Ufulu Wachipembedzo—Dalitso Kapena Temberero?

Kuyambika kwa mfundo yakuti anthu ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wachipembedzo kunavutitsa ambiri a m’Dziko Lachikristu. Kunali kuyesetsa kuthetsa zikhulupiriro zopanda maziko, tsankho, ndiponso kutsutsa anthu osalolera zipembedzo za ena. Nkhani imeneyo inawonongetsa anthu osaŵerengeka pankhondo zachipembedzo. Kodi mbiri yomvetsa chisoniyi ikutiphunzitsanji?

ROBIN Lane Fox, m’buku lakuti Pagans and Christians, analemba kuti: “Pambiri yonse ya Akristu, chizunzo chili chinthu chanthaŵi zonse.” Akristu oyamba ankatchedwa kuti kagulu kampatuko ndipo ankanenezedwa kuti ankasokoneza mtendere wa anthu. (Machitidwe 16:20, 21; 24:5, 14; 28:22) N’chifukwa chake ena anazunzidwa ndipo ena anaphedwa ndi nyama zolusa m’mabwalo a maseŵera a Aroma. Anthu ena pozunzidwa mwankhanza choncho, monga wina wa zaumulungu Tertullian (onani chithunzi patsamba 8), anachonderera kuti apatsidwe ufulu wachipembedzo. Mu 212 C.E., analemba kuti: “Ufulu ndiwo chinthu chofunika kwambiri choyenera munthu, ndiwo mphatso yachibadwa, kuti munthu aliyense ayenera kulambira malinga ndi zimene amakhulupirira.”

Mu 313 C.E., Akristu okhala m’madera a Aroma analeka kuzunzidwa pakulamulira kwa Constantine, yemwe analemba chikalata chotchedwa Edict of Milan, chomwe chinapatsa ufulu wachipembedzo Akristu limodzi ndi akunja omwe. Pamene “Chikristu” chinavomerezedwa mwalamulo mu Ufumu wa Roma, Akristu analeka kuzunzidwa. Komabe, pomafika 340 C.E., wina wodzitcha mlembi wa zachikristu anapangitsa kuti anthu akunja ayambe kuzunzidwa. Potsirizira, mu 392 C.E., Mfumu Theodosius I, mogwiritsa ntchito chikalata chotchedwa Edict of Constantinople, analetsa zachikunja m’dera la ufumu wake, ndiye ufulu wachipembedzowo unatha usanafike patali. “Chikristu” chachiroma, chitakhalano monga chipembedzo cha Boma, a Tchalitchi ndi Boma anayambitsa chizunzo chimene chinakhalapobe kwa zaka mazana ambiri, moti pomafika zaka za zana la 11 ndi la 13, chizunzocho chinafika pachimake pamene nkhondo zotchedwa za mtanda zinayambika, zomwe zinakhetsa magazi kwambiri, ndiyeno panalinso bwalo lamilandu la Aroma loweruza mwankhanza anthu ampatuko, lomwe linayamba mu zaka za zana la 12. Anthu amene anali kulimba mtima namatsutsa chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa, ankasakidwa ngati nyama ndi anthu osonkhezera apanthaŵiyo. Kodi cholinga cha zonsezo chinali chiyani?

Anthu osalolera zipembedzo za ena ankalekereredwa chifukwa chakuti Boma linkaona kuti ngati anthu alidi ogwirizana pachipembedzo chimodzi, zingalimbitsedi maziko a Boma, m’malo mosokoneza mtendere wa anthu. Ku England, mu 1602, mmodzi wa nduna zaboma la Mfumukazi Elizabeth, anati: “Boma silingakhale lotetezeka kwenikweni ngati lingalolere zipembedzo ziŵiri.” Anthu otsutsa chipembedzo kunali kwapafupi kuwaletsa kuposa kudziŵa ngati anthuwo analidi ofuna kusokoneza Boma kapena kusokoneza chipembedzo chokhazikitsidwa. Catholic Encyclopedia inati: “Akuluakulu adziko limodzi ndi akuluakulu achipembedzo sanakhoze kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa anthu ampatuko oopsa ndi amene anali opanda vuto.” Komabe, zinthu zinali kudzasintha posakhalitsa.

Chiyambi Chopweteka cha Kulolera Zipembedzo Zina

Chachikulu chimene chinasinthitsa zinthu ku Ulaya chinali chipoloŵe chochitidwa ndi Apolotesitanti, kagulu kampatuko kamene kanakhalako kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Gulu la Kukonzanso Kwachipolotesitanti linasinthitsa zinthu ku Ulaya mwamsanga modabwitsa, ndipo linapangitsa kuti anthu apatsidwe ufulu wakuchita zimene chikumbumtima chawo chimawauza. Martin Luther, mtsogoleri wotchuka pakukonzanso zinthu, anachirikiza malingaliro ake mu 1521, kuti: “Chikumbumtima changa n’chokakamizika kumvera Mawu a Mulungu.” Kugaŵanika kunayambitsanso Nkhondo ya Zaka 30 (1618-48), nkhondo zankhanza zotsatizana zimene zinasakaza mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Komabe, nkhondoyo idakali mkati, ambiri anazindikira kuti nkhondo n’njosathandiza. Choncho, malamulo angapo, monga Lamulo la ku Nantes ku France (1598), linalephera kukhazikitsa mtendere m’mayiko a ku Ulaya osakazidwa ndi nkhondo. Makono, maganizo akulolera zipembedzo za ena anachokera pamalamulo amenewo. Poyamba, liwu lakuti “kulolera” linkamveka ngati loipa. Mu 1530, Erasmus, wotchuka pakumenyera ufulu wa anthu, analemba kuti: “Nthaŵi zina titati tizilolera timagulu tampatuko . . . , mosakayikira, zingaipe ndithu—kuipadi kwambiri—koma osati mmene ingakhalire nkhondo.” Chifukwa cha lingaliro loipa limeneli, ena onga Paul de Foix, wa ku France, mu 1561 kunena kwawo ankakonda kuti “ufulu wachipembedzo” osati “kulolera zipembedzo zina.”

Komabe, pakupita kwa nthaŵi, kulolera zipembedzo zina kunaleka kuonedwa monga koipa, koma monga choteteza ufulu. Sikunkaonedwanso ngati kuvomereza kufooka koma ngati lonjezo. Pamene zikhulupiriro zinayamba kuchuluka ndiponso pamene ufulu wakukhala ndi maganizo osiyana ndi a ena kunayamba kuonedwa ngati choyenera anthu amakono, kusunga mwambo mopambanitsa kunathetsedwa.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, kulolera zipembedzo zina kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi ufulu wa anthu onse ndi kulingana. Zimenezo zinasonyezedwa mwa malamulo ndi zikalata, monga chikalata chotchuka cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndiponso wa Nzika (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen) (1789), ku France, kapena lamulo la ufulu (Bill of Rights) (1791), ku United States. Pamene zikalata zimenezi zinayamba kusonkhezera anthu kuganiza momasuka kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 19, kulolera zipembedzo zina ndiponso ufulu wa onse sikunaonedwenso ngati temberero koma ngati dalitso.

Ufulu Wosakhalitsa

Ufulu, ngakhale uli wabwino kwambiri, komabe n’gwosakhalitsa. Pofuna kupatsa anthu onse ufulu waukulu, Boma limaika malamulo amene amachepetsa ufulu wa anthu ena. Zotsatirazo ndizo mfundo zina zokhudza ufulu zimene pakali pano akuzikambirana m’mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya: Kodi boma liyenera kuloŵerera mpaka pati pamoyo wa anthu? Kodi kungathandize bwanji? Kodi zimakhudza motani ufulu?

Manyuzipepala amatchulatchula za makambirano a ufulu wa anthu onse ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Amaneneza zopanda umboni kuti magulu ena achipembedzo amaumiriza anthu kuleka kukhulupirira zimene amadziŵa, amalanda anthu ndalama mwachinyengo, kuzunza ana, ndi kuchita maupandu ena oopsa. Nkhani zokhudza zipembedzo za anthu oŵerengeka zimafalitsidwa m’magazini ndi m’manyuzipepala ambiri. Mawu onyoza onga akuti “kagulu kotsatira munthu” ndi akuti “kagulu kampatuko” tsopano amamveka tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chosonkhezeredwa ndi anthu, maboma alemba ndandanda ya magulu otchedwa kuti magulu oopsa otsatira munthu.

France ndilo dziko limene limanyadira mwambo wake wakulolera zipembedzo zina ndi wakulekanitsa chipembedzo ndi Boma. Monyadira limadzitcha kuti dziko la “Ufulu, Kulingana, Chibale.” Komabe, malinga ndi kunena kwa buku lakuti Freedom of Religion and Belief—A World Report, “m’dzikomo avomereza kuti sukulu zizilimbikitsa anthu kukana zipembedzo zatsopano.” Komabe, anthu ena amaganiza kuti kachitidwe kameneko kangapangitse anthu ena kulandidwa ufulu wawo wachipembedzo. Motani?

Zolinga za Kupondereza Ufulu Wachipembedzo

Ufulu weniweni wachipembedzo umakhalapo kokha ngati Boma limachitira magulu onse achipembedzo molingana. Koma ufuluwo sukhalapo ngati Boma limangodzigamulira lokha kuti pazipembedzo zonse gulu lakutilakuti si chipembedzo, ndiye n’kuleka kulipatsa ufulu umene limapatsa zipembedzo zina. Mu 1997, magazini ya Time inati: “Mfundo yofunika ya ufulu wachipembedzo siikhalanso ndi tanthauzo ngati boma limangodzipatsa lokha ufulu wopatsa zipembedzo chilolezo monga mmene limapatsira anthu zilolezo zoyendetsera galimoto.” Bwalo lina lamilandu la ku France, posachedwapa linanena kuti kuteroko “kumapangitsa boma, modziŵa kapena mosadziŵa, kuloŵerera pazochita za munthu aliyense.”

Ufulu wa aliyense umaponderezedwanso ngati gulu limodzi lokha ndilo limavomerezedwa kufalitsa maganizo ake m’manyuzipepala kapena pawailesi. N’zachisoni kuti m’mayiko ambiri zoterezi zikuwonjezeka. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a anthu otsutsa timagulu ta anthu otsatira munthu, poyesa kulongosola zimene zili zoona pankhani yachipembedzo, amadzipanga okha kukhala oweruza, ndipo amayesetsa kuuza anthu onse maganizo awo kudzera m’manyuzipepala. Komabe, monga mmene nyuzipepala ya ku France yotchedwa Le Monde inanenera, magulu amenewo akamachita zimenezo, akudzisonyeza kuti “nawonso akufanana ndi magulu ampatuko omwe iwo akuyesayesa kuwaletsa, moti mwina nawonso angaganiziridwe zoti aletsedwe.” Nyuzipepalayo inafunsa kuti: “Ngati anthu anyoza zipembedzo zing’onozing’ono . . . kodi kumeneko si kupondereza ufulu wa ena?” Martin Kriele, polemba m’magazini yotchedwa Zeitschrift für Religionspsychologie (Magazini ya Maganizo Achipembedzo) anati: “Kusaka magulu ampatuko kumadetsa nkhaŵa kuposa mmene amadera nkhaŵa za kuchuluka kwa magulu otchedwa ampatukowo ndi magulu osokonezeka maganizo. Kunena mwachidule: Nzika zimene siziphwanya lamulo siziyenera kuvutidwa. Mu Germany munonso chipembedzo chiyenera kumasuka limodzi ndi munthu kuchita zimene amaganiza, ndipo zikhalebe choncho.” Tatiyeni tione chitsanzo chimodzi.

