Kusalolerana Zipembedzo Lerolino
“Anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wakuganiza, wakumvera chikumbumtima chawo ndi kusankha chipembedzo; ufulu umenewu ukuphatikizanso kusintha chipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro chawo, ndiponso ufulu wakunena za chipembedzo chawo ndi kuuza ena chikhulupiriro chawo ndi kusunga mwambo wachipembedzo chawo, kuchita zimenezo kaya munthu payekha kapena monga gulu.” Mfundo 18, Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (CHIKALATA CHA MFUNDO ZA UFULU WA ONSE WACHIBADWIDWE), 1948.
KODI kwanu muli ndi ufulu wakulambira? Mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi mosabisa amasonyeza kuti amakonda mfundo yabwino imeneyi imene nthaŵi zambiri imaphatikizidwa pamapangano apadziko lonse. Komabe, mongoyerekezera, m’mayiko ambiri amene anthu amasankhana pankhani yachipembedzo, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri alibe ufulu wachipembedzo. Komanso, anthu ambiri amakhala pakati pa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana, kapena zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana moti ufulu umachita kukhala ndi polekezera malinga ndi malamulo ndipo kulolerana kwa zipembedzo kumangooneka ngati mwambo wa anthuwo.
Komabe, ngakhale m’malo amenewa, anthu ena akuopa kuti adzalandidwa ufulu wawo. Yemwe anali Mtolankhani Wapadera wolembedwa ndi bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu, la UN Commission on Human Rights, Angelo d’Almeida Ribeiro, anati: “Tsankho loyambira pakusiyana kwa zipembedzo kapena zikhulupiriro liliponso ngakhale pankhani zachuma, ndi zachikhalidwe cha anthu m’mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi.” Kevin Boyle ndi Juliet Sheen, m’buku lakuti, Freedom of Religion and Belief—A World Report, lofalitsidwa m’1997, anati: “Kuzunza anthu azipembedzo za anthu ochepa [ndi] kuwaletsa kusonyeza zikhulupiriro zawo ndiponso tsankho . . . zangokhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kumapeto kwa zaka zino za zana la 20.”
Komabe, tsankho lachipembedzo silikukhudza zipembedzo za anthu ochepa chabe. Mtolankhani Wapadera wolembedwa ndi UN, pankhani za Kusalolerana kwa Zipembedzo, Polofesa Abdelfattah Amor, akuganiza kuti “palibe chipembedzo chimene chingakhalebe chosalakwiridwa.” Choncho, mwina kwanukonso anthu ambiri salolera zipembedzo zina.
Tsankhu Losiyanasiyana
Pali mitundu yambiri ya tsankho lachipembedzo. Mayiko ena amangoletseratu zipembedzo zina zonse, n’kusiya chimodzi, n’kumachiona ngati chipembedzo cha Boma. M’mayiko ena, amaika malamulo oletsa zipembedzo zina kuchita ntchito zawo. Mayiko ena anaika malamulo amene aliyense amangotanthauzira mwa njira imene afuna. Taganizani mmene lamulo lina lingaipire, limene akufuna kuliika ku Israel, lakulanga anthu olowetsa katundu m’dziko, kusindikiza mabuku ndi kuwafalitsa, kapena kupezeka ndi mabuku kapena zinthu zoterozo “zimene zingapangitse anthu ena kutembenukira kuchipembedzo china.” N’zosadabwitsa kuti nyuzipepala yotchedwa International Herald Tribune inati: “Ku Israel, Mboni za Yehova zimazunzidwa ndi kunenezedwa.” Anthu osunga mwambo wakale mopambanitsa anaboola katatu konse Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Mboni za Yehova ku Lod, n’kubamo katundu. Apolisi anakana kuloŵererapo.
Buku lakuti Freedom of Religion and Belief linatchula chitsanzo china cha kusalolerana kwa zipembedzo, kuti: “Si kokha kuti mpatuko ndi chinthu chimene chinayambika kale. . . . Kukana anthu amene atenga njira yawoyawo, kuwazunza ndi kuwachitira tsankho ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chopangitsa anthu kusalolera zipembedzo za ena. A Ahmadis a ku Pakistan ndi a [Abahai] a ku Egypt, ku Iran, ndi ku Malaysia, ndiwo zitsanzo zina monga momwe alili a Mboni za Yehova m’mayiko angapo a ku Eastern Europe, ku Greece ndi ku Singapore.” N’zachionekere kuti m’mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi anthu akupondereza ufulu wa anzawo wachipembedzo.
Pankhani imeneyi, Federico Mayor, mkulu wa bungwe la zamaphunziro, zasayansi, ndi losamalira za makhalidwe a anthu, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, anati m’badwo watsopano umene ukudza posachedwapa “suukutipatsa chisangalalo cha mtima wonse. . . . Mphepo za ufulu zakolezanso moto waudani.” Povomereza kuti manthawo alipodi, mkulu wa bungwe loona za Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Yunivesite ya Essex, ku United Kingdom, anati: “Umboni wonse ukutipangitsa kuganiza kuti . . . m’dziko lamakono lino, kusalolerana kwa zipembedzo kukuwonjezeka m’malo moti kuzichepa.” Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kwa kusalolera zipembedzo za ena, kukupondereza ufulu wachipembedzo, mwinanso ufulu wanu wachipembedzo ukuponderezedwa. Komabe, n’chifukwa chiyani ufulu wachipembedzo uli wofunika kwambiri?
Kodi N’chiyani Chili Pangozi?
“Ufulu wachipembedzo ndicho chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene anthu onse afunikira kukhala nacho asanafikire pakutchedwa kuti ndi mfulu. . . . Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu, Bryan Wilson, m’buku lake lakuti Human Values in a Changing World, anati: “Popanda ufulu wachipembedzo ndi ufulu wakulalikira zimene munthu amakhulupirira sipangakhalenso ufulu womvera chikumbumtima chako ndipo sipangakhalenso ufulu weniweni wakudzilamulira.” Ndipo monga mmene bwalo lamilandu la ku France linaonera, “ufulu wakuchita zimene munthu amakhulupirira ndiwo chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri paufulu wa anthu onse.” Choncho, kaya ndinu munthu wachipembedzo kapena ayi, muyenera kufuna kuteteza ufulu wachipembedzo.
Mmene dziko limaonera ufulu wachipembedzo zimasonkhezeranso kwambiri mayiko onse kulidalira kapena kusalidalira, ndiponso kuliona monga dziko la mbiri yabwino kapena la mbiri yoipa. Lipoti limene linaperekedwa mu 1997 pamsonkhano wa mayiko 54 oimira Bungwe la Chitetezo ndi Mgwirizano ku Ulaya, Organization for Security and Cooperation, linati: “Ufulu Wachipembedzo ndiwo chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazinthu zonse zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe, tingoti ndiwo ulemu wa munthu kumene. Anthu abwino ndiponso okonda ufulu omwenso amalemekeza ufulu wa anthu ena, sangagwiritse ntchito njira iliyonse yochitira zinthu imene imawononga kapena kuwonongeratu ufulu.”
Ufulu wachipembedzo uli ngati mbali ina ya maziko a nyumba. Ufulu wina wonse—wa anthu wamba, wa anthu andale, wa zachikhalidwe, ndi wa zachuma—wamangika pa ufulu wachipembedzo. Mazikowo akangogumuka, nyumba yonse imagwa. Polofesa Francesco Margiotta-Broglio anafotokoza mwachidule kuti: “Ufulu [wachipembedzo] utangoponderezedwa, ufulu wina wonse nawo udzaponderezedwanso.” Kuti ufulu pazinthu zina utetezedwe, ufulu wachipembedzo nawo ufunikira kutetezedwa choyamba.
Kuti udziŵe kuteteza kanthu kena bwino kwambiri, ufunikira kuyamba wakadziŵa bwino kanthuko. Kodi mizu ya ufulu wachipembedzo n’chiyani? Kodi unakhazikitsidwa bwanji, ndipo pamtengo wanji?
[Chithunzi patsamba 4]
Kusalolerana kwa zipembedzo kunayambika kale kwambiri