Miliri m’Zaka za Zana la 20

CHAOLA cha ku Ulaya cha m’zaka za zana la 14 sichinathetse dziko, monga mmene ambiri amalingalirira. Koma bwanji m’nthaŵi yathu? Kodi miliri ndi matenda za m’tsiku lathu zimasonyeza kuti tikukhala m’nthaŵi imene Baibulo limatcha kuti “masiku otsiriza”?—2 Timoteo 3:1.

‘Kutalitali,’ mungalingalire motero. Kupita patsogolo m’zamankhwala ndi zasayansi kwachita zambiri kutithandiza kumvetsetsa ndi kulimbana ndi matenda tsopano kuposa nthaŵi ina iliyonse m’mbiri ya munthu. Asayansi ya zamankhwala apanga mankhwala ndi akatemera osiyanasiyana—zida zamphamvu polimbana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo tomwe timawadzetsa. Kuwongokera pakasamalidwe ka odwala m’zipatala ndiponso kasamaliridwe ka madzi akumwa, zimbudzi, ndi kakonzedwe ka chakudya nazonso zathandiza kugonjetsa matenda opatsirana.

Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ambiri ankalingalira kuti nkhondoyo ili pafupi kutha. Nthomba inali itathetsedwa, ndipo matenda ena anali pa mndandanda woti athetsedwe. Mankhwala anathetseratu matenda osaŵerengeka. Akatswiri a zamankhwala anaona ngati kuti kutsogolo sikudzakhala mavuto. Anaona kuti matenda opatsirana adzawagonjetsa; kuti adzathetsa awa kenaka awo. Sayansi ya zamankhwala idzapambana.

Koma siinapambane. Lerolino matenda opatsirana adakaphabe anthu ochuluka, ndipo anapha anthu oposa 50 miliyoni m’chaka cha 1996 chokha. Maganizo akale akuti kutsogolo sikudzakhala mavuto akuloŵedwa m’malo ndi nkhaŵa yokulirakulirabe ponena za mtsogolo. The World Health Report 1996, lolembedwa ndi bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), linachenjeza kuti: “Zambiri zomwe tinachita pazaka makumi zaposachedwa kuwongolera thanzi la munthu tsopano zili pafupi kuwonongeka. Tili pafupi kwambiri kuloŵa m’vuto lalikulu la matenda opatsirana padziko lonse lapansi. Palibe dziko lomwe lili lotetezereka.”

Matenda Akale Akusanduka Oopsa Kwambiri

Chinthu chimodzi chodetsa nkhaŵa nchakuti matenda odziŵika bwino, omwe kale anaganiziridwa kuti agonjetsedwa, akubweranso koma mwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo ali ovuta kwambiri kuchiritsa. Chitsanzo ndi chifuwa cha TB, matenda omwe nthaŵi ina analingaliridwa kukhala atathetsedwa m’maiko otukuka. Koma chifuwa cha TB sichinathe; tsopano chikupha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu pachaka. Ngati salingaliranso bwino njira zotetezera, pafupifupi anthu 90 miliyoni akuyembekezeka kudwala matendaŵa mkati mwa zaka za ma 1990. Chifuwa cha TB chosamva mankhwala chikufalikira m’maiko ambiri.

Chitsanzo china cha matenda obweranso, ndi malungo. Zaka 40 zapitazo madokotala ankayembekeza kuthetsa malungo mwamsanga. Lero matendaŵa amapha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni aŵiri chaka chilichonse. Malungo samatheratu, kapena kuti amakhalako nthaŵi zonse, m’maiko oposa 90 ndipo 40 peresenti ya anthu padziko lapansi ali pangozi. Udzudzu umene umatenga kachilombo kochititsa malungo tsopano sukufa ndi mankhwala, ndipo tizilomboto natonso tsopano sitimva mankhwala mwakuti madokotala ali ndi nkhaŵa kuti mwina malungo ena adzakhala osachiritsika.

Matenda ndi Umphaŵi

Matenda ena amaphabe anthu ngakhale kuti pali njira zowagonjetsera. Mwachitsanzo, lingalirani za matenda oumitsa khosi a spinal meningitis. Pali mankhwala otetezera ndiponso mankhwala ochiritsira matenda oumitsa khosi. Kumayambiriro kwa 1996 anabuka mu Afirika mbali yakumwera kwa Sahara. Koma mosakayikira munamva zochepa za iwo; koma anapha anthu oposa 15,000—makamaka anthu osauka, makamaka ana.

Matenda a m’chifuwa, kuphatikizapo chibayo, amapha anthu mamiliyoni anayi chaka chilichonse, ambiri a iwo ana. Chikuku chimapha ana miliyoni imodzi chaka chilichonse, ndipo chifuwa chokoka mtima chimapha ena 355,000. Zambiri za imfa zimenezi zikanaletsedwa ndi mankhwala otsika mtengo.

Pafupifupi ana zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu amafa tsiku lililonse chifukwa chakutha madzi m’thupi kochititsidwa ndi kutseguka m’mimba. Pafupifupi imfa zonsezi zikanatetezedwa mwa kukhala ndi zimbudzi zabwino kapena madzi akumwa abwino kapena mwa kupereka madzi a oral rehydration.

Zambiri za imfa zimenezi zimachitika m’maiko omatukuka kumene, kumene umphaŵi uli waukulu. Pafupifupi anthu 800 miliyoni—chiŵerengero chachikulu ndithu cha anthu okhala padziko lapansi—alibe zipatala. The World Health Report 1995 inati: “Chopangitsa imfa chachikulu ndi chowononga thanzi ndiponso chovutitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chimaikidwa pafupifupi pamapeto pa ndandanda ya matenda yotchedwa International Classification of Diseases. Nambala yake ndi Z59.5—umphaŵi wadzaoneni.”

Matenda Atsopano

Komanso matenda ena ngatsopano, angodziŵika posachedwa. Posachedwa WHO inati: “Mkati mwa zaka 20 zapita, matenda ena osachepera 30 abuka ndi kuika pangozi thanzi la anthu mamiliyoni mazana. Ambiri mwa matenda ameneŵa sangachiritsike, alibe mankhwala kapena katemera ndipo mwaŵi woti nkuteteza ngwochepa.”

Mwachitsanzo, lingalirani za HIV ndi AIDS. Zaka 15 zokha kumbuyoko anali osadziŵika, tsopano akugwira anthu pa kontinenti iliyonse. Padakali pano, akulu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ndipo oposa mamiliyoni 4.5 ali ndi AIDS. Malinga ndi Human Development Report 1996, AIDS tsopano ndiyo ili patsogolo kupha akulu a zaka zosakwana 45 ku Ulaya ndi North America. Padziko lonse, anthu ngati 6,000 amagwidwa ndi matendaŵa tsiku lililonse—mmodzi pa masekondi 15 alionse. Malinga ndi mmene zilili lerolino zioneka kuti chiŵerengero cha odwala AIDS chidzapitiriza kuwonjezeka mofulumira. Malinga nkunena kwa bungwe lina ku United States, podzafika m’chaka cha 2010, m’maiko a m’Afirika ndi Asia, malo amene akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi AIDS anthu ochuluka akuyembekezeka kumadzakhala ndi moyo wosaposa zaka 25.

Kodi AIDS ndiyo mliri wokha, kapena kodi padzabuka miliri ina ya matenda osakaza mofananamo kapena kuposerapo? WHO ikuyankha kuti: “Mosakayikitsa matenda ena omwe sanadziŵike tsopano lino koma oopsa omwe adzakhale AIDS yamaŵa adzabuka.”

Zomwe Zimapangitsa Kuti Tizilombo Toyambitsa Matenda Tichulukane

Nchifukwa ninji akatswiri a zaumoyo ali ndi nkhaŵa kuti padzakhala miliri ina mtsogolo? Chifukwa chimodzi nchakuti mizinda ikukulirakulira. Zaka zana limodzi zapitazo, ndi pafupifupi 15 peresenti yokha pa chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse omwe ankakhala m’mizinda. Komabe openda zamtsogolo amaona kuti podzafika m’chaka cha 2010, oposa theka la anthu padziko lapansi azidzakhala m’matauni, makamaka m’mizinda ikuluikulu ya m’maiko osatukuka kwambiri.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaswana kwambiri m’malo mmene anthu amakhala mothinana. Ngati mzinda uli ndi nyumba zabwino ndi suweji yaikulu ndiponso madzi abwino ndi zipatala zabwino, sipabuka miliri kaŵirikaŵiri. Koma mizinda imene ikukula mofulumira kwambiri ndi ya m’maiko osauka. Mizinda ina ili ndi chimbudzi chimodzi pa anthu 750 alionse kapena kuposerapo. Matauni ambiri alibe nyumba zabwino ndi madzi akumwa abwino ndiponso zipatala. Kumene anthu zikwi mazanamazana amakhala mothinana komanso mwauve, mpata woti matenda awande umakula.

Koma kodi zikutanthauza kuti mtsogolo matenda adzawanda kokha kumene anthu amakhala mothinana, m’mizinda ikuluikulu ya m’maiko osauka? Magazini yotchedwa Archives of Internal Medicine ikuyankha kuti: “Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti madera aumphaŵi wadzaoneni, osoweratu ndalama, ndi mavuto ake ndiwo malo achonde oti matenda aswane ndiye kenaka nkugonjetsa maluso onse a mtundu wa anthu.”

Sizapafupi kuletsa matenda kufalikira kumadera ena. Anthu ambiri amayendayenda. Tsiku lililonse anthu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi amadumpha malire a maiko. Mlungu uliwonse anthu miliyoni imodzi amaloŵa ndi kutuluka m’maiko olemera ndi osauka. Pamene anthu akuyenda, tizilombo takupha ta matenda timapita nawo limodzi. Magazini ya The Journal of the American Medical Association inati: “Kutabuka matenda kwina kulikonse, tiyenera kuwaona monga tsoka la maiko ambiri, ndipo makamaka aja amene anthu akumaiko osiyanasiyana amapitako.”

Motero, mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo m’zamankhwala m’zaka za zana lino la 20, miliri ikupitiriza kupha anthu ambiri, ndipo ambiri ali ndi mantha kuti kudzachitika zoopsa kwambiri mtsogolo. Koma kodi Baibulo limanenanji za m’tsogolo?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 4]

Matenda opatsirana adakali kupha anthu ochuluka padziko lapansi, anapha anthu oposa 50 miliyoni chaka cha 1996

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Kusamva Mankhwala

Matenda ambiri opatsirana tsopano akukhala ovuta kwambiri kuchiritsa chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawo sitikufa ndi mankhwala. Izi ndizo zimachitika: Mabakiteriya akagwira munthu, amachulukana mosalekeza, akupatsira majini kwa ana awo. Pakabadwa bakiteriya yatsopano, pamakhalanso mpata wosintha—kusintha pang’ono kumene kumapangitsa bakiteriya yatsopanoyo kukhala ndi kakhalidwe katsopano. Mpata woti bakiteriya isinthe kwakuti nkuipangitsa kuti isamafe ndi mankhwala ndi wochepa kwambiri. Koma mabakiteriya amabalana mwa mamiliyoni zikwi, nthaŵi zina kumabadwa mibadwo itatu pa ola limodzi. Motero zosayembekezekazo zimachitika—nthaŵi iliyonse pamabadwa bakiteriya yovuta kupha ndi mankhwala.

Tsono wogwidwa ndi mabakiteriyayo akamwa mankhwala, mabakiteriya omwe sanasinthe amafa, ndiye nthaŵi zina munthuyo amapezako bwino. Komabe, bakiteriya yosamva mankhwala ija imapulumuka. Koma tsopano siilimbirana chakudya kapena malo ndi tizilombo tinzawo. Imakhala yaufulu kubalana popanda chopinga. Popeza bakiteriya imodzi ikhoza kubalana mpaka mabakiteriya oposa mamiliyoni 16 tsiku limodzi, sipatenga nthaŵi kuti munthuyo adwalenso. Koma, tsopano amakhala atagwidwa ndi mtundu wa mabakiteriya omwe samamva mankhwala amene amayenera kufa nawo. Mabakiteriya ameneŵa amagwiranso anthu ena ndipo pakapita nthaŵi amasinthanso kukhala osamva mankhwala enanso.

Nkhani ina mu magazini ya Archives of Internal Medicine inati: “Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya, mavairasi, fangai, ndi tizilombo tina tosamva mankhwala amakono kumachititsa munthu kuganiza osati zakuti kaya tidzalephera nkhondoyi ya munthu ndi tizilombo ta matenda koma kuti ndi liti pamene tidzalephera nkhondoyo.”—Kanyenye ngwathu.

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Matenda Ena Atsopano Opatsirana Amene Akhalako Chiyambire 1976

Kumene Odwala Anapezeka

Chaka Pamene Kapena Kumene Matenda

Anadziŵika Dzina la Matenda Anadziŵika Koyamba

1976 matenda a Legionnaires United States

1976 Cryptosporidiosis United States

1976 Ebola hemorrhagic fever Zaire

1977 Hantaan Virus Korea

1980 Hepatitis D (Delta) Italy

1980 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 Japan

1981 AIDS United States

1982 E. coli 0157:H7 United States

1986 Bovine spongiform encephalopathya United Kingdom

1988 Salmonella enteritidis PT4 United Kingdom

1989 Hepatitis C United States

1991 Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever Venezuela

1992 Vibrio cholerae 0139 India

1994 Brazilian hemorrhagic fever Brazil

1994 Human and equine morbillivirus Australia

[Mawu a Munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Magwero a nkhani: WHO

[Bokosi patsamba 8]

Matenda Akale Akuyambiranso

Chifuwa cha TB: Mkati mwa zaka khumi anthu oposa 30 miliyoni akuyembekezeka kufa ndi TB. Chifukwa cha chithandizo chopereŵera cha matendawo kale, tsopano dziko lonse lili pangozi ya chifuwa cha TB chosamva mankhwala. Mitundu ina pakali pano sichiritsika ndi mankhwala omwe kale mosalephera ankapha mabakiteriyawo.

Malungo: Matendaŵa amagwira anthu mpaka 500 miliyoni pachaka ndi kupha 2 miliyoni. Zalephereka kuteteza chifukwa chosoweka mankhwala kapena kuwagwiritsa ntchito molakwa. Zotsatira zake, tizilombo tamalungo tsopano sitimva mankhwala omwe kale tinkafa nawo. Chaipitsiraipitsira zinthu nchakuti udzudzu nawo sukumafa ndi mankhwala.

Kolera: Kolera imapha anthu 120,000 pachaka, makamaka mu Afirika, kumene miliri yakhala ikufala kwambiri ndipo imachitika kaŵirikaŵiri. Kolera, yomwe ku South America sanali kuidziŵa kwazaka makumi ambiri, mu 1991 inavutitsa m’Peru ndipo kuchokera chaka chimenecho yafalikira mu kontinenti yonseyo.

Dengue: Kachilombo kotengedwa ndi udzudzuka kamagwira anthu ngati 20 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. M’chaka cha 1995 mliri wa dengue woopsa koposa pazaka 15 ku Latin America ndi Caribbean unakantha pafupifupi maiko 14 kumeneko. Miliri ya dengue ikuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kukula kwa mizinda, kufalikira kwa udzudzu womwe umafalitsa dengue, ndiponso anthu ambiri okhala ndi matenda ameneŵa amene amayenda kupita kumalo ena.

Diphtheria: Kupereka katemera kumene kunayambika zaka 50 zapitazo kunapangitsa kuti matendaŵa akhale osaonekaoneka m’maiko otukuka. Komabe, kuyambira mu 1990, mliri wa diphtheria wabuka m’maiko 15 ku Eastern Europe ndi komwe kale kunali ku Soviet Union. Mmodzi pa anthu anayi alionse anagwidwa ndi matendawa ndi kufa. Pamiyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira ya 1995, kunanenedwa kuti pafupifupi anthu 25,000 anagwidwa matendawo.

Bubonic Plague: M’chaka cha 1995, bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linalandira malipoti kuti pafupifupi anthu 1,400 anagwidwa ndi mliriwu. Ku United States ndi kumalo ena, nthendayi yafalikira kumalo kumene kunalibe kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Magwero a nkhaniyi: WHO

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Ngakhale kuti pakhala kuongokera pa za kasamaliridwe ka odwala, sayansi ya zamankhwala yalephera kuletsa matenda opatsirana kufalikira

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi cha WHO chojambulidwa ndi J. Abcede

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Matenda amafalikira mwamsanga pamene anthu akukhala mothinana m’malo aumve

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Pafupifupi anthu 800 miliyoni m’maiko omatukuka kumene alibe zipatala