Nkhondo za Chipembedzo ku France

PA Sande, March 1, 1562, kalonga wa Guise ndi mbale wake Charles, kadinala wa Lorraine—anthu aŵiri ochirikiza Chikatolika ku France—anakwera akavalo pamodzi ndi alonda awo onyamula zida kupita ku Vassy, mudzi wa kummaŵa kwa Paris. Anaima patchalitchi china ku Vassyko kuti apezeke pa Misa.

Mwadzidzidzi anamva anthu akuimba. Oimbawo anali Aprotesitanti mazana angapo omwe anasonkhana m’nyumba yosungiramo zinthu kuti alambire Mulungu. Asilikaliwo anathyola chitseko naloŵa. Mkati mwa msokonezo wobukapo, anayamba kutukwanizana ndi kuponyana miyala. Asilikaliwo anaomba mfuti zawo, napha Aprotesitanti ambiri ndi kuvulaza ena mazana ambiri.

Kodi kuphana kumeneku kunatsatira zochitika zotani? Kodi Aprotesitanti anatani?

Mbiri Yake

Kumayambiriro a zaka za zana la 16, France anali wotukuka ndipo wa anthu ambiri bwino. Kuwonjezera pa mkhalidwe wabwino umenewu wa chuma ndi wa chiŵerengero cha anthu, anthu anayesayesanso kutsata Chikatolika chauzimu ndi chaubale kwambiri. Anthu anafuna tchalitchi chosalemera kwambiri koma choyera kwambiri. Atsogoleri ena achipembedzo ndi akatswiri a ufulu wa anthu analimbikira kuti pakhale kusintha m’chipembedzo kuti ukatangale wa atsogoleri aakulu uthe ndi kuti achotse atsogoleri aang’ono osadziŵa ntchito. Mtsogoleri wina amene analimbikira kuti pakhale kusinthako anali bishopu Guillaume Briçonnet Mkatolika.

M’chigawo chake cha Meaux, Briçonnet analimbikitsa onse kuŵerenga Malemba. Anapereka ndi ndalama zotembenuzira Baibulo latsopano la Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu m’Chifrenchi. Posapita nthaŵi, anautsa mkwiyo wa a Yunivesite ya Sorbonne ya Zaumulungu ku Paris, osunga mwambo wa Chikatolika, amene anasokoneza ntchito yake. Koma amene anateteza bishopuyo anali Francis I, mfumu ya France kuyambira 1515 mpaka 1547. Panthaŵiyo, mfumu imeneyo inalinso kufuna kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Komabe, kusuliza tchalitchi kumene Francis I analola ndi kuja kokhala ndi malire kumene sikunasokoneze bata ndi umodzi wa anthu ndi dzikolo. Mu 1534, Aprotesitanti oumirira mwambo analemba zikwangwani zonena kuti Misa ya Akatolika njamafano, ndipo anakhomera chikwangwani china pakhomo la chipinda chogonamo cha mfumu. Chotero, Francis I anasintha maganizo ake nayamba kampeni yoopsa yowapululutsa.

Kuwapululutsa Mwankhalwe

Posakhalitsa Aprotesitanti anali kuwatentha pamtengo. Akatswiri ambiri a ufulu wa anthu, owachirikiza, ndi otsata Chiprotesitanti chatsopanocho anathaŵa m’dzikomo. Boma linayamba kuletsa mabuku niliyamba kulamulira aphunzitsi, ofalitsa mabuku, ndi osindikiza.

Amene anachimva kwambiri chitsutso cha boma anali Awadensi. Iwo anali kagulu kakang’ono ka anthu okonda Baibulo omwe ankakhala m’midzi yosauka kummwera koma chakummaŵa kwa dzikolo. Ena anawatentha pamtengo, mazanamazana anawapha, ndipo midzi yawo yokwanira ngati 20 anaiwononga.—Onani bokosi patsamba 6.

Pozindikira kuti m’tchalitchi munafunikiradi masinthidwe, bungwe la mabishopu achikatolika linakumana mu December 1545, ku Trent, Italy. Bungwelo litamaliza msonkhanowo mu 1563, malinga ndi The Cambridge Modern History, “cholinga chake chonse . . . chinali chakuti lipatse mphamvu aja otsimikiza kufafaniziratu Chiprotesitanti.”

Zochitika Isanayambe Nkhondo

Pokhala atatopa kuyembekezera masinthidwewo, ambiri a m’gulu lofuna kusintha m’Tchalitchi cha Katolika anagwirizana ndi Aprotesitanti. Cha m’ma 1560, Afalansa ambiri olemekezeka ndi owachirikiza anagwirizana ndi Ahuganoti, mmene ankatchera Aprotesitanti. Ahuganoti anayamba kukamba kwambiri. Nthaŵi zina, misonkhano yawo yapoyera inakwiyitsa ena ndi kubutsa chidani. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1558, iwowo zikwizikwi anasonkhana ku Paris masiku anayi otsatizana akumaimba nyimbo.

Zonsezi zinakwiyitsa atsogoleri amphamvu a Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi unyinji wa Akatolika omwe. Mfumu Henry II, amene analoŵa ufumu wa atate wake, a Francis I, anapanga Lamulo la Écouen, mu June 1559 atamsonkhezera Kadinala Charles wa ku Lorraine. Cholinga chake chomwe anaŵinda chinali chakuti azuliretu “Alutherani oipa osafunikawo.” Zimenezi zinabutsa kampeni yoopsa yochotsa Ahuganoti ku Paris.

Henry II anamwalira patapita milungu ingapo ndi zilonda zimene anakhala nazo atavulala m’maseŵero. Mwana wake, Mfumu Francis II, amene anasonkhezeredwa ndi banja la Guise, analimbitsanso lamulo lakuti Aprotesitanti ouma mutu azilangidwa ndi imfa. Chaka chotsatira, Francis II anamwalira, ndipo amake, a Catherine de Médicis, anayamba kulamulira m’malo mwa mbale wake wazaka khumi, Charles IX. Banja la a Guise, limene linatsimikiza mtima kutheratu Chiprotesitanti, silinakonde njira ya Catherine yowayanjanitsa.

Mu 1561, Catherine analinganiza msonkhano ku Poissy, pafupi ndi Paris, kumene akatswiri a zaumulungu achikatolika ndi achiprotesitanti anakumana. M’lamulo lomwe Catherine anatulutsa mu January 1562, anapatsa Aprotesitanti ufulu wa kusonkhana ndi kulambira kunja kwa mizinda. Akatolika anakwiya ndithu! Ichi chinali chiyambi cha zimene zinachitika patapita miyezi iŵiri—kuphedwa kwa Aprotesitanti m’nyumba yosungiramo zinthu m’mudzi wa Vassy, zimene tatchula kale.

Nkhondo Zitatu Zoyamba

Kuphanako ku Vassy kunabutsa yoyamba pa nkhondo zachipembedzo zisanu ndi zitatu zimene zinaloŵetsa France m’kuphana koopsa kuyambira 1562 mpaka chapakati pa ma 1590. Ngakhale kuti zifukwa zake zinaphatikizapo zandale ndi zakakhalidwe ka anthu, chipembedzo makamaka ndicho chinachititsa kukhetsa mwazi kumeneko.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya ku Dreux m’December 1562, imene inapha anthu 6,000, nkhondo yoyambayo yachipembedzo inatha. Pangano la Mtendere la ku Amboise, losainidwa m’March 1563, linapatsa Ahuganoti olemekezeka ufulu pang’ono wolambira m’malo ena.

“Chinayambitsa nkhondo yachiŵiri nchakuti Ahuganoti amaopa chiwembu cha Akatolika onse m’maiko osiyanasiyana,” ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Panthaŵiyo, amejasitiriti achikatolika anali kunyonga anthu nthaŵi zambiri chabe chifukwa chakuti anthuwo anali Ahuganoti. Mu 1567 pamene Ahuganoti anayesa kuba Mfumu Charles IX ndi a Catherine amayi ake, anabutsa nkhondo yachiŵiri.

Atasimba za nkhondo yokhetsa mwazi kwambiri ya ku St.-Denis, kunja kwa Paris, olemba mbiri Will ndi Ariel Durant analemba kuti: “France anadabwa kuti nchipembedzo chamtundu wotani chimene chinasonkhezera anthu kuphana chonchi.” Posakhalitsa, m’March 1568, pangano la Mtendere la ku Longjumeau linapatsa Ahuganoti ufulu pang’ono umene pangano la Mtendere la ku Amboise linawapatsa.

Komabe, Akatolika anakwiya nakana kutsatira zofunika pamtenderewo. Chifukwa chake, m’September 1568, nkhondo yachitatu yachipembedzo inabuka. Pangano lotsatirapo la mtendere linapatsa Ahuganoti ufulu wochuluka. Anapatsidwa mizinda yamalinga, kuphatikizapo doko la La Rochelle. Ndiponso, kalonga wamkulu wachiprotesitanti, Admiral de Coligny, anasankhidwa kukhala mmodzi wa aphungu a mfumu. Apanso Akatolika anakwiya.

Kuphana Tsiku la Bartolomeyo “Woyera Mtima”

Patapita ngati chaka chimodzi, pa August 22, 1572, Coligny anatsala pang’ono kuphedwa mwachiwembu ku Paris pamene anali paulendo wa miyendo kuchokera ku Louvre Palace kupita kunyumba kwake. Popeza anakwiya, Aprotesitanti anati adzabwezera ngati chilango chidzachedwa kuperekedwa. Pamsonkhano wamtseri, Mfumu Charles IX wachinyamatayo, a Catherine de Médicis amayi ake, ndi akalonga ena anagamula kuti aphe Coligny. Kuti apeŵe zovuta zilizonse, analamulanso kuti aphedwe Aprotesitanti onse omwe anabwera ku Paris kuukwati wa Henry wa ku Navarre Mprotesitanti ndi mwana wamkazi wa Catherine, Margaret wa ku Valois.

Pa August 24 usiku, mabelu a tchalitchi cha Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois, choyang’anizana ndi Louvre, analira kupereka chizindikiro chakuti ayambe kuwapha. Kalonga wa Guise ndi anyamata ake anathamangira kunyumba imene Coligny anagonamo. Kumeneko anamupha Coligny namtayira kunja pazenera, ndi kuduladula mtembo wake. Kalongayo wachikatolika anawanditsa mawu akuti: “Apheni onse. Yatero mfumu.”

Kuyambira August 24 mpaka 29, makwalala a Paris anadzala zoopsa zokhazokha, mitembo inali ngundangunda. Ena anati mtsinje wa Seine unali mwazi wokhawokha, mwazi wa Ahuganoti zikwizikwi ophedwa. Mizinda ina inaonanso kukhetsa mwazi. Chiŵerengero cha amene anafa chimasiyanasiyana kuyambira ngati 10,000 mpaka 100,000; komabe, ambiri amagwirizana kuti chiŵerengerocho chinali chosachepera 30,000.

“Zimene zinali zododometsa mofanana ndi kupha kumeneko,” anatero wolemba mbiri, ndizo “chikondwerero chimene chinatsatira.” Atamva za kuphana kumeneko, Papa Gregory XIII analamula kuti kukhale phwando loyamika natumiza ziyamiko zake kwa Catherine de Médicis. Analamulanso kuti asindikize mendulo yapadera yokumbukirapo kuphedwa kwa Ahuganoti nalola kuti ajambule chithunzithunzi cha ophedwawo, nalembepo mawu akuti: “Papa wayanja kuphedwa kwa Coligny.”

Zikumveka kuti anthuwo ataphedwa, Charles IX ankalota anthu akufawo ndipo ankalirira mlezi wake kuti: “Kodi ndinatsatira uphungu wanji woipa ine! O Mulungu wanga, khululukireni!” Anamwalira mu 1574 ali ndi zaka 23 ndipo mbale wake Henry III anamloŵa m’malo.

Nkhondo Zachipembedzo Zinapitirizabe

Nthaŵi yonseyo, atsogoleri achikatolika anawasonkhezera iwo kupha Ahuganoti. Ku Toulouse, atsogoleri achikatolika analimbikitsa anthu awo kuti: “Apheni onse, funkhani zawo zonse; ndife atate anu. Tidzakutetezani.” Mfumu, aphungu a nyumba za malamulo, abwanamkubwa, ndi akazembe anapereka chitsanzo mwa kuwachita chiwawa chowapondereza, ndipo unyinji wa Akatolika anatsatira.

Komabe, Ahuganoti anathiranso nkhondo. Patapita miyezi iŵiri kuyambira pamene ena a iwo anaphedwa Tsiku la Bartolomeyo “Woyera Mtima,” iwo anabutsa nkhondo yachinayi yachipembedzo. Kumene chiŵerengero chawo chinaposa cha Akatolika, anawononga mafano, mitanda, ndi maguwa a nsembe m’matchalitchi a Akatolika, ngakhale kuwapha. “Mulungu sakufuna kuti mizinda ndi anthu omwe apulumuke,” anatero John Calvin, mtsogoleri wa Chiprotesitanti cha ku France, m’kabuku kake kakuti Chilengezo Chosunga Chikhulupiriro Choona.

Panatsatira nkhondo zina zachipembedzo zinayi. Yachisanu inatha mu 1576 pamene Mfumu Henry III anasaina pangano la mtendere limene linapatsa Ahuganoti ufulu wonse wolambira kulikonse m’France. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi mzinda wa Akatolika ouma mutu wa Paris unapanduka nuchotsa Henry III pampando, yemwe iwo anamuyesa wachifundo kwambiri kwa Ahuganoti. Akatolikawo anakhazikitsa boma lina lotsutsa, la Mgwirizano Wopatulika wa Akatolika, lotsogozedwa ndi Henry wa ku Guise.

Pomaliza pake, m’nkhondo yachisanu ndi chitatu, kapena kuti Nkhondo ya a Henry Atatu, Henry III (Mkatolika) anagwirizana ndi yemwe anali kudzaloŵa ufumu, Henry wa ku Navarre (Mprotesitanti), kumenyana ndi Henry wa ku Guise (Mkatolika). Henry III anakhoza kuphetsa Henry wa ku Guise mwachiwembu, koma m’August 1589, Henry III yemwe anaphedwa mwachiwembu ndi mmonke wina Mdominikani. Motero, Henry wa ku Navarre, amene anapulumuka imfa Tsiku la Bartolomeyo “Woyera Mtima” zaka 17 zapitazo, anakhala Mfumu Henry IV.

Popeza Henry IV anali Mhuganoti, Paris anakana kumvera iye. Mgwirizano Wopatulika wa Akatolika unakonza magulu a nkhondo omtsutsa m’dziko lonselo. Henry anapambana nkhondo zingapo, koma pamene gulu la nkhondo la Aspanya linafika kudzachirikiza Akatolika, iye anakana Chiprotesitanti nalandira chikhulupiriro cha Akatolika. Atalongedwa ufumu pa February 27, 1594, Henry analoŵa m’Paris, mmene anthu otopa ndi nkhondo anamchingamira monga mfumu.

Ndi mmene Nkhondo Zachipembedzo ku France zinathera patapita zaka zoposa 30 zimene Akatolika ndi Aprotesitanti anaphana nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pa April 13, 1598, Henry IV anatulutsa Lamulo la Nantes lotchuka, limene linapatsa Aprotesitanti ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi wolambira. Malinga ndi papa, lamulolo linali “chinthu choipa koposa chomwe sanachiganizepo chifukwa linapatsa onse ufulu wa chikumbumtima, umene unali woipitsitsa padziko lonse lapansi.”

M’France yense, Akatolika anakhulupirira kuti Henry anaswa lonjezo lake lochirikiza chikhulupiriro chawo. Tchalitchi sichinapume ayi, kufikira patapita zaka mazana ambiri, pamene Louis XIV anachotsapo Lamulo la Nantes, nayambitsa chizunzo choopsa zedi pa Ahuganoti.

Zotsatira Nkhondozo

Pamene zaka za zana la 16 zinatha, chitukuko cha France chinali chitazimiririka. Theka la ufumuwo anali atalilalira, kulifunkha, kulipulumutsa, kapena kuliwononga. Asilikali ananyanya ndi zimene anafuna kwa anthu, zimene zinachititsa alimi kupanduka. Aprotesitanti, omwe anatha chifukwa cha zilango za imfa, kuwapha, kuwapitikitsa, ndi kukana chikhulupiriro, analoŵa m’zaka za zana la 17 ali ochepa kwambiri.

Zinaoneka ngati Akatolika anapambana Nkhondo Zachipembedzo ku France. Koma kodi Mulungu anadalitsa chilakiko chawo? Ayi. Chifukwa chotopa ndi kuphana kumeneku m’dzina la Mulungu, Afalansa ambiri sanafunenso zachipembedzo. Amenewo ndiwo anatsogola ndi mzimu womwe ambiri amati wotsutsa Chikristu wa m’zaka za zana la 18.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 9]

“Mulungu akufuna kuti mizinda ndi anthu omwe apulumuke.”—Anatero mtsogoleri wa Chiprotesitanti cha ku France

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Awadensi Anachirimika—Nanga Zotsatira Zake Zinali Zotani?

PIERRE VALDES, kapena kuti Peter Waldo, anali wamalonda wolemera kwambiri ku France m’zaka za zana la 12. Panthaŵiyi imene Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika sichinafune kuti anthu adziŵe Baibulo, Waldo anapereka ndalama zotembenuzira Mauthenga Abwino ndi mabuku ena a Baibulo m’chinenero cha anthu wamba a kummwera koma chakumadzulo kwa France. Kenako anasiya malonda akewo nadzipereka yekha kulalikira Uthenga Wabwino. Posapita nthaŵi ambiri anadziphatika kwa iye ndipo mu 1184 Papa Lucius III anamchotsa iye ndi anzakewo mumpingo.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, magulu a alaliki okonda Baibulo ameneŵa anatchedwa Awadensi. Iwo analimbikitsa anthu kutsata zikhulupiriro ndi ntchito za Chikristu choyambirira. Anakana ntchito zamwambo ndi zikhulupiriro zachikatolika, kuphatikizapo ansembe kukhululukira anthu, kupempherera akufa, purigatoriyo, kulambira Mariya, kupemphera kwa “oyera mtima,” ubatizo wa makanda, kulemekeza mtanda, ndi kusandulika kwa mkate ndi vinyo kukhala thupi ndi mwazi weniweni wa Kristu. Chotero, Tchalitchi cha Katolika nthaŵi zambiri chinazunza Awadensi koopsa. Wolemba mbiri Will Durant akulongosola zimene zinachitika pamene Mfumu Francis I anayamba kampeni yake yolimbana ndi anthu amene sanali Akatolika:

“Kadinala de Tournon, powaimba mlandu Awadensi wakuti anali kuchita chiwembu cholanda boma, anakakamiza Mfumu yodwalayo ndi yokonda kusinthasintha maganizo kuti isaine lamulo (January 1, 1545) lakuti Awadensi onse opezeka ndi mlandu wa mpatuko aziphedwa. . . . Pamlungu umodzi (April 12-​18) midzi ingapo inatenthedwa yonse; pamudzi wina amuna, akazi, ndi ana pamodzi 800 anaphedwa; pamiyezi iŵiri 3,000 anaphedwa, midzi makumi aŵiri ndi iŵiri anaipsereza ndi moto, amuna 700 anawatenga ndi kuwapereka kuntchito yokhaulitsa yopalasa zombo. Akazi makumi aŵiri ndi asanu, omwe anakabisala m’phanga pochita mantha, anafa ndi utsi wa moto womwe unakolezedwa pakhomo la phangalo.”

Ponena za zochitika zazikulu ngati zimenezi, Durant anati: “Zizunzo zimenezi zinasonyeza kulephereratu kwa ulamuliro wa Francis.” Koma kodi aja omwe anaona kuchirimika kwa Awadensi pazizunzo zimenezo zololedwa ndi mfumu anatani? Durant analemba kuti: “Kulimba mtima kwa ofera chikhulupirirowo kunakweza chimene iwo anali kumenyera nikuwonjezera ukulu wake; openyerera zikwizikwi angakhale atachita chidwi ndi kudabwa, chifukwa popanda kunyonga anthu poyera kumeneku, mwina sakanaganiza nkomwe zosintha chikhulupiriro chawo chamwambo.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Kuphana ku Vassy kunabutsa nkhondo yachipembedzo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kuphana Tsiku la Bartolomeyo “Woyera Mtima,” pamene Akatolika anapha Aprotesitanti zikwizikwi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Photo Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Aprotesitanti anapha Akatolika nawononga chuma cha tchalitchi (pamwamba ndi pansi)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris