Kudzipha—Mliri Umene Ukuwononga Achinyamata
MCHITIDWE wa kudziwononga wakula padziko lonse lapansi mwanjira ya kudzipha kwa achinyamata, ngati kuti nkhondo, kuphedwa ndi kuvutika sizikukwanira kuwononga achinyamata athu. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi moŵa zikuwononga malingaliro a achinyamata ndipo zikupha ambiri. Zikwangwani za pamanda zolembedwa OD (overdose) zikufala—wafa atamwa mankhwala mopyola mlingo wake, mwinamwake mwadala kapena mwangozi.
Chikalata cha Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report cha April 28, 1995 chinati “kudzipha ndi chinthu chachitatu pa zochititsa imfa zikuluzikulu kwa achinyamata a zaka zapakati pa 15 kufika 19 ku United States.” Dr. J.J. Mann analemba motero m’buku lake lakuti The Decade of the Brain: “Anthu oposa 30,000 a ku America [mu 1995 chiŵerengerocho chinali 31,284] amadzipha chaka ndi chaka. Mwatsoka, ambiri mwa ameneŵa ndi achinyamata . . . Anthu kuŵirikiza khumi kuposa chiŵerengero cha 30,000 amayesera kudzipha koma amalephera . . . Kwa achipatala kudziŵa kuti ndi wodwala uti amene afuna kudzipha ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa ndi chinthu chovuta kwa madokotala kuti asiyanitse anthu amene apanikizika maganizo kwambiri ndipo afuna kudzipha ndi amene satero.”
Simon Sobo, mkulu wa pachipatala choona zamaganizo cha New Milford Hospital, Connecticut, U.S.A., anati: “Ambiri anayesayesa kudzipha mkati mwa miyezi ya March, April ndi May [1995] kuposa momwe ndakhala ndikuonera zaka 13 zomwe ndakhala pano.” Ku United States, achinyamata zikwizikwi amafuna kudzipha chaka ndi chaka. Kufuna kudzipha kulikonse nkupempha chithandizo ndi chisamaliro. Ndani angakhalepo kuti athandize zinthu zisanafike povuta kwambiri?
Vuto la Padziko Lonse
Sizisiyana kwambiri ndi mbali zina za dziko lapansi. Ku India, malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya India Today, m’chaka cha 1990 achinyamata okwana 30,000 anadzipha. Ku Canada, Finland, France, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland ndi Thailand, chiŵerengero cha achinyamata odzipha okha chawonjezereka. Lipoti la 1996 la United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) linati kumene kuli chiŵerengero chachikulu cha achinyamata odzipha ndi ku Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, New Zealand, Russia, ndi Slovenia.
Nakonso ku Australira chiŵerengero cha achinyamata odzipha nchachikulu. Mu 1995, m’dziko limeneli 25 peresenti ya anyamata ndi 17 peresenti ya atsikana amene anafa anachita kudzipha, malinga ndi lipoti la nyuzipepala ya The Canberra Times. Chiŵerengero cha anyamata amene amadzipha ku Australia nchachikulu kuŵirikiza kasanu kuposa cha atsikana. Palinso kusiyana kofananako m’maiko ambiri.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti anyamata ndiwo amakonda kufuna kudzipha kusiyana ndi atsikana? Osati kwenikweni. Ziŵerengero zimene zilipo zimasonyeza kusiyana pang’ono pakati pa akazi ndi amuna amene amayesayesa kudzipha. Komabe, “chiŵerengero cha anyamata nchachikulu kanayi kuposa cha atsikana amene amadzipha m’maiko otukuka malinga nziŵerengero zaposachedwapa za WHO [World Health Organisation].”—Linatero buku la The Progress of Nations, lofalitsidwa ndi UNICEF.
Koma ngakhale ziŵerengero zochititsa nthumanzi zimenezi sizingalongosole zonse ponena za mmene vutolo lilili kukula kwake. Chiŵerengero cha achinyamata odzipha chikalembedwa pa ndandanda ya achipatala chimakhala chosavuta kuŵerenga. Komabe, chomwe sititha kuona paziŵerengero zimenezo ndicho kuwonongeka kwa mabanja, kuŵaŵidwa mtima, kuvutika, ndi kukhumudwa kwa ofedwawo pamene iwo amakhala akulingalira zifukwa zake.
Choncho kodi mavuto monga kudzipha kwa achinyamata kungathetsedwe? Mfundo zina zofunika kwambiri zinatulukiridwa ndipo zingakhale zofunika kwambiri pofuna kupewa chochitika chomvetsa chisonichi.
[Bokosi patsamba 5]
Chimene Chimapangitsa Munthu Kudzipha
Pali zambiri zimene zimanenedwa kuti zimapangitsa munthu kudzipha. “Munthu amadzipha akaona kuti mavuto amchulukira, monga kusungulumwa, imfa ya munthu wokondedwa (makamaka mkazi kapena mwamuna wake), banja lanu likagaŵikana uli mwana, matenda aakulu, kukalamba, kusoŵa ntchito, mavuto a zachuma, ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.”—Inatero The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine.
Malinga nkunena kwa wazachikhalidwe cha anthu Emile Durkheim, pali mitundu inayi ya kudzipha:
1. Kudzipha chifukwa chodzikonda—Izi “amazilingalira kuti zimachitika chifukwa chakuti munthu sagwirizana ndi anzake. Nthaŵi zambiri amadzipatula ndipo anthu odzipha chifukwa chodzikondawa sakhala paubwenzi ndi anthu ndiponso sawadalira.” Iwo amakhala okha.
2. Okondetsetsa gulu lawo—“Munthuyo amagwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu limene amakhala nalo mwakuti amafika poti angathe kuwononga chilichonse chifukwa cha gululo.” Zitsanzo zomwe zinaperekedwa ndizo za asilikali oyendetsa ndege zankhondo panthaŵi ya Nkhondo Yadziko II a ku Japan otchedwa kamikaze ndiponso okondetsetsa chipembedzo amene amadziphulitsira pamodzi ndi bomba pamene akupha adani awo. Zitsanzo zina ndi aja amene amangