Chochititsa Nyama Kukhala Pangozi

NYAMA zimasoloka pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Talingalirani zifukwa zazikulu zitatu. Anthu mwanjira ina ali ndi thayo pa ziŵiri, ndipo ali ndi thayo lachindunji pa yachitatu.

Kuwononga Malo

Kuwononga malo kumachepetsa kwambiri nyama. The Atlas of Endangered Species imati zimenezi ndizo “ngozi yaikulu koposa,” komanso “yovuta koposa kuiletsa.” Kuwonjezereka kwa anthu padziko kumakakamiza anthu kutenga malo aakulu amene kale anali a nyama zakuthengo. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho nkhalango za mvula za dziko.

Pali kuyerekezera kowopsa kosumika maganizo pa zimene ambiri amaona kukhala kuwonongeka komvetsa chisoni kwa chuma chamtengo wapatali kwakuti ‘pazaka 40 zikudza sikudzakhala nkhalango za mvula zotsala.’ Kwenikweni, pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi za mankhwala odziŵika Kumadzulo amachokera ku zomera za m’nkhalango za mvula zakumalo otentha. Ngakhale kuti nkhalango za mvula zimangokuta pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya nthaka ya pulanetili, mumapezeka zigawo zinayi mwa zisanu za zomera zakumtunda za dziko.

Kudula mitengo ndi kusintha kwa njira za malimidwe kumawonongera nkhalango za mvula za ku West Africa choloŵa chake cha mitengo yochuluka. Kutha kwa mitengo ku kontinenti yaing’ono ya India kwasintha ngakhale machedwe, kukumachepetsa mvula m’madera ena ndi kuchititsa maliyambwe kwina.

Pamene munthu adula mitengo kulambula nthaka yolimapo, zomera, nyama, mbalame, zokwawa, ndi tizilombo zimafa. Profesa wa pa Harvard Edward Wilson akuyerekezera kuti kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kumafika pa 1 peresenti pachaka, ndipo zimenezi zimaika nyama ndi zomera zikwi zambiri pangozi ya kusoloka. Pali mantha akuti nyama ndi zomera zambiri zidzazimiririka zisanapatsidwe ndi maina asayansi omwe.

Zinthu nzofanana m’madambo a dziko, malo ena okhala pangozi. Omanga amachotsa madzi m’madera ameneŵa kuti amangepo nyumba, kapena alimi amawasandutsa minda. Pazaka 100 zapitazo, pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya madambo ouma a Ulaya asandutsidwa minda. Kusoŵa kwa mabusa ku Britain pazaka 20 zapitazo kwatsitsa chiŵerengero cha mbalame za song thrush ndi 64 peresenti.

Ngakhale kuti magazini a Time amati chisumbu cha Madagascar ndicho “chingalaŵa cha Nowa cha dziko,” nyama zake zochuluka zakuthengo zili pangozi. Pamene anthu akuwonjezereka ndi mangawa ake kulinga ku maiko ena amakula, kukakamizika kwa okhala pa chisumbucho kwakuti asandutse nkhalango minda ya mpunga kumawonjezereka. Chifukwa chakuti zigawo zitatu mwa zinayi za malo a achanga a m’nsungwi za golden bamboo zazimiririka pazaka 20 zapitazo, zokha zimene zatsala mwa nyama zimenezi ndi 400.

Kusintha kwambiri kwa munthu m’njira imene amagwiritsirira ntchito nthaka kwenikweni kumawononga nyama zakuthengo m’chigawocho. Chitsanzo china, talingalirani Apolineziya, amene anafika ku Hawaii zaka 1,600 zapitazo. Chifukwa cha zochita zawo, mitundu 35 ya mbalame inasoloka.

Oyambirira kudzakhala ku Australia ndi New Zealand anabwera ndi amphaka, amene ena a iwo analoŵa m’tchire. Malinga ndi kunena kwa magazini a New Scientist, amphaka olusa ameneŵa tsopano amagwira ndi kudya mitundu 64 ya nyama zoyamwitsa za ku Australia. Pamodzi ndi ankhandwe ofiira a ku Ulaya omwe anabwera nawo, amalalira nyama zotsalapo zokhala kale pangozi.

Kupha Mwachindunji

Uzimba si chinthu chatsopano. Baibulo m’Genesis limasimba za wopanduka Nimrode, mphalu amene anakhalako zaka zoposa 4,000 zapitazo. Ngakhale silimatchula kuti anasolotsa mitundu ya nyama zina, iye anali mphalu wosakaza kwenikweni.—Genesis 10:9.

M’zaka mazana ambiri osaka nyama apululutsa mikango ku Greece ndi Mesopotamia, mvuu ku Nubia, njovu ku North Africa, zimbalangondo ndi ntchenzi ku Britain, ndi ng’ombe zakuthengo ku Eastern Europe. M’ma 1870 ndi m’ma 1880, osaka nyama anapha chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi cha njovu miliyoni imodzi ku East Africa kokha,” akutero magazini a BBC a mpambo wa maprogramu, Radio Times. “Kwa theka la zaka zana limodzi, m’Afirika munali kulira mfuti za anthu otchuka, olemera ndi apamwamba, akumawombera njovu, zipembere, nyamalikiti, amphaka aakulu ndi chilichonse chimene anaona. . . . Zimene zimaoneka kukhala zodabwitsa kwenikweni lero zinali khalidwe lovomerezeka kwambiri kalelo.”

Tibwerere ku mkhalidwe wa njuzi wamkuluyo. Ziŵerengero m’ma 1980 zinasonyeza kuti ntchito youtetezera inali yachipambano. “Ngakhale zinali choncho, zinthu sizinali mmene zinali kuonekera,” ikutero 1995 Britannica Book of the Year. “Kuŵerenga kosamalitsa kwambiri kunasonyeza kuti ziŵerengero zoyamba zija anali kungozichulukitsa akuluakulu a boma amene mwina anali kumvana ndi akupha nyama popanda lamulo kapena amene anali kungofuna kukondweretsa akulu awo. . . . Malonda akabisira a ziŵalo za njuzi anakula pamene kusoŵa kwa ziŵalozo kunakweza mitengo kwambiri.” Chotero, mu 1995, kuŵerengera mtengo wa njuzi ya ku Siberia kunayambira pa $9,400 mpaka $24,000—koma, osati chabe kaamba ka chikopa chake chofunikacho komanso mafupa ake, maso, ndevu, mano, ziŵalo zamkati, ndi mpheto, zonse zofunika kwambiri m’mankhwala achimunthu a Kummaŵa.

Malonda a minyanga ya njovu, nyanga za chipembere, zikopa za njuzi, ndi ziŵalo za nyama zina tsopano ali malonda aukatangale opezetsa ndalama zochuluka, achiŵiri kwa malonda ozembetsa anamgoneka, ikutero Time. Ndipo zimenezi sizimangokhudza nyama zazikulu zokha. Mu 1994 mankhwala achimunthu a ku China anadya ma sea horse ochuluka okwanira 20 miliyoni, akumachititsa kutsika kwa 60 peresenti kwa ma sea horse ogwidwa pazaka ziŵiri m’madera ena a Southeast Asia, malinga ndi malipoti.

Nkosavuta kudziŵa amene ali ndi mlandu pamene nyama ya mtundu wina aisaka kufikira itazimiririka. Nanga, bwanji ponena za osonkhanitsa zamoyo? Macaw wokhala pangozi, mbalame ya golden conure, malinga ndi malipoti, zimatayitsa wamalonda aukatangale ku Brazil ndalama zokwanira $500. Koma iye akaigulitsa kunja, amapeza ndalama zoŵirikiza katatu ndi theka kapena kuposapo.

Nkhondo ndi zotulukapo zake, kuwonjezeka kwa othaŵa kwawo, pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa obadwa, kuwonjezereka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndipo ngakhale maulendo okaona malo, zaika pachiswe nyama zokhala pangozi. Oona chilengedwe okwera maboti a injini amavulaza ma dolphin omwe iwo amapita kukaona, ndipo phokoso la pansi pa madzi la mabotiwo limasokoneza njira yocholoŵana yolankhulana ndi namalowe ya ma dolphin.

Pambuyo pa mafotokozedwe omvetsa chisoni ameneŵa a kusakaza kochitidwa ndi munthu, pali chifukwa chabwino chimene mungafunsire kuti, ‘Kodi otetezera nyama akuchitanji kusungitsa nyama zokhala pangozi, ndipo kodi akupeza chipambano chilichonse?’

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Zomera, nyama, mbalame, zokwawa, ndi tizilombo zimafa pamene munthu agwetsa mitengo