Thambo Lodabwitsa

Zimene Big Bang Imafotokoza—Zimene Simafotokoza

MMAŴA uliwonse uli chozizwitsa. Mkati mwenimweni mwa dzuŵa la mmaŵa, hydrogen imatenthedwa kukhala helium patemperecha ya madigiri mamiliyoni ambiri. Cheza chotchedwa X rays ndi gamma rays champhamvu kowopsa chimatuluka m’chithima cha dzuŵa ndi kuloŵa m’miyalo yake yozungulira. Dzuŵa likanakhala lopenyekera, cheza chimenechi chikanapyoza mwamphamvu ndi kutulukira kunja kwa dzuŵa pamasekondi ochepa chikumalipuka ndi kutentha. M’malo mwake, chimagunda ndi kupyola m’maatomu opanikizana opanga “chochinga” cha dzuŵa, chikumachepa mphamvu pang’onopang’ono. Pamapita masiku, milungu, ndi zaka mazana ambiri. Patapita zaka zikwi zambiri, cheza chimene chinali chakupha chimenecho chimatuluka kunja kwa dzuŵa monga kuunika kwachikasu kofundirira—osatinso kwakupha koma kwamlingo wabwino wofunditsa dziko lapansi.

Usiku uliwonse ulinso chozizwitsa. Madzuŵa ena amatiŵalira m’thambo lonse la mlalang’amba wathu. Iwo ali ndi maonekedwe amitundumitundu, maukulu osiyanasiyana, matemperecha osiyanasiyana, ndi kulemera kosiyanasiyana. Ena ndi ma supergiant aakulu kopambana kwakuti ngati lina linali pamalo a dzuŵa lathu, pulaneti lathu lingakhale mkati mwenimweni mwa superstar imeneyo. Madzuŵa ena ngaang’ono kwambiri, ma white dwarf—aang’ono kwa dziko lathu lapansi, koma olemera ngati dzuŵa lathu. Ena amakhala akuŵala zaka mabiliyoni ambiri popanda chosokoneza. Ena ali pafupi kuphulika kukhala supernova, kumene kumawaonongeratu, akumaŵala kowopsa kwakanthaŵi kuposa milalang’amba yonse pochitika zimenezo.

Anthu amakedzana anasimba za zilombo za m’nyanja ndi milungu yomalimbana, njoka ndi nkhasi ndi njovu, maluŵa a lotus ndi milungu yomalota. Pambuyo pake, mkati mwa nthaŵi yotchedwa “Age of Reason,” milungu inaloŵedwa m’malo ndi “zozizwitsa” zatsopano za calculus ndi malamulo a Newton. Tsopano tikukhala m’nyengo yopanda ndakatulo zija zakale ndi nthano zake. Asayansi amakono asankha kulongosola chilengedwe mwa kugwiritsira ntchito bomba—chizindikiro chawo cha m’zaka za zana la 20, osati zilombo za m’nyanja zamakedzana, kapena “chipangizo” cha Newton. “Mlengi” wawo ndi kuphulika. Iwo amatcha kuphulika kwa m’mlengalengako big bang.

Zimene Big Bang “Imafotokoza”

Mafotokozedwe otchuka kwambiri a mbadwo uno onena za chilengedwe amati zaka ngati 15 mpaka 20 biliyoni zapitazo, kunalibe chilengedwe, ngakhale mlengalenga. Kunalibe nthaŵi, kunalibe zinthu—kunalibe kalikonse kusiyapo kadontho kakang’onong’ono kolemera kwambiri kotchedwa singularity, kamene kanaphulika kukhala thambo limene lilipo. Kuphulika kumeneko kunaphatikizapo kamphindi kakang’onong’ono ka nusu ya sekondi pamene thambo lakhanda linatumuka, kapena kufutukuka, mofulumira kwambiri kuposa liŵiro la kuunika.

Mkati mwa mphindi zingapo zoyamba za big bang, kugaŵanikana kwa maatomu kunachitika pamlingo waukulu, kukumachititsa kuchuluka kwa hydrogen ndi helium zimene zimapimidwa lerolino ndiponso mlingo wina wa lithium yopezeka m’mlengalenga pakati pa nyenyezi. Patapita zaka ngati 300,000, moto wa kuphulika kwa thambo unazirala kufika pa temperecha yotsikirapo pa ya dzuŵa, ukumachititsa ma electron kukhazikika m’mipita yozungulira maatomu ndi kutulutsa kuŵalima kwa ma photon, kapena kuunika. Kuŵalima koyambako, ngakhale kuti kunazirala kwambiri, kungapimidwe lero monga background radiation yakuthambo pa ma microwave frequency olingana ndi temperecha ya 2.7 Kelvin.a Kwenikweni, kupezedwa kwa background radiation imeneyi mu 1964-65 ndiko kunachititsa asayansi ochuluka kukhulupirira kuti mwina chiphunzitso cha big bang chinali choona. Chiphunzitso chimenecho amati chimafotokoza chifukwa chake thambo limaoneka ngati likufutukukira kumbali zonse, milalang’amba yakutali ikumapita kutali ndi ife ndi kumatalikirana paliŵiro lalikulu.

Popeza kuti chiphunzitso cha big bang chimayesa kufotokoza zochuluka, nkuchikayikiriranji? Chifukwa palinso zochuluka zimene sichitha kufotokoza. Mwachitsanzo: Wopenda zakuthambo wamakedzana Ptolemy anaphunzitsa kuti dzuŵa ndi mapulaneti amazungulira dziko lapansi m’mipita yaikulu, nthaŵi imodzimodziyo zikumapanga mipita yaing’ono, yotchedwa epicycles. Chiphunzitso chimenecho chinaoneka ngati kuti chinafotokoza kayendedwe ka mapulaneti. Pazaka mazana ambiri pamene openda zakuthambo anapeza chidziŵitso china chowonjezera, openda chilengedwe ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha Ptolemy nthaŵi zonse anali kuwonjezera ma epicycle ena pa ma epicycle awo akale “nafotokoza” chidziŵitso chatsopanocho. Koma zimenezo sizinatanthauze kuti chiphunzitsocho chinali choona. Pomaliza pake, panakhala chidziŵitso chochuluka kosafotokozeka, ndipo ziphunzitso zina, monga lingaliro la Copernicus lakuti dziko lapansi limazungulira dzuŵa, linafotokoza zinthu bwino ndipo mosavuta kumva. Lero openda zakuthambo ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha Ptolemy sakupezeka!

Profesa Fred Hoyle anafanizira zoyesayesa za okhulupirira chiphunzitso cha big bang lerolino za kuchirikiza chiphunzitso chawo ndi zija za openda chilengedwe ochirikiza chiphunzitso cha Ptolemy poyesa kusungitsa chiphunzitso chawo chimene chinali kulephera chifukwa choyang’anizana ndi zopeza zatsopano. M’buku lake lakuti The Intelligent Universe iye analemba kuti: “Chachikulu chimene ofufuza akhala akuyesayesa kuchita ndicho kubisa zinthu zowombana za chiphunzitso cha big bang, kukulitsa lingaliro limene lakhala locholoŵana kwambiri ndi lovuta.” Atatchula ma epicycle amene Ptolemy mosaphula kanthu anagwiritsira ntchito poyesa kupulumutsa chiphunzitso chake, Hoyle anapitiriza kuti: “Ndine wotsimikiza kunena kuti chifukwa cha zimenezo chiphunzitso cha big bang chili pangozi yaikulu. Monga ndatchulira poyamba, pamene maumboni atsutsa chiphunzitso, zochitika zimasonyeza kuti nthaŵi zambiri sichimapambana.”—Tsamba 186.

Magazini a New Scientist a December 22/29, 1990, anatchulanso malingaliro onga amenewo kuti: “Njira ya Ptolemy yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri . . . pachiphunzitso cha big bang chonena za chilengedwe.” Ndiyeno anafunsa kuti: “Kodi tingapite bwanji patsogolo mu particle physics ndi sayansi yachilengedwe? . . . Tiyenera kukhala oona mtima kwambiri ndi osabisa kanthu ponena za kukayikitsa kwa malingaliro athu amene timawachirikiza kwambiri.” Tsopano pali zinthu zatsopano zimene zikuvumbuluka.

Mafunso Amene Big Bang Simayankha

Vuto lalikulu limene chiphunzitso cha big bang chakumana nalo lachokera kwa openyerera amene akugwiritsira ntchito magalasi ooneramo okonzedwa bwino a Hubble Space Telescope kupimira mitunda kupita ku milalang’amba ina. Maumboni atsopano akudodometsa maganizo ochirikiza chiphunzitsocho!

Wopenda zakuthambo Wendy Freedman ndi ena posachedwapa anagwiritsira ntchito Hubble Space Telescope kupimira mtunda wopita ku mlalang’amba wa m’gulu la nyenyezi la Virgo, ndipo kupima kwake kukusonyeza kuti thambo likufutukuka mofulumira kwambiri, choncho nlatsopanopo, kuposa mmene kale ankaliganizira. Kwenikweni, umboniwo “ukusonyeza kuti msinkhu wa thambo ndiwo zaka mabiliyoni asanu ndi atatu,” anatero magazini a Scientific American m’June wapitayu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zaka mabiliyoni asanu ndi atatu zikumveka ngati nthaŵi yaitali, zangokhala theka la msinkhu wa thambo wongoyerekeza pakali pano. Zimenezi zimabutsa vuto lalikulu, chifukwa, malinga ndi nkhaniyo, “maumboni ena amasonyeza kuti nyenyezi zina zili ndi zaka zosachepera mabiliyoni 14.” Ngati ziŵerengero za Freedman zili zolondola, nyenyezi zakalekale zimenezo zingakhale zakale kwambiri kuposa chiphunzitso cha big bang!

Vuto linanso loyang’anizana ndi chiphunzitso cha big bang ladza ndi umboni womawonjezereka kosaleka wa kukhalako kwa ma “bubble” (malo opanda milalang’amba) kuthambo amene ukulu wake ukwanira 100 miliyoni light-years, ndipo ali ndi milalang’amba kunja kwake ndi malo opanda kanthu mkati mwake. Margaret Geller, John Huchra, ndi ena pa Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics apeza zimene akutcha khoma lalikulu la milalang’amba lokwanira 500 miliyoni light-years m’litali kuthambo lakumpoto. Kagulu kena ka openda zakuthambo, amene anadziŵika monga Seven Samurai, apeza umboni wa kukhalako kwa chiungwe china chosiyana cha nyenyezi, chimene amatcha Great Attractor, chokhala chakummwera kwa magulu a nyenyezi a Hydra ndi Centaurus. Openda zakuthambo, Marc Postman ndi Tod Lauer, akhulupirira kuti chiungwe china chokulirapo kwambiri cha nyenyezi chiyenera kukhala kutsogolo kwa gulu la nyenyezi la Orion, chikumachititsa milalang’amba zikwi zambiri, kuphatikizapo wathu, kupita kumeneko monga ziphaka pa “mtsinje wa mumlengalenga.”

Zinthu zonsezi nzodabwitsa ndi zothetsa nzeru. Openda chilengedwe amati kuphulika kwa big bang kunali kwamyaa kwambiri ndi kofanana, malinga ndi background radiation imene amati kunasiya. Kodi chiyambi chamyaa chimenecho chikanachititsa motani kukhalako kwa zinthu zazikulu ndi zocholoŵana zimenezo? “Mtundu watsopano wa makoma ndi ma attractor ambiri amene apezeka posachedwapa amakulitsa chinsinsi cha mmene zinthu zazikulu zotero zinapangikira mkati mwa zaka 15 biliyoni za kukhalako kwa chilengedwe,” ikuvomereza motero Scientific American—vuto limene limangokulirako pamene Freedman ndi ena achepetsa kwambiri zaka za chilengedwe.

“Pali Mbali Ina Yofunika Imene Ikusoŵeka”

Mapu a Geller a mtundu wa three dimension osonyeza magulu zikwi zambiri a nyenyezi onga ntchintchi, opomboneza, ndi amphwamphwa asintha mmene asayansi amaonera thambo. Iye samabisa kusamvetsetsa kwake zimene amaona. Mphamvu yokoka yokha ikuoneka kuti sitha kuwafotokoza makoma aakuluwo. “Kaŵirikaŵiri ndimaganiza kuti pali mbali ina yofunika imene ikusoŵeka poyesa kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi,” akuvomereza motero.

Geller anamveketsa bwino zikayikiro zake mwa kunena kuti: “Sitidziŵa konse mmene tingafotokozere zinthu zazikuluzo malinga ndi Big Bang.” Mafotokozedwe a zinthu zakuthambo malinga ndi mapu atsopano a miyamba ngosatsimikizirika kwenikweni—ngofanana kwambiri ndi kuyesa kulemba mapu a dziko lonse mwa kungopima pa Rhode Island, U.S.A. Geller anapitiriza kuti: “Tsiku lina tidzapeza kuti zinthu sitinali kuzifotokoza bwino, ndipo tikadzatero, tidzadzifunsadi kuti nchifukwa ninji sitinaganize zimenezo poyamba.”

Zimenezo zimatifikitsa pa funso lalikulu koposa: Kodi nchiyani chimene chiyenera kukhala chitachititsa big bang? Andrei Linde, katswiri wopambana ndiponso mmodzi wa oyambitsa chiphunzitso chotchuka cha big bang, akuvomereza mosabisa kuti chiphunzitso chodziŵikacho sichitha kuyankha funso lofunika limeneli. “Vuto loyamba, ndipo lalikulu, ndilo kukhalapo kwenikweni kwa big bang,” iye akutero. “Wina akhoza kufunsa kuti, Chinayambirira nchiyani? Ngati space-time kunalibe panthaŵiyo, kodi zonse zikanakhalako motani popanda kalikonse? . . . Kufotokoza singularity yoyamba imeneyi—kumene inayambira ndi pamene inayamba—kudakali vuto louma kwenikweni m’sayansi yamakono yachilengedwe.”

Nkhani ina m’magazini a Discover aposachedwapa inanena kuti “palibe katswiri wa chilengedwe wodziŵa bwino amene anganene kuti Big Bang ndiyo chiphunzitso chomalizira.”

Tsopano tiyeni tichoke padziko lapansi ndi kusinkhasinkha za kukongola ndi kudabwitsa kwa thambo la nyenyezi.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

Light-year—muyeso Wopimira Kuthambo

Thambo nlalikulu kwambiri kwakuti kulipima m’mamailo kapena makilomita kuli ngati kupima ndi micrometer mtunda wochokera ku London kufika ku Tokyo. Muyezo woyenera wopimira ndiwo light-year, mtunda umene kuunika kumayenda pachaka, kapena pafupifupi makilomita 9,460,000,000,000. Popeza kuunika ndiko kumathamanga kuposa chinthu chilichonse m’chilengedwe ndipo kumatenga masekondi 1.3 chabe kuti kufike kumwezi ndi pafupifupi mphindi 8 kuti kufike kudzuŵa, ndithudi light-year iyeneradi kukhala yaikulu modabwitsa!