Ufulu Wa Kulankhula—Kodi Ukugwiritsiridwa Ntchito Molakwa?

KHOMO la zaka za zana la 21 lili pafupi kutseguka. Mosakayikira zaka zana latsopanolo zidzabweretsa ziyembekezo zatsopano, zikhulupiriro zatsopano, miyambo yatsopano, malingaliro a makina odabwitsa, ndi kufuna maufulu owonjezereka. Maboma, zipembedzo, ndi anthu ayamba kale kulolera malingaliro atsopano ndi zofuna. M’malo ambiri anthu akuumirira kuti ziletso zimene zili pa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kufotokoza, mosasamala kanthu za zotulukapo zake zichotsedwe!

Zimene zinatsutsidwa poyamba ndi kuletsedwa ndi oulutsa mawu pawailesi ndi wailesi yakanema ndi openda zinthu—kutukwana ndi zithunzithunzi zaumaliseche ndi majesichala—tsopano nzofala m’maiko ambiri omanena kuti ndizo ufulu wa kulankhula!

Awo amene ali ndi luso la makompyuta, akulu ndi ana omwe, tsopano akhoza kutumiza zithunzithunzi za machitidwe a kugonana konyansa ku makontinenti ena m’masekondi oŵerengeka ndi kulankhulana ndi ogwirira chigololo odziŵika ndi ogona ana amene amapempha maina ndi makeyala a malo achinsinsi okakumanako. Nyimbo zokhala ndi mawu amene amapereka lingaliro ndi kulimbikitsa kudzipha ndi kupha makolo, apolisi, ndi akuluakulu a boma tsopano zimamveka tsiku lililonse pawailesi ndi pawailesi yakanema kapena pa malekodi olizidwa ndi ana.

Oŵerengeka a awo amene amafuna ufulu wa kulankhula wopanda ziletso angatsutsane ndi Woweruza Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., wa Bwalo Lapamwamba, amene analemba m’chigamulo chosintha zinthu zaka zoposa theka la zana zapitazo ponena za ufulu wa kulankhula kuti: “Chitetezero champhamvu koposa cha ufulu wa kulankhula sichingatetezere munthu wofuula monama kuti muli moto m’bwalo la maseŵero ndi kuchititsa anthu kusoŵa chochita.” Zotulukapo za machitidwe amenewo nzachidziŵikire. Pamenepo, nkopanda nzeru chotani nanga kwa anthu amodzimodziwa kusamala pang’ono kapena kusasamala za chotulukapo cha chigamulo chimodzimodzicho ndi kuchita mwaliuma motsutsana nacho. “Kwenikweni nkhani ilipo njakuti,” anatero Holmes, “kaya ngati mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchitowo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mikhalidwe imeneyo ndipo ngati mtundu wake ungachititse ngozi yachionekere imene ilipo kwakuti angabweretse zoipa zazikulu zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi kuyenera kwa kuziletsa.”

Zaumaliseche za pa Kompyuta

“Kugonana kuli paliponse masiku ano,” anasimba motero magazini a Time, “m’mabuku, m’magazini, m’mafilimu, pawailesi yakanema, m’mavidiyo a nyimbo ndi pa zikwangwani zoikidwa poima mabasi zosatsa zonunkhiritsa munthu. Kumalembedwa pa makhadi a malonda a zaumaliseche za pa telefoni ndi kupanitsidwa pa mawaipala a zenera la galimoto. . . . Aamereka ochuluka amwerekera kwambiri pa kusonyezana poyera chilakolako cha kugonana—ndi zifukwa zake kulili ndi malo apadera pansi pa First Amendment [ufulu wa kulankhula]—kwakuti samazindikira kukhalapo kwake.” Komabe, pali kanthu kena ponena za kugwirizana kwa kugonana kosabisa ndi makompyuta kamene kabweretsa mbali zinanso ndi tanthauzo linanso la liwulo “zaumaliseche.” Kakhala kotchuka, kowanda, ndi kopezeka padziko lonse.

Malingana ndi kupenda kwina, olembetsa sabusikripishoni kubungwe la njira za mauthenga a pa kompyuta za anthu achikulire, amene ali okonzekera kulipira ndalama zake pamwezi uliwonse zoyambira pa $10 kukafika pa $30, anapezedwa mu “mizinda yoposa 2,000 m’maboma onse 50 ndi m’maiko 40, madera ndi zigawo zapadziko lonse—kuphatikizapo maiko ena onga China, kumene ngati munthu apezedwa ndi zaumaliseche angapatsidwe chilango cha imfa.”

Magazini a Time anafotokoza mtundu wina wa zaumaliseche za pa kompyuta monga “thumba la zambiri” la zinthu ‘zopanda makhalidwe’ zimene zimaphatikizapo zithunzithunzi za anthu omangiriridwa kuti akhutiritse zilakolako zawo za kugonana, kusangalala ndi kumvetsa ululu, kukodza, kusoma, ndi machitidwe a kugonana ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana.” Kusonyezedwa kwa zinthu zonga zimenezi pamakompyuta a anthu onse, amene amuna, akazi ndi ana padziko lonse angathe kuonerera, kukubutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ufulu wa kulankhula.

“Pamene ana ayamba kugwiritsira ntchito njirayo,” inatero nyuzipepala yachibritishi, “zaumaliseche zauchinyama sizimangokhala zinthu zobisika, makamaka kwa mwana aliyense izo zimakhala zosavuta kuti azipeze, ndipo tikutanthauza m’chipinda chake chogona.” Kwanenedweratu kuti 47 peresenti ya mabanja onse achibritishi okhala ndi makompyuta adzalunzanitsidwa ku makompyuta ena podzafika kumapeto kwa 1996. “Makolo achibritishi ambiri samadziŵa za sayansi yapamwamba imene ana awo amadziŵa. M’miyezi 18 yapitayi ‘kuyendayenda mu Net’ kwakhala chimodzi cha zinthu zosangulutsa ana chotchuka koposa,” nyuzipepalayo inatero.

Kathleen Mahoney, profesa wa malamulo pa University of Calgary, Canada, amene alinso katswiri wa milandu yonena zaumaliseche anati: “Anthu ayenera kuzindikira kuti pali zofalitsira nkhani zimene zilibiretu uyang’aniro mwa zimene ana angawachitire nkhanza ndi kuwalima pamsana nazo.” Ofesala wina wapolisi ya ku Canada anati: “Zizindikiro zakuwonjezereka kwa milandu ya zaumaliseche wa ana za pakompyuta posachedwa nzachionekere.” Magulu ambiri olangiza mabanja akuumirira kunena kuti zaumaliseche za pakompyuta zimene ana amaonerera ndi chisonkhezero chimene zingapereke pa iwo “zimasonyeza ngozi yachionekere imene ilipo.”

Malingaliro Osiyana

Ochirikiza ufulu wa munthu akwiya ndi zoyesayesa zilizonse za Nyumba ya Malamulo za kuletsa zinthu zonga zaumaliseche za pakompyuta, mogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha Woweruza Holmes ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States. “Ndiko kuswa First Amendment kwachionekere,” ananena motero profesa wa malamulo wa ku Harvard. Ngakhale oweruza milandu anthaŵi yaitali amaseka zimenezi, anatero magazini a Time. “Sizingapambane pa kupendedwa ngakhale m’bwalo laling’ono,” anateronso wina. “Ndiko kutsekereza zinthu kwa boma,” mkulu wa Electronic Privacy Information Center anatero. “First Amendment siyenera kuthera pamene Internet ikuyambira,” Time inagwira mawu ake. “Ndiko kutsekereza koonekeratu kwa ufulu wa kulankhula momasuka,” anatero phungu wa nyumba ya malamulo ya United States, “ndipo ndiko kutsekereza kuyenera kwa kulankhulana kwa achikulire.”

Profesa wa ku New York Law School akunenetsa kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zosonyezera kugonana zili ndi mapindu ake oposa zoyenera za munthu ndi ufulu wa kulankhula. “Kugonana kwa pa Internet kwenikweni kungakhale kwabwino kwa achinyamata,” inatero Time ponena za lingaliro la mkaziyo. “[Cyberspace] ndiyo malo otetezereka amene munthu angadziŵireko zoletsedwa ndi zachinsinsi . . . Imatheketsa makambitsirano enieni, osachititsa manyazi ponena za zithunzithunzi zolondola ndiponso malingaliro onyanyula a za kugonana,” mkaziyo anatero.

Olimbananso ndi ziletso zilizonse pa zaumaliseche za makompyuta ndiwo achinyamata ambiri, makamaka ophunzira a ku yunivesite. Ena achita mikupiti yotsutsa zimene akulingalira kuti ndizo kupondereza zoyenera zawo za ufulu wa kulankhula. Ngakhale kuti sali mmodzi wa ophunzirawo, malingaliro a munthu wina ogwidwa mawu mu The New York Times mosakayikira akuvomereza malingaliro a ambiri amene amakana mfundo iliyonse imene ingaletse zaumaliseche pamakompyuta: “Ndiganiza kuti ogwiritsira ntchito Internet onse m’dziko lino angaseke ndi kuzinyalanyaza, ndipo onse ogwiritsira ntchito Internet padziko lonse lapansi adzaona United States kukhala chinthu choseketsa.”

Posimba ndemanga ya mkulu wina wa gulu la maufulu a anthu, U.S.News & World Report inati: “Cyberspace [makompyuta] ingapatse mphamvu zambiri ufulu wa kulankhula kuposa mmene First Amendment imachitira. Ndithudi, mwina ‘kwakhala kale kosatheka kuti boma liletse anthu.’”

Ku Canada, nkhondo ili mkati ponena za zimene zingapondereze makonzedwe a ufulu wa kulankhula a mu Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Ojambula zithunzithunzi ndi manja agwidwa, amene zithunzithunzi zawo zabutsa mkwiyo wa otsutsa ndi apolisi, amene amanena kuti “nzonyansa.” Ojambula zithunzithunziwo ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa kulankhula agwirizana potsutsa kugwira anthu monga kupondereza ufulu wawo wa kulankhula. Kufikira zaka zinayi zapitazo, mavidiyotepi azaumaliseche anali kulandidwa nthaŵi zonse ndi apolisi mogwirizana ndi lamulo la zinthu zonyansa la Canada, ndipo olakwa anali kukaimbidwa mlandu ndipo milanduyo inaipira amalonda amene anawagulitsa.

Komabe, zonsezo zinasintha mu 1992, pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba la Canada linagamula pa mlandu wina wosintha zinthu kuti zinthu zimenezo zinatetezeredwa pa milandu chifukwa cha ufulu wa kulankhula woperekedwa mu Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Chigamulo cha bwalo “chabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa anthu a m’Canada,” analemba motero magazini a Maclean’s. “M’mizinda yambiri tsopano nkofala kupeza magazini ndi mavidiyo azaumaliseche zauchinyama m’masitolo a pamphambano,” anatero magaziniwo. Ngakhale aja amene khoti linagamula kukhala oletsedwa akalipo kaamba ka makasitomala.

“Ndikudziŵa kuti ngati mutapitako mudzapeza zinthu zimene zingakhale za kuswa lamulo,” mkulu wina wapolisi anatero. “Mwinamwake ndi zinthu zimene tikanapatsa nazo mlandu munthu. Koma . . . tilibe nthaŵi.” Satsimikiziranso kuti milanduyo ingamveke. M’nyengo ino, kulekerera ufulu wa munthu mwini wopanda malire kukugogomezeredwa ndipo mabwalo a milandu kaŵirikaŵiri amaponderezedwa ndi malingaliro a anthu. Komabe mulimonse mmene tingafotokozere, mkanganowo udzapitiriza kudzutsa malingaliro ovutitsa ndi ogaŵanitsa kumbali zonse—ovomereza ndi otsutsa.

Panthaŵi ina, Japan anali ndi ziletso zamphamvu pa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kufalitsa nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, chivomezi chimene chinafika 7.9 pa muyezo wa Richter ndi kupha anthu oposa chikwi sichinasimbidwe moona. Milandu yachinyengo ndiponso ya amuna ndi akazi okondana akumaphana m’mapangano akudzipha sizinasimbidwe. Akonzi a nkhani za m’nyuzipepala anagonjera ku ziwopsezo za boma pamene kuletsako kunawonjezereka kwambiri ngakhale pa zimene zinalingaliridwa kukhala zinthu zazing’ono. Komabe, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, ziletsozo zinachotsedwa ndipo Japan anali ndi ufulu wambiri wa kulankhula ndi wa kufalitsa nkhani.

Indedi, zinthu zinasintha kukhala zomkitsa pamene magazini ndi mabuku a komiki a ana anadzala ndi zojambula za kugonana ndi zotukwana. The Daily Yomiuri, nyuzipepala yotchuka ya ku Tokyo, nthaŵi ina inati: “Mwinamwake chimodzi cha zinthu zoipa zimene mlendo amene wangofika kumene ku Japan angaone ndicho anthu a mabizinesi okwera m’sitima za pansi pa nthaka za Tokyo omaŵerenga mabuku a komiki osonyeza kugonana kosabisa. Tsopano mkhalidwewo ukuchita ngati kuti ukuyambukira theka lina la nzika zake, pamene mabuku a komiki a akazi a ‘zaumaliseche wauchinyama’ akuikidwa m’mashelefu a mabuku m’masitolo ndi m’masupamaliketi.”

Mu 1995 nyuzipepala yotchuka Asahi Shimbun inatcha Japan kuti “Paradaiso wa Zaumaliseche.” Pamene kuli kwakuti akonzi ndi ofalitsa nkhani anafuna kuti anthu adzipezere njira yosamalira madandaulo a makolo m’malo mwa malamulo a boma, oŵerenga achichepere anatsutsa zimenezi. Munthu angafunse kuti, ‘Kodi ndi ayani amene adzamvedwa potsirizira pake?’

Ufulu wa kulankhula uli nkhani yochititsa mkangano kwambiri pakali pano ku France. “Mosakayikira,” analemba motero mlembi wamabuku wachifalansa Jean Morange m’buku lake lonena za ufulu wa kulankhula, “mbiri ya ufulu wa kulankhula sinathe, ndipo idzapitiriza kuchititsa magaŵano. . . . Palibe chaka chimene chimapyola popanda kutulutsidwa kwa filimu kapena programu yopitiriza ya pawailesi yakanema kapena mkupiti wosatsa malonda wobutsa mkwiyo waukulu, zikumadzutsanso mkangano wakalewo wosatha ponena za kuvomerezeka kwake.”

Nkhani imene inali mu nyuzipepala ya ku Paris Le Figaro inasimba kuti gulu la rap lotchedwa Ministère amer (Utumiki Woŵaŵa) likulimbikitsa olichirikiza ake kupha apolisi. Amodzi a mawu awo a nyimbo amati: “Sipadzakhala mtendere pokhapokhapo ngati [apolisi] afa.” Mneneri wa gululo anati: “Pamalekodi athu, timawauza kutentha masiteshoni a polisi ndi kuwapereka nsembe [apolisi]. Kodi nchiyaninso chingakhale chanzeru kwambiri kuchita?” Palibe chilichonse chimene chachitidwa pa gulu la rap limeneli.

Nawonso magulu a rap ku America amachirikiza za kupha apolisi ndi kulengeza kuyenera kwa kunena zimenezo pansi pa chitetezero cha ufulu wa kulankhula. Ku France, Italy, England ndi maiko ena ku Ulaya ndi padziko lonse, mfuu yakuti asaike malire pa ufulu wa kulankhula poyera ikumveka kumbali zonse ngakhale ngati ‘mtundu wake wa kulankhula uli wochititsa ngozi yachionekere imene ilipo.’ Kodi mkanganowo udzatha liti, ndipo ndani amene adzapambana?

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Zaumaliseche za pakompyuta, “thumba la zambiri la zinthu ‘zopanda makhalidwe’”