Kuthaŵa kwa Ayuganoti Kukapeza Ufulu

“Mwa mawu a Mfumu ndi Mfumukazi, . . . Tikulengeza pano, Kuti Aprotesitanti onse achifalansa amene Adzathaŵira kuno ku Ufumu Wathu, ndi Kubweradi muno, sadzangokhala ndi Chitetezo Chathu Chaufumu chokha . . . Koma Tidzayesetsanso m’Njira ina iliyonse yotheka kuti Tiwachirikize ndi Kuwathandiza . . . kuti akhale bwino mu Ufumu uno ndiponso kuti zinthu ziwapepukire.”

NDIZO zimene chimanena chilengezo cha mu 1689 cha William ndi Mary, mfumu ndi mfumukazi ya England. Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji Aprotesitanti achifalansa, kapena kuti Ayuganoti (Huguenots), monga momwe anadzadziŵikira, anafunikira kuthaŵira kunja kwa France kukapeza chitetezo? Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuthaŵa kwawo kuchokera ku France zaka pafupifupi 300 zapitazo tiyenera kukulingalira lerolino?

M’zaka za zana la 16, Ulaya anasakazidwa ndi nkhondo ndi mikangano ya zachipembedzo. Nalonso dziko la France, ndi Nkhondo zake Zachipembedzo (1562-1598) pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotesitanti, linakhudzidwa ndi chipwirikiti chimenechi. Komabe, mu 1598, Mfumu ya France Henry IV inasaina lamulo lopereka ufulu, Lamulo la ku Nantes, limene linapatsa Aprotesitanti achiyuganotiwo ufulu wachipembedzo. Kuvomereza zipembedzo ziŵiri mwalamulo kumeneku kunali kwachilendo mu Ulaya. Kwa kanthaŵi ndithu zimenezi zinathetsa chipwirikiti cha zachipembedzo chimene chinali chitawononga France kwa zaka zoposa 30 m’zaka za zana la 16.

Ngakhale anafuna kuti lamulolo likhale “losatha ndiponso losasinthika,” mu 1685 Lamulo la ku Nantes linathetsedwa ndi Lamulo la ku Fontainebleau. Pambuyo pake, wafilosofi wachifalansa Voltaire anafotokoza kuthetsa lamulo kumeneku kukhala “imodzi mwa ngozi zoopsa koposa za France.” Posapita nthaŵi, zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Ayuganoti pafupifupi 200,000 athaŵire kumaiko ena. Koma panali zotsatirapo zinanso. Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji lamulo loyamba lochirikiza ufulu wachipembedzo linathetsedwa?

Anali Kulitsutsa Kuyambira Pachiyambi

Ngakhale kuti Lamulo la ku Nantes linakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 90, wolemba mbiri wina akuti lamulolo linali litayamba kale “kutha pomadzafika nthaŵi yomwe linathetsedweratu mu 1685.” Ndithudi, lamulolo linalibe maziko olimba. Kuyambira pachiyambi, linali chimodzi mwa zochititsa mikangano imene anaitcha kuti “nkhondo ya mawu” pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika ndi amene anawatcha kuti a “R.P.R.” (Chotchedwa kuti Chipembedzo Chokonzedwanso) Kuyambira pamene Lamulo la ku Nantes linaperekedwa mu 1598 mpaka cha mu 1630, ilo anali kulitsutsa pamene Aprotesitanti anali kutsutsana poyera ndi Akatolika ndiponso m’mabuku amene zipembedzo zawo zinali kufalitsa. Komabe, kudana kumeneko kunaloŵetsapo zambiri.

Boma la France litamenyana ndi Aprotesitanti kuyambira mu 1621 mpaka mu 1629, linayesa kuwakakamiza kuloŵa m’Chikatolika mwa kuwatsendereza m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Chitsenderezo chimenechi chinakula muulamuliro wa Louis XIV, “Mfumu ya Dzuŵa.” Chizunzo chake chinapangitsa kuti Lamulo la ku Nantes lithetsedwe.

Kuwapondereza

Monga njira ina yowaponderezera, malamulo ochirikiza ufulu wa munthu wa Aprotesitanti anachotsedwapo pang’onopang’ono. Pakati pa 1657 ndi 1685, malamulo pafupifupi 300, kaŵirikaŵiri osonkhezeredwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, anaperekedwa pofuna kupondereza Ayuganoti. Malamulowo anatsendereza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Ayuganoti. Mwachitsanzo, Ayuganoti analetsedwa kuphunzira ntchito zambiri zosiyanasiyana, monga udokotala, zamalamulo, ndiponso ngakhale unamwino. Ponena za unamwino, wolemba mbiri wina anati: “Kukanatheka bwanji kuika moyo wako m’manja mwa mpandu amene cholinga chake chinali kuwononga dongosolo limene linalipoli?”

Chitsenderezo chimenecho chinakula kwambiri mu 1677. Myuganoti aliyense amene anagwidwa akuyesa kutembenuza Mkatolika anali kulamulidwa kulipira ndalama zokwanira chikwi chimodzi m’mapaundi achifalansa. Ndalama zaboma zochokera ku misonkho yokwera kwambiri anazigwiritsira ntchito pokopa Ayuganoti kuti atembenuke. Mu 1675 atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika anapatsa Mfumu Louis XIV ndalama zokwanira mamiliyoni 4.5 m’mapaundi achifalansa, nati: “Tsopano muyenera kulimbikira kusonyeza chiyamikiro chanu mwa kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wanu kufafaniziratu apanduwa.” Nzeru imeneyi “yogula” otembenuka inachititsa kuti anthu ngati 10,000 atembenukire ku Chikatolika pazaka zitatu.

Mu 1663 kutembenukira ku Chiprotesitanti kunali kuswa lamulo. Panalinso malamulo ena onena za kumene Ayuganoti anayenera kukhala. Chitsanzo cha malamulo onkitsa chinali chakuti ana a zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zakubadwa anali kukhala Akatolika motsutsana ndi zofuna za makolo awo. Makolo achiprotesitanti analamulidwa kulipirira maphunziro a ana awo amene anali kulandira kwa aphunzitsi achijeswiti kapena aphunzitsi ena achikatolika.

Chida chinanso chotsenderezera Ayuganoti chinali gulu lachinsinsi lotchedwa kuti Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (Gulu Lantchito Yopatulika). Limeneli linali gulu la Akatolika limene wolemba mbiri Janine Garrisson amanena kuti linali “lalikulu ndiponso locholoŵana” lopezeka m’France yense. Pokhala lopangidwa ndi anthu apamwamba kwambiri, gululo linali ndi ndalama zokwanira ndiponso linali kudziŵa zinsinsi zambiri. Garrisson akufotokoza kuti gululo linali ndi machenjera ambiri: “Mwa kukakamiza ndi kutsekereza, kusonkhezera ndi kutsutsa, gulu la Compagnie linagwiritsira ntchito njira iliyonse pofuna kufooketsa Aprotesitanti.” Ngakhale zinali motero, Ayuganoti ambiri anakhalabe m’France panthaŵi yachizunzo imeneyi. Wolemba mbiri Garrisson anati: “Nzodabwitsa kuti Aprotesitanti ambiri sanatulukemo mu Ufumu umenewo pamene chizunzo chawo chinali kukula pang’onopang’ono.” Komabe, nthaŵi inafika yoti athaŵe kukapeza ufulu.

Kuyambiranso

Pangano Lamtendere la ku Nymegen (1678) ndi Pangano Lothetsa Nkhondo la ku Ratisbon (1684) linamasula Mfumu Louis XIV pankhondo ya maiko akunja. Ku England, tsidya linalo, Mkatolika anakhala mfumu mu February 1685. Louis XIV anapezerapo mwayi pamkhalidwe watsopano umenewu. Zaka zingapo chakachi chisanafike, atsogoleri achipembedzo a Katolika ku France anasaina lamulo la mbali zinayi lotchedwa Four Gallican Articles, limene linatsekereza ulamuliro wa papa. Papa Innocent XI panthaŵiyo “anaona Tchalitchi cha France kukhala ngati chogaŵanika.” Choncho, mwa kuthetsa Lamulo la ku Nantes, Louis XIV anadzipangiranso dzina labwino nakhalanso paunansi wabwino ndi papa.