“Nzika za Chitsanzo Chabwino”—Zitchedwa “Zoopsa”

Malinga ndi zimene akuluakulu a Chikatolika ananena m’nyuzipepala yotchuka ya ku Spain, yotchedwa ABC, kodi ndi gulu liti lachipembedzo limene linanenedwa kuti “n’loopsa kwambiri pamagulu onse ampatuko?” Mungadabwe kumva kuti ABC inkanena za Mboni za Yehova. Kodi zimene akuwanenezazo n’zoonadi, palibe tsankho? Tamvani zimene enanso ananena:

“A Mboni amaphunzitsa anthu kulipira misonkho yawo moona mtima, kusapita kunkhondo kapena kukonzekera nkhondo, kusaba ndipo nthaŵi zonse iwo amaphunzitsa anthu njira ya moyo imene ngati ena aitsatira, ingawaletse kukhala pamodzi asanakwatirane.”—Sergio Albesano, Talento, November-December 1996.

“Mosiyana ndi zimene anthu nthaŵi zina amanena monyoza, ine sindikuona kuti [Mboni za Yehova] zikuopseza ngakhale pang’ono Boma ndi mabungwe ake. Iwo ndiwo anthu okonda mtendere, ndipo amalemekeza akuluakulu aboma.”—Wa m’nyumba yamalamulo ku Belgium.

“Mboni za Yehova ndiwo anthu oona mtima kwambiri muno mu Federal Republic.”—Nyuzipepala ya ku German, Sindelfinger Zeitung.

“Mungaone [Mboni za Yehova] monga nzika zopereka chitsanzo chabwino. Amakhoma msonkho msanga, amasamala odwala, amaphunzitsa anthu kulemba ndi kuŵerenga.”—Nyuzipepala ya ku U.S., San Francisco Examiner.

“Mboni za Yehova zimaposa anthu azipembedzo zina pakukhala ndi mabanja abwino.”—American Ethnologist.

“Mboni za Yehova zili pakati pa anthu oongoka mtima kwambiri ndipo akhama m’mayiko a m’Afirika.”—Dr. Bryan Wilson, wa ku Yunivesite ya Oxford.

“Anthu achipembedzo chimenechi athandiza kwambiri pazaka makumi angapo zapitazo kukulitsa ufulu wakumvera chikumbumtima.”—Nat Hentoff, m’buku lakuti Free Speech for Me Not for Thee.

“Iwo . . . achita mbali yawo ndithu pakuteteza zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’dziko lathu.”—Polofesa C. S. Braden, m’buku lakuti These Also Believe.

Monga mawu ali pamwambawo akusonyezera, Mboni za Yehova zimadziŵika padziko lonse lapansi monga nzika zopereka chitsanzo chabwino. Ndiponso amadziŵika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yophunzitsa anthu Baibulo ndi kusonyeza mikhalidwe yabwino m’mabanja. Sukulu zawo zophunzitsa anthu kuŵerenga ndi kulemba zathandiza anthu ambirimbiri, pomwenso ntchito yawo yothandiza anthu kusintha miyoyo yawo yathandizadi ambirinso, makamaka m’Afirika.

N’kofunika Kukhala ndi Cholinga Chabwino

Dziko ladzala anthu oipa ongofuna kuvutitsa anzawo. Choncho n’kofunika kuchenjera anthu akamanena zachipembedzo. Koma ufulu wachipembedzo ungakhalepo bwanji ngati atolankhani, m’malo mofunsa akatswiri opanda tsankho, amadalira zimene amauzidwa ndi matchalitchi omwe anthu awo akucheperachepera, kapena kudalira zimene amauzidwa ndi magulu otsutsa mpatuko omwe zolinga zawo zili zokayikitsa kwambiri? Nyuzipepala imene inatcha Mboni za Yehova kuti ndizo “gulu lampatuko loopsa kwambiri pamagulu ena onse ampatuko” inanena kuti mawu amenewo anachokera kwa “akuluakulu a Tchalitchi cha [Katolika].” Ndiponso, magazini ina ya ku France, inanena kuti nkhani zambiri zokhudza timagulu totchedwa tampatuko zinalembedwa ndi magulu otsutsa mpatuko. Kodi imeneyi mukuiona ngati ndiyo njira yodziŵira zinthu molondola ndipo mopandadi tsankho?

Mabwalo amilandu padziko lonse limodzi ndi mabungwe ena oona za ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga UN, amati “kusiyana kwa chipembedzo ndi gulu lampatuko n’kosaoneka bwino, ndipo n’kosavomerezeka.” Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani ena amagwiritsabe ntchito mawu onyoza akuti “kagulu kampatuko”? Umenewo ndiwo umboni wina wakuti chipembedzo chilibe ufulu weniweni. Ndiyeno, nanga ufulu wofunikawu ungatetezedwe bwanji?

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 8]

Oteteza Ufulu Wachipembedzo

Nkhondo yazipembedzo yomwe inapha anthu ambiri zedi ku Ulaya, m’zaka za zana la 16, inapangitsa anthu kulilira kwambiri ufulu wachipembedzo. Nkhani imeneyo idakatchulidwabe m’makambirano okhudza ufulu wachipembedzo.

Sébastien Chateillon (1515-63): “Kodi wampatuko ndiye munthu wotani? Sindiganizira chilichonse koma za anthu okhawo amene sagwirizana ndi maganizo athu. . . . Mumzinda uno kapena m’dera lino ngati anthu amakuona monga wokhulupirira weniweni, m’dera lina akakuona ngati wampatuko.” Wotembenuza Baibulo wotchuka wa ku France, ndiponso wochirikiza mwakhama za kulolera zipembedzo za ena, Chateillon anatchula imodzi mwa mfundo zamakambirano okhudza ufulu wachipembedzo, kuti: Kodi ndani amene amazindikira munthu wampatuko?

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1522-90): “Timaŵerenga kuti kale . . . ngakhale Kristu mwiniyo mu Yerusalemu ndipo pambuyo pake ambiri ophedwa chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chawo ku Ulaya, anasokonezapo mtendere wa [anthu] mwa mawu awo a choonadi . . . Tanthauzo lakuti ‘kusokoneza’ lifunikira kufotokozedwa bwino ndipo momveka.” Coornhert anati kusiyana kwa zipembedzo sikuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kusokoneza mtendere wa anthu. Anafunsa kuti: Kodi anthu amene amamvera lamulo mokhulupirika ndi kulilemekeza ndiwo amene amasokoneza mtendere wa anthu?

Pierre de Belloy (1540-1611): Anati “Kukhulupirira kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa zipembedzo kumayambitsa chipolowe m’Dziko ndiko umbuli.” Belloy, loya wa ku France polemba panthaŵi ya Nkhondo za Chipembedzo (1562-98), anati kugwirizana kwa dziko sikulira kuti zipembedzo zigwirizane, pokhapokha ngati Boma limangomvera zimene azipembedzo amaliuza.

Thomas Helwys (c. 1550–c. 1616): “Ngati anthu [a mfumu] ali omvera ndi okhulupirika pamalamulo onse okhudza anthu, ndiye kuti palibenso china chimene mfumuyo ingafune kwa iwo.” Helwys, mmodzi wa amene anakhazikitsa tchalitchi cha English Baptists, analemba kuti zili bwino kuti Tchalitchi chisamagwirizane ndi Boma, nasonkhezera mfumu kuti ipatse ufulu matchalitchi ndi magulu ampatuko ndi kutinso mfumu izikhutira ndi mphamvu yomwe ili nayo pa anthu ndi pazinthu zina. Kalata yakeyo inalunjika pafunso lomwe lilipobe lero, lakuti: Kodi Boma liyenera kuloŵerera pazochita za anthu mpaka pati?

Mlembi wosadziŵika, (1564): “Kuti anthu akhale ndi ufulu wakumvera chikumbumtima chawo, sikokwanira kulola munthu kuleka chipembedzo chimene mtima wake suvomereza, pomwenso sakuloledwa kukhala ndi chipembedzo chimene mtima wake umavomereza.”

[Zithunzi]

Tertullian

Chateillon

De Belloy

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Zithunzi zonse: © Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris