Ziŵerengero Zomawonjezereka za Othaŵa Kwawo

MBALI yaikulu ya mbiri ya munthu yawonongedwa ndi nkhondo, njala, ndi chizunzo. Chotero, nthaŵi zonse pakhala anthu ofuna kopulumukira. M’mbiri, maiko ndi anthu apereka populumukira kwa iwo opafuna.

Malamulo olola populumukira analemekezedwa ndi Aaziteki akale, Asuri, Agiriki, Ahebri, Asilamu, ndi ena. Plato, Mgiriki wafilosofi, zaka zoposa mazana 23 zapitazo analemba kuti: “Mlendo, wolekana ndi anthu akwawo ndi banja lakwawo, ayenera kusonyezedwa chikondi chachikulu ndi anthu ndi milungu. Chotero pafunikira kusamala kwambiri kuti alendo asachitidwe choipa chilichonse.”

M’zaka za zana la 20, chiŵerengero cha othaŵa kwawo chawonjezereka kwambiri. Poyesa kusamalira othaŵa kwawo 1.5 miliyoni otsala pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1951. Gululo linayembekezeredwa kukhala zaka zitatu, malinga ndi ganizo lakuti othaŵa kwawo omwe analipo adzasakanizana posapita nthaŵi ndi anthu a kumene anapeza populumukira. Pambuyo pake gululo likanachokapo, anaganiza motero.

Komabe, pazaka makumi angapo, chiŵerengero cha othaŵa kwawo chakwera mosalekeza. Podzafika 1975 chiŵerengero chawo chinali chitafika 2.4 miliyoni. Mu 1985 chiŵerengerocho chinali 10.5 miliyoni. Podzafika mu 1995 chiŵerengero cha anthu olandira chitetezo ndi chithandizo kuchokera ku UNHCR chinali chitakwera kufika 27.4 miliyoni.

Ambiri anayembekezera kuti nyengo ya pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Mawu idzatsegula njira yothetsera vuto la padziko lonse la othaŵa kwawo; siinatero. M’malo mwake, mitundu yagaŵikana chifukwa cha mbiri yawo kapena kusiyana mafuko, ndipo zimenezi zayambitsa kulimbana. Pamene nkhondozo zagundika, anthu athaŵa, podziŵa kuti maboma awo sangawatetezere kapena kuti sadzawatetezera. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1991 Airaki pafupifupi mamiliyoni aŵiri anathaŵira m’maiko apafupi. Kuyambira pamenepo, othaŵa kwawo pafupifupi 735,000 athaŵa m’dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia. Ndiyeno, mu 1994, nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ku Rwanda inakakamiza oposa theka mwa anthu a dzikolo 7.3 miliyoni kuthaŵa kusiya nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi Arwanda 2.1 miliyoni anafuna pothaŵira m’maiko apafupi a Afirika.

Nchifukwa Ninji Vutolo Likukulirakulira?

Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zikuchititsa chiŵerengero cha othaŵa kwawo kukula. Kumadera ena, monga Afghanistan ndi Somalia, maboma agwa. Zimenezi zachititsa zinthu kukhala m’manja mwa magulu a zigaŵenga amene amafunkha madera akumidzi popanda kudziletsa, kuchititsa chipolowe ndi kuthaŵa kwa anthu.

Kumadera ena, kulimbanako kwakhalapo chifukwa cha kusiyana mafuko kapena zipembedzo kumene kuli kovuta, kumene cholinga chachikulu cha magulu omenyanawo ndicho kuseseratu anthu wamba. Ponena za nkhondo m’dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia, woimira United Nations anadandaula chapakati pa 1995 kuti: “Kwa anthu ambiri kuli kovutadi kumvetsetsa zochititsa nkhondoyi: amene akumenyana, zifukwa zimene akumenyanirana. Makamu amathaŵa kuchokera kumbali ina ndiyeno patapita milungu itatu ena amathaŵanso kuchoka kumbali inayo. Nzovuta kutsatira ngakhale kwa anthu oyenera kuzitsatira.”

Zida zamakono zosakaza kowopsa—maroketi oponyedwa ambiri nthaŵi imodzi, mamisaelo, mizinga, ndi zina zotero—zimawonjezera kupha ndi kukulitsa bwalo la nkhondo. Zotulukapo: othaŵa kwawo omawonjezereka. Posachedwapa pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya othaŵa kwawo padziko lonse athaŵa kuchoka m’maiko omatukuka kupita kumaiko apafupi amenenso akutukuka ndipo ali osakonzekera kusamalira aja ofuna kopulumukira.

M’nkhondo zambiri kusoŵa kwa chakudya kumakulitsa vutolo. Pamene anthu akufa ndi njala, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti malole obweretsa chithandizo atsekerezedwa, iwo amakakamizika kusamuka. The New York Times ikuti: “Kumadera onga Horn of Africa, kugwirizana kwa chirala ndi nkhondo kwawononga nthaka kwakuti singatulutsenso chakudya. Nkhani yakuti kaya anthu zikwi mazana ambiri akuthaŵa njala kapena nkhondo ilibe tanthauzo nkomwe.”

