Kufunafuna Njira Zovomerezeka

GALIMOTO sindizo zokha zimene zimaipitsa. Nyumba za anthu, maindasitale, ndi nyumba za magetsi zilinso ndi mlandu. Komabe, mbali imene magalimoto ali nayo pa kuipitsa kwa padziko lonse njaikulu ndithu.

Kwenikweni, buku la 5000 Days to Save the Planet likunena kuti: “Ngati akanaŵerengera mtengo wonse—makamaka kuwonongedwa kwa mkhalidwe wathu wakunja chifukwa cha kutulutsa carbon dioxide—ndiye kuti mwachionekere sakanapanganso konse magalimoto.” Komabe, likuvomereza kuti: “Koma chimenecho nchosankha chimene opanga galimoto, kapena opanga misewu, kapena mabungwe a boma, kapena ngakhale anthu onse, amene moyo wawo umadalira pa galimoto zawo mowonjezereka, sangachilingalirepo.”

Kodi sayansi imene inatengera munthu kumwezi singapange galimoto losaipitsa? Kuchita nthaŵi zonse sikwapafupi monga kunena, motero mpaka pamene zopinga kupanga galimoto losaipitsa zidzangojetsedwa, kufunafuna njira zina zolandirika kukupitirizabe.

Kuchepetsa Zoipitsa

M’ma 1960 United States anapereka lamulo loika zochititsa galimoto kusatulutsa kwambiri zinthu zoipitsa. Maiko ena ndi maboma ena achitanso mofananamo kuyambira pamenepo.

Zosukulutsira utsi, zimene zimafuna kugwiritsira ntchito petulo wopanda lead, zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri tsopano kuyeretsa zoipitsa zovulaza. Pakati pa 1976 ndi 1980, eni galimoto ochuluka atayamba kugwiritsira ntchito petulo wopanda lead, unyinji wa lead m’mwazi wa Aamereka ambiri unatsika ndi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu. Ndipo zimenezo zinali bwino, chifukwa lead yochulukitsitsa ingayambukire dongosolo la minyewa ndi kuwononga mphamvu ya kuphunzira. Komabe, momvetsa chisoni, pamene kuli kwakuti kuchepa kwa lead kwachitika m’maiko ambiri otukuka, sizili choncho m’maiko omatukuka.

Kupambana kwa zosukulutsirazo nkokhutiritsa, koma kuzigwiritsira ntchito kwake kukali kochititsa mkangano. Chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa galimoto kumene kunali chotulukapo cha kusaikamonso lead m’petulo, kalinganizidwe kake ka ma hydrocarbon kanasinthidwa. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zina zochititsa kansa, zonga benzene ndi toluene, zimene mlingo wake sumachepetsedwa ndi zosukulutsirazo.

Ndiponso, zosukulutsirazo zimafuna kugwiritsira ntchito platinum. Malinga ndi Profesa Iain Thornton, wa Imperial College ku Britain, chimodzi cha zotulukapo zake chakhala kuchuluka kwa platinum wosiyidwa mfumbi la m’mbali mwa msewu. Iye anachenjeza za kuthekera kwa ‘mtundu wa platinum wokhoza kusungunuka amene angaloŵe m’zakudya zina.’

Mosasamala kanthu za chipambano chilichonse cha “kugwiritsira ntchito zosukulutsira ku North America, Japan, South Korea ndi maiko ena angapo a ku Ulaya,” 5000 Days to Save the Planet likuvomerezadi kuti, “kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi kwathetseratu mapindu a kukhala ndi mphepo yabwino.”

Kuchepetsa Liŵiro

Njira ina yochepetsera zotulutsidwa ndi galimoto ndiyo kuyendetsa pang’onopang’ono. Koma ku United States, maboma ena awonjezera liŵiro lololedwa posachedwapa. Ku Germany, kuika ziletso nkosafunidwa. Opanga galimoto amene kugulitsa kwawo galimoto kumadalira pa kukhoza kwawo kupanga galimoto zamphamvu zimene zimalola kuthamanga kupyola pa makilomita 150 pa ola limodzi pamtunda wautali sakufuna kuchepetsa liŵiro lololedwa, monganso mmene alili oyendetsa galimoto ochuluka. Komabe, tsopano kukuonekera kuti Ajeremani omawonjezereka ngofunitsitsa kumvera liŵiro lololedwa osati kokha chifukwa cha zifukwa za malo okhala komanso kaamba ka kutetezereka.

M’maiko ena oyendetsa galimoto amafunika kuchepetsa liŵiro pamene kuipitsa kwakula mopambanitsa—kapena mwinamwake kulekeratu kuyendetsa galimoto. Kufufuza kwa mu 1995 kunasonyeza kuti 80 peresenti ya Ajeremani angamvere liŵiro lololedwa ngati unyinji wa ozoni unakwera kwambiri. Mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo Athens ndi Rome, yatenga kale masitepe akuchitapo kanthu kuletsa kuyendetsa galimoto m’mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti. Ena akulingalira kuchita chimodzimodzi.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Njinga

Kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, mizinda ina yachepetsa mitengo ya ulendo wa pabasi. Ena amanyamula pabasi kwaulere oyendetsa galimoto amene amalipira ndalama zochepa kuti aimike galimoto lawo pamalo amene alipo. Mizinda ina yapatula misewu ina kukhala ya mabasi ndi matakisii kuti mayendedwe ameneŵa azikhala ofulumira.

Njira yatsopano yolimbanirana ndi vutoli inasonyezedwa posachedwapa mu The European kuti: “Atasonkhezeredwa ndi mkupiti wina ku Netherlands kumapeto kwa ma 1960, anthu aluso ku Denmark apeza njira yochepetsera kuipitsa mpweya ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwa magalimoto mwa kulimbikitsa anthu kugwiritsira ntchito magudumu aŵiri m’malo mwa anayi.” Njinga zimaikidwa pamalo osiyanasiyana m’makwalala a Copenhagen yense. Kuponya ndalama m’makina ena kumamasula njinga yogwiritsira ntchito. Ndalamayo ingatengedwenso pambuyo pake pamene njinga ibwezeredwa pamalo ake. Zidzadziŵika bwino m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ngati njira imeneyi idzagwira ntchito ndi kukhala yokondedwa ndi onse.

Kuti alimbikitse kugwiritsira ntchito njinga m’malo mwa galimoto, mizinda ina yachijeremani imaloleza okwera njinga kuyenda ndi njinga zawo m’njira yopita kumbali imodzi mosemphana ndi galimoto! Popeza pafupifupi mbali imodzi mwa zitatu za maulendo onse mumzinda ndipo yoposa mbali imodzi mwa zitatu za maulendo a m’midzi siikwana pamakilomita atatu, nzika zambiri zingayende ambiri a maulendo ameneŵa kaya panjinga kapena pansi. Zimenezi zingathandize kuchepetsa kuipitsa; panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, oyendetsa njingawo angamalimbitse matupi awo.

Kulinganizanso

Ntchito ya kulinganiza galimoto zosaipitsa ikupitirizabe. Magalimoto amagetsi amene amagwiritsira ntchito mabatire apangidwa, koma ali ndi liŵiro lochepa ndipo ali ndi malire a nthaŵi ya kugwira ntchito. Nchimodzimodzinso ndi galimoto zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya dzuŵa.

Chinanso chimene chikufufuzidwa ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito hydrogen monga mafuta. Hydrogen amatenthedwa pafupifupi popanda zotulukapo zilizonse zoipitsa, koma mtengo wake ndiwo uli chopinga.

Pozindikiradi za kufunika kwa kupanganso galimoto lamtundu wina, pulezidenti Clinton wa United States analengeza mu 1993 kuti boma ndi maindasitale opanga galimoto a United States angagwirizane popanga galimoto lamtsogolo. Iye ananena kuti: “Tidzayesa kuyamba ntchito yasayansi yaikulu kwambiri imene mtundu wathu sunayesepo.” Kaya “kupanga galimoto logwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndipo losaipitsa la m’zaka za zana la 21,” limene ananenapo kudzatheka, sizikudziŵikabe. Olinganiza ali ndi cholinga cha kupanga mtundu wake woyamba wa galimotolo m’zaka khumi—komabe, pamtengo waukulu kwambiri.

Opanga galimoto ena akupanga mitundu ina imene imagwira ntchito ndi petulo ndi magetsi omwe. Amene aliko kale ku Germany—pamtengo wokwera—ndi magalimoto amaseŵero amagetsi okhoza kulifikira liŵiro la makilomita 100 pa ola limodzi m’masekondi asanu ndi anayi, ndi kuwonjezereka kufika paliŵiro lapamwamba la 180. Koma pambuyo pa makilomita 200, limafooka ndi kuleka kuyenda mpaka pamene mabatire ake angapatsidwenso mphamvu kwa maola atatu. Kufufuzako kukupitirizabe, ndipo kupita patsogolo kukuyembekezeredwa.

Mbali Ina Chabe ya Vutolo

Mmene angachotsere zotuluka zoipa ndi mbali ina chabe ya vutolo. Galimoto zimachititsanso kuipitsa kwa phokoso, chinthu chimene aliyense amene amakhala pafupi ndi msewu wagalimoto zambiri amadziŵa bwino lomwe. Popeza phokoso losalekeza la galimoto lingayambukire thanzi moipa, imeneyinso ili mbali ina ya vutoli yofuna kuithetsa.

Okonda chilengedwe anganenenso kuti malo ambiri a kumidzi okongola mwachilengedwe amaipitsidwa ndi mitunda yaitali ya misewu yaikulu ya galimoto, pamodzi ndi malo a malonda osaoneka bwino ndi zikwangwani zimene zimakhala m’mbali mwa misewu imeneyi. Koma pamene chiŵerengero cha magalimoto chikukula, misewu yowonjezereka imafunikanso.

Galimoto zina, pambuyo pa zaka za kuipitsa pamene eni ake ankazigwiritsira ntchito, zimapitirizabe kuipitsa kwake ngakhale “pambuyo pa imfa.” Galimoto zotayidwa, zongokhala ngati zonyansa m’maso, zakhala vuto lalikulu kwakuti lamulo linaperekedwa m’malo ena kuti apeŵe kuipitsa kwake malo akumidzi. Kodi galimoto labwino, lopangidwa ndi zinthu zokhoza kugwiritsiridwanso ntchito, lidzapangidwa konse? Galimoto lotero silikuyembekezeredwa konse.

“Ajeremani ambiri ngodera nkhaŵa za malo okhala,” ikutero nyuzipepala ina yaposachedwapa, ikumapitiriza kuti, “koma ndi ochepa amene amachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zimenezo.” Mkulu wina wa boma wagwidwa mawu kukhala akunena kuti: “Palibe amene amadzilingalira iye mwini kukhala wamlandu, ndiponso palibe aliyense amene akufuna kupatsidwa mlandu.” Inde, nkovuta kuthetsa mavuto m’dziko lokhalamo anthu amene ali “odzikonda okha” ndi “osayanjanitsika.”—2 Timoteo 3:1-3.

Ngakhale zili choncho, kufunafuna njira zovomerezeka kukupitirizabe. Kodi njira yabwino yothetsera kuipitsa ndi galimoto idzapezeka konse?

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Kodi kuipitsa kungachepetsedwe mwa kugwiritsira ntchito kwathu zoyendera za onse, kunyamulana pa galimoto [car pooling], kapena kukwera njinga?