalidwe ya mtima. Kukhala wankhanza nkovuta pamene ukuchita molingalira ena. Makhalidwe abwino angakhale achiphamaso poyamba, koma samangokhala otero.”

Iye anatinso, kusiyapo m’zochitika zoŵerengeka, ubwino ndi kuipa “sizimalamuliridwa ndi ubongo koma ndi mtima” ndi kuti “apandu amakhala otero osati chifukwa cha kuuma kwa mitsempha koma chifukwa cha kuuma kwa mtima.” Anagogomezera kuti mikhalidwe ya mtima imalamulira khalidwe lathu nthaŵi zambiri koposa maganizo ndi kuti njira imene timaphunzitsidwa, njira imene timachitira zinthu, ngakhale pamene tiumirizidwa panthaŵi yoyamba, imasonkhezera mikhalidwe ya mkati ndi kusintha mtima.

Komabe, Baibulo ndilo limene lili loposa m’kupereka njira youziridwa yosinthira munthu wamkati wa mtima.

Choyamba, Aefeso 4:22-24 amati: “Muvule, kunena za makhalidwe anu oyamba, munthu wakale, wovunda potsata zilakolako za chinyengo. . . Mukonzeke, mukhale atsopano mu mzimu wa mtima wanu, nimuvale munthu watsopano, amene analengedwa monga mwa Mulungu, m’chilungamo, ndi m’chiyero cha choonadi.”

Chachiŵiri, Akolose 3:9, 10, 12-14 amati: “Mudavula munthu wakale pamodzi ndi ntchito zake, ndipo munavala watsopano, amene alikukonzeka watsopano, kuti akhale nacho chizindikiritso, monga mwa chifaniziro cha Iye amene anamlenga iye. Chifukwa chake valani, monga osankhika a Mulungu, oyera mtima ndi okondedwa, mtima wachifundo, kukoma mtima, kudzichepetsa, chifatso, kuleza mtima; kulolerana wina ndi mnzake, ndi kukhululukirana eni okha, ngati wina ali nacho chifukwa pa mnzake; monganso Ambuye anakhululukira inu, teroni inunso; koma koposa izi zonse khalani nacho chikondano, ndicho chomangira cha mtima wamphumphu.”

Wolemba mbiri Will Durant anati: “Funso lalikulu koposa la nthaŵi yathu siliri pa mkhalidwe wa kugaŵana zinthu ndi onse motsutsana ndi mkhalidwe wa umbombo, osati pa Ulaya motsutsana ndi America, osatinso Kummaŵa motsutsana ndi Kumadzulo; lili pankhani yakuti kaya anthu angathe kukhala ndi moyo popanda Mulungu.”

Kuti tikhale ndi moyo wachipambano, tiyenera kulabadira uphungu wake. “Mwananga, usaiŵale malamulo anga, mtima wako usunge malangizo anga; pakuti adzakuonjezera masiku ambiri, ndi zaka za moyo ndi mtendere. Chifundo ndi choonadi zisakusiye; uzimange pakhosi pako; uzilembe pamtima pako; motero udzapeza chisomo ndi nzeru yabwino, pamaso pa Mulungu ndi anthu. Khulupirira Yehova ndi mtima wako wonse, osachirikizika pa luntha lako; umlemekeze m’njira zako zonse, ndipo Iye adzawongola mayendedwe ako.”—Miyambo 3:1-6.

Makhalidwe abwino a kukoma mtima ndi kulingalira ena ophunziridwa m’zaka mazana ambiri za kukhala ndi moyo sali konse katundu wotopetsa, ndipo zitsogozo za Baibulo zokhalira moyo sizili zachikale konse koma zidzakhaladi chipulumutso chosatha cha mtundu wa anthu. Popanda Yehova, iwo sangapitirize kukhala ndi moyo, pakuti ‘chitsime cha moyo chili ndi Yehova.’—Salmo 36:9.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 19]

Njira imene timachitira zinthu, ngakhale pamene tiumirizidwa panthaŵi yoyamba, imasonkhezera mikhalidwe ya mkati ndi kusintha mtima

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

Makhalidwe Abwino Pakudya Amene Anthu Angawatsanzire

Mbalame Zokongola Zotchedwa Cedar Waxwings, Zamakhalidwe Abwino, Zaubwenzi Kwambiri, Zikudyera Pamodzi Mu Chitsamba Chachikulu Chodzaza Ndi Nthudza Zakupsa. Zitandandalikana Mumzere Pa Nthambi, Zikudya Chipatso, Koma Osati Mophanga Konse. Zikupatsirana Nthudzayo Mobwerezabwereza Ndi Milomo Yawo, Kufikira Potsirizira Pake Iliyonse Idyako Mokondwera. Sizimaiŵala Konse “Ana” Awo, Zikumawabweretsera Chakudya Mosatopa, Nthudza Imodziimodzi, Kufikira Onse Atakhuta.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

H. Armstrong Roberts

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Ena amati: ‘Tayani Baibulo ndi makhalidwe ake’

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

“Mulungu n’ngwakufa.”

“Moyo uli wopanda tanthauzo!”

“Sutani chamba, nunkhizani coke”

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Kulamanzere: Life: Kulamanja: Grandville