Mamiliyoni Osafunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro la kopulumukira limalemekezedwa m’mawu, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha othaŵa kwawo chimathetsa nzeru maiko. Mkhalidwewo ngwofanana ndi wa Aigupto wakale. Pamene Yakobo ndi banja lake anafuna pothaŵira ku Aigupto kupeŵa masoka a njala ya zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri, anawalandira. Farao anawapatsa “dera lokometsetsa la dziko” kuti akhalemo.—Genesis 47:1-6.

Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Aisrayeli anachuluka, “ndipo dziko linadzala nawo.” Chotero, Aigupto anayamba nkhanza, komabe “monga momwe [Aigupto] anawasautsiramo, momwemo [Aisrayeli] anachuluka, momwemonso anafalikira. Ndipo anavutika chifukwa cha ana a Israyeli.”—Eksodo 1:7, 12.

Mofananamo, maiko lerolino ‘amavutika’ pamene chiŵerengero cha othaŵa kwawo chipitiriza kuwonjezereka. Zimene amada nazo nkhaŵa kwenikweni ndi chuma. Kumatayitsa ndalama zambiri kudyetsa othaŵa kwawo mamiliyoni ambiri, kuwaveka, kuwapatsa nyumba, ndi kuwatetezera. Pakati pa 1984 ndi 1993, ndalama zomwe UNHCR inawononga chaka ndi chaka zinawonjezereka kuchoka pa $444 miliyoni kufika $1.3 biliyoni. Zochuluka za ndalamazo zimaperekedwa ndi maiko olemerapo, amene ena a iwo akulimbana ndi mavuto awo a zachuma. Maiko opereka thandizo nthaŵi zina amadandaula kuti: ‘Tili ndi vuto la kuthandiza osoŵa nyumba amene akukhala m’makwalala athu. Kodi tingakhale bwanji ndi thayo kwa osoŵa nyumba papulaneti lonseli, makamaka pamene vutolo mwina lidzakula m’malo mochepa?’

Kodi Chimene Chimachititsa Zinthu Kuvuta Nchiyani?

Aja othaŵa kwawo amene amafika m’dziko lolemera nthaŵi zambiri amapeza kuti mkhalidwe wawo umavutirapo chifukwa cha anthu zikwi zambiri amene anasamukira kudziko lomwelo pazifukwa za chuma. Osamuka chifukwa cha chuma ameneŵa saali othaŵa kwawo chifukwa cha nkhondo kapena chizunzo kapena njala. M’malo mwake, iwo anabwera kudzafunafuna moyo wabwino—moyo wopanda umphaŵi. Chifukwa chakuti nthaŵi zambiri amanamizira kukhala othaŵa kwawo, amene mwa chinyengo chawo amavutitsa mabungwe osamalira amene afuna kopulumukira, amachititsa zinthu kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa othaŵa kwawo enieni kuti asamvedwe.a

Kubwera kwa othaŵa kwawo ndi osamuka kwayerekezeredwa ndi mitsinje iŵiri imene yaloŵa m’maiko olemera kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, malamulo ambiri okhwima a kaloŵedwe ka m’dziko atsekereza mtsinje wa osamuka chifukwa cha chuma. Motero, iwo akhala mbali ya mtsinje wa othaŵa kwawo, ndipo mtsinje umenewu wasefukira kupanga liyambwe.

Podziŵa kuti kungatenge zaka zambiri kuti pempho lawo lofuna kopulumukira lilingaliridwe, osamuka chifukwa cha chumawo amaganiza kuti mkhalidwe wawo ngwachipambanobe. Ngati pempho lawo lofuna kopulumukira livomerezedwa, ndiye kuti iwo apambana, pakuti angakhalebe m’dziko labwino m’zachuma. Ngati pempho lawo likanidwa, apambanabe, pakuti adzakhala atapeza ndalama ndi kuphunzira maluso ena omwe adzapita nawo kwawo.

Pamene othaŵa kwawo ambirimbiri, limodzi ndi onyengawo, akubwera, maiko ambiri sakuwalandira kapena kuwalola. Ena atseka malire awo kuti othaŵawo asaloŵe. Maiko ena apanga malamulo ndi njira zimene mofananamo zimaletsa othaŵa kwawo kuloŵa. Ndipotu maiko enanso akakamiza othaŵa kwawo kubwerera ku maiko kumene anathaŵa. Chofalitsa china cha UNHCR chikunena kuti: “Kuwonjezereka kosalekeza kwa ziŵerengero—za othaŵa kwawo enieni ndiponso osamuka chifukwa cha chuma—kwapanikiza kwambiri mwambo wa kopulumukira wazaka 3,500, kuuchititsa kutsala pang’ono kuwonongeka.”

Chidani ndi Mantha

Chimene chikukulitsa mavuto a othaŵa kwawo ndicho mkhalidwe wa xenophobia—kuwopa alendo ndi kuwada. M’maiko ambiri anthu amakhulupirira kuti akunja amaika pangozi mtundu wawo, chikhalidwe chawo, ndi ntchito. Nthaŵi zina mantha amenewo amasonyezedwa ndi chiwawa. Magazini a Refugees akunena kuti: “Kontinenti ya Ulaya imaona mafuko ena akuukiridwa pamphindi zitatu zilizonse—ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri malo olandirirapo ofuna kopulumukira ndiwo amakhala chandamale.”

Chikwangwani china m’chigawo chapakati cha Ulaya chimasonyeza chidani chachikulu, chidani chimene chikusonyezedwanso kwambiri m’maiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Uthenga wake woŵaŵa wa alendo umati: “Iwo ali chithupsa chonyansa ndi chopweteka pa thupi la mtundu wathu. Fuko lopanda chikhalidwe chilichonse, miyezo ya makhalidwe kapena ya chipembedzo, gulu longoyendayenda limene limangolanda ndi kuba. Ngauve, odzala ndi nsabwe, amakhala m’makwalala ndi m’masiteshoni a sitima. Alongedze nsanza zawo zauve nachoke osadzabweranso!”

Ndithudi, palibe chimene othaŵa kwawo ochuluka amafuna kwambiri koposa ‘kuchoka osadzabweranso.’ Amalakalaka kupita kwawo. Mitima yawo imalakalaka kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo wamtendere ndiponso wabwino limodzi ndi mabanja awo ndi mabwenzi. Koma alibe kwawo kumene angapite.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Vuto la Othaŵa Kwawo

“Kodi mukudziŵa kuti ana zikwi mazana ambiri a othaŵa kwawo amagona ndi njala usiku uliwonse? Kapena kuti ndi mmodzi yekha mwa ana asanu ndi atatu a othaŵa kwawo amene anapitapo kusukulu? Ochuluka a ana ameneŵa sanapitepo kukanema, kapena kupaki, ngakhale kumyuziyamu. Ambiri amakulira mu waya waminga kapena m’misasa yapayokha. Sanaonepo ng’ombe kapena galu. Ana ambirimbiri a othaŵa kwawo amaganiza kuti udzu wobiriŵira ndi chakudya, osati monga poseŵerera ndi kuthamangathamangapo. Ana a othaŵa kwawo ndiwo amandimvetsa chisoni koposa pantchito yanga.”—Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzithunzi cha U.S. Navy

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Yesu Anali Wothaŵa Kwawo

Yosefe ndi Mariya anali kukhala ku Betelehemu ndi mwana wawo, Yesu. Openda nyenyezi a Kummaŵa anadza ndi mphatso za golidi, libano, ndi mure. Iwo atapita, mngelo anaonekera kwa Yosefe, nati: “Tauka, nutenge kamwanako ndi amake, nuthaŵire ku Aigupto, nukakhale kumeneko kufikira ndidzakuuza iwe; pakuti Herode adzafuna kamwana kukawononga iko.”—Mateyu 2:13.

Mwamsanga atatuwo anafuna kopulumukira m’dziko lachilendo—anakhala othaŵa kwawo. Herode anapsa mtima poona kuti openda nyenyeziwo sanamuuze za malo kumene kunali Wonenedweratuyo kukhala mfumu ya Ayuda. Poyesa mosaphula kanthu kupha Yesu, analamula anyamata ake kupha tianyamata tonse m’Betelehemu ndi m’milaga yake.

Yosefe ndi banja lake anakhalabe ku Aigupto kufikira mngelo wa Mulungu ataonekeranso kwa Yosefe m’loto. Mngeloyo anati: “Tauka, nutenge kamwana ndi amake, nupite ku dziko la Israyeli: chifukwa anafa uja wofuna moyo wake wa kamwanako.”—Mateyu 2:20.

Zikuoneka kuti Yosefe anafuna kukakhala m’Yudeya, kumene iwo anali kukhala asanathaŵire ku Aigupto. Koma anachenjezedwa m’loto kuti kunali kwangozi kuchita motero. Chotero kuthekera kwa chiwawa kunalamuliranso moyo wawo. Yosefe, Mariya, ndi Yesu anapita kumpoto ku Galileya nakhala m’tauni ya Nazarete.

[Zithunzi patsamba 7]

M’zaka zaposachedwapa othaŵa kwawo mamiliyoni ambiri athaŵira kumaiko ena kupulumutsa moyo wawo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kulamanzere pamwamba: Albert Facelly/Sipa Press

Kulamanja pamwamba: Charlie Brown/Sipa Press

Pansi: Farnood/Sipa Press

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Mnyamata kulamanzere: UN PHOTO 159243/J. Isaac