Malingaliro a mfumu ponena za Aprotesitanti anaonekera poyera. Njira yamtendere (kuwasonkhezera ndi kuwapangira malamulo) mwachionekere sinagwire ntchito. Koma njira yaposachedwapa yotchedwa kuti dragonnadea inagwira ntchito. Choncho mu 1685, Louis XIV anasaina Lamulo la ku Fontainebleau, kuthetsa Lamulo la ku Nantes. Chizunzo choopsa chimene chinatsatira kuthetsa lamulo kumeneko chinapangitsa Ayuganoti kukhala pamavuto aakulu kuposa nthaŵi imene Lamulo la ku Nantes kunalibe. Kodi anali kudzatani tsopano?

Kubisala, Kumenyana Nawo, Kapena Kuthaŵa?

Ayuganoti ena anasankha kulambira mwachinsinsi. Pokhala malo awo osonkhanirapo anawonongedwa ndiponso kulambira kwawo kunaletsedwa iwo anayamba ‘Tchalitchi cha m’Chipululu,’ kapena kuti kulambira mobisa. Ankachita zimenezi mosasamala kanthu kuti anthu ochita zimenezi anali pangozi yopatsidwa chilango cha imfa, malinga ndi lamulo limene linaperekedwa mu July 1686. Ayuganoti ena anasiya chikhulupiriro chawo, akumaganiza kuti adzatha kutembenukanso pambuyo pake. Otembenuka oterowo anakhala Akatolika achiphamaso, ndipo mibadwo yotsatira inatengerako Chikatolika chimenecho.

Boma linayesa kuthandizira kutembenuza kumeneko. Kuti apeze ntchito, otembenuka chatsopano anayenera kusonyeza chikalata chawo chotsimikizira kuti ndi Akatolika chosainidwa ndi wansembe wa pa parishi, amene anasonyeza chiŵerengero cha nthaŵi zimene wotembenukayo amabwera kutchalitchi. Ngati ana sanabatizidwe ndipo sanaleredwe monga Akatolika, iwo anali kuchotsedwa kwa makolo awo. Masukulu anali kuchirikiza maphunziro achikatolika. Anayesayesa kulemba mabuku achipembedzo ochirikiza Chikatolika kaamba ka “anthu a Buku [Baibulo],” monga momwe ankatchera Aprotesitanti. Boma linasindikiza mabuku oposa miliyoni imodzi ndi kuwatumiza kumadera kumene anthu ochuluka kwambiri anali atatembenuka. Malamulo anali okhwima kwambiri kwakuti ngati wina wodwala anakana mwambo womalizira wachikatolika kenako nkuchira, anali kuponyedwa m’ndende kapena kuweruzidwa kuti azikapalasa zombo zapamadzi kwa moyo wake wonse. Ndipo ngati pambuyo pake anafa, mtembo wake unali kungotayidwa monga kuti nchinyalala wamba ndi kutenga katundu wake.

Ayuganoti ena anayamba nkhondo ya zida. Kudera la Cévennes, lodziŵika chifukwa cha changu cha anthu akumeneko pa zachipembedzo, asilikali achiyuganoti otchedwa kuti ma Camisard anayamba zaupandu mu 1702. Chifukwa cha ziwembu za ma Camisard ndi kuukira kwawo kwausiku, asilikali aboma anatentha midzi. Ngakhale kuti Ayuganoti anapitirizabe kwa kanthaŵi kuchita zaupanduzo apa ndi apo, podzafika 1710 gulu lankhondo lamphamvu la Mfumu Louis linali litagonjetseratu ma Camisard.

Chinanso chimene Ayuganoti anachita ndicho kuthaŵa ku France. Kutuluka kumeneko m’dzikolo akutcha kuti kusamuka kwenikweni. Ayuganoti ambiri anali opanda kalikonse pamene anasamuka chifukwa chakuti boma linali litalanda katundu wawo, ndipo Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinalandira gawo lina la chumacho. Choncho kuthaŵa kunali kovuta. Boma la France linachitapo kanthu msanga pa zimene zinali kuchitika, kuyang’anira njira zotulukira ndi kufufuza sitima zapamadzi. Akuba anafunkha m’sitima zapamadzi zotuluka m’France, popeza kuti anali kulandira mphotho atagwira othaŵa. Ayuganoti amene anagwidwa pothaŵa analandira chilango choŵaŵa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, azondi okhala pakati pawo ankayesa kudziŵa maina a anthu amene anali kuganiza zothaŵa ndi kudziŵa njira zawo. Kugwira makalata, kulemba zikalata zonama, ndi chinyengo zinakhala zinthu zachizoloŵezi.

Kothaŵirako Kwabwino

Kuthaŵa kwa Ayuganoti kuchokera ku France ndi kulandiridwa kwawo m’maiko ena kunadziŵika kuti Kothaŵirako. Ayuganoti anathaŵira ku Holland, Switzerland, Germany, ndi England. Pambuyo pake ena anadzapita ku Scandinavia, America, Ireland, West Indies, South Africa, ndi Russia.

Maiko angapo a ku Ulaya anapanga malamulo olimbikitsa Ayuganoti kuti abwere kumaikowo. Zina mwa zinthu zokopa zimene maikowo anapereka ndizo unzika waulere, kusakhoma msonkho, ndi umembala waulere m’magulu amalonda. Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri Elisabeth Labrousse, Ayuganoti ambiri anali “amuna achinyamata . . . nzika za ufumuwo zamaluso osiyanasiyana, zamphamvu ndiponso zamakhalidwe abwino kwambiri.” Choncho, dziko la France, litafika pachimake cha mphamvu zake, linataya antchito ake aluso pantchito zambiri. Inde, “katundu, chuma ndi maluso” zinapita kumaiko ena. Nazonso zifukwa zachipembedzo ndi zandale zinapangitsa kuti maiko enawo awapatse malo Ayuganoti. Koma kodi m’kupita kwa nthaŵi nchiyani chinatsatirapo anthuwa atasamuka m’dzikolo?

Kuthetsedwa kwa Lamulo la ku Nantes ndi chizunzo chotsatirapo kunakhumudwitsa maiko ena. William wa ku Orange anapezerapo mwayi pakukhumudwa ndi France kumeneku kuti akhale wolamulira ku Netherlands. Mothandizidwa ndi akuluakulu a Ayuganoti, anakhalanso mfumu ku Great Britain, kuloŵa m’malo mwa James II amene anali Mkatolika. Wolemba mbiri Philippe Joutard anafotokoza kuti “zimene Louis XIV anachita kwa Aprotesitanti ndizo zina mwa zochititsa zazikulu za kuchotsedwapo kwa James II [ndi] kupangidwa kwa bungwe la Augsburg. . . . Zochitika [zimenezi] zinasintha mbiri ya Ulaya mwa kupangitsa kuti Afalansa asakhalenso ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu, koma Angelezi.”

Ayuganoti anachita zambiri pachikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Ulaya. Iwo anagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo wopezedwa chatsopanowo polemba mabuku amene anathandizira kupanga filosofi yokana kaonedwe kakale ka zinthu yotchedwa Enlightenment ndiponso malingaliro okhudza ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, Mprotesitanti wina wachifalansa anatembenuza zolemba za wafilosofi wachingelezi John Locke, zochirikiza ufulu wachibadwa. Olemba ena achiprotesitanti anagogomezera kufunika kwa ufulu wachikumbumtima. Panabuka malingaliro akuti kumvera olamulira kumadalira pa zinthu zina ndipo kunganyalanyazidwe ngati olamulirawo aswa pangano limene lilipo pakati pa iwo ndi anthu. Choncho, monga momwe wolemba mbiri Charles Read anafotokozerera, kuthetsa Lamulo la ku Nantes ndiko “china mwa zinthu zimene mosakayikira zinachititsa Chipanduko cha ku France.”

Kodi Anatengapo Phunziro?

Polingalira za zotsatirapo zobweza dziko m’mbuyo za chizunzo ndi kutayikiridwa anthu ambiri ofunika m’dzikolo, Marquis de Vauban, phungu wa zankhondo wa Mfumu Louis XIV, analimbikitsa mfumuyo kubwezeretsa Lamulo la ku Nantes, nati: “Mulungu yekha ndiye angatembenuze mitima.” Nanga nchifukwa ninji Boma la France silinatengepo phunziro ndi kubwezeretsa chosankha chake? Ndithudi chifukwa china nchakuti mfumu inaopa kufooketsa bomalo. Ndiponso, zinali kuchirikiza kusinthanso kwa tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi kusalolera zipembedzo zina kumene kunaliko m’zaka za zana la 17 ku France.

Zinthu zimene zinapangitsa kusintha kumeneko zachititsa ena kufunsa kuti, “Kodi anthu angavomereze ndi kulola miyambo yochuluka motani mumtundu wawo?” Ndithudi, monga momwe olemba mbiri anenera, nkosatheka kusanthula nkhani ya Ayuganoti popanda kuganizira za “zochita za aulamuliro ndi kupotoka malingaliro kwawo.” Lerolino kwa anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana ndiponso a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana owonjezereka amene akukhala pamodzi, kuthaŵa kwa Ayuganoti kuti akapeze ufulu ndiko chikumbutso chabwino kwambiri cha zimene zimachitika pamene ndale zosonkhezeredwa ndi tchalitchi zikhala zofunika kuposa ubwino wa anthu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

Dragonnade

Kutembenuza mwa Chiwopsezo

Ena anaona ma dragoon kukhala “amishonale aluso.” Koma kwa Ayuganoti, anali anthu oopsa, ndipo nthaŵi zina mudzi wathunthu unali kutembenukira kuchikatolika atamva kuti ma dragoon akubwera. Koma kodi ma dragoon ameneŵa anali ayani?

Ma dragoon anali asilikali okhala ndi zida zamphamvu otumidwa kukakhala m’nyumba za Ayuganoti ndi cholinga chovutitsa eni nyumbawo. Njira imeneyi yogwiritsira ntchito ma dragoon inali kudziŵika kuti dragonnade. Pofuna kuti anthu a m’banjalo avutike kwambiri, chiŵerengero cha asilikali otumidwa kukakhala kunyumba ya banja limodzi chinali chachikulu kuposa chimene banjalo likanatha kusunga. Ma dragoon analamulidwa kuchitira nkhanza mabanja, kuwasoŵetsa tulo, ndi kuwononga katundu wawo. Eni nyumbawo atasiya chikhulupiriro chachiprotesitanti, ma dragoon anali kuchoka.

Njira ya dragonnade inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutembenuza anthu mu 1681 ku Poitou, Kumadzulo kwa France, kumene kunali Ayunganoti ochuluka koposa. Pamiyezi yochepa, anthu kuyambira 30,000 mpaka 35,000 anatembenuzidwa. Njira imodzimodziyo anaigwiritsira ntchito mu 1685 m’madera ena a Ayuganoti. Pamiyezi yochepa, anthu kuyambira 300,000 mpaka 400,000 anasiya chikhulupiriro chawo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri Jean Quéniart, chipambano cha njira ya dragonnade “chinapangitsa kuti Kuthetsa lamulo [Lamulo la ku Nantes lamtendere] kuchitike, chifukwa tsopano kunaoneka kuti nkotheka.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Chilengezo chimenechi cha mu 1689 chinapereka malo othaŵirako kwa Aprotesitanti achifalansa ofuna mpumulo pa chitsenderezo chachipembedzo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwachilolezo cha laibulale ya The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Kuthetsedwa kwa Lamulo la ku Nantes, 1685 (Limeneli ndi tsamba loyamba la kuthetsa lamulolo)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Zikalata conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Akachisi ambiri a Aprotesitanti anawonongedwa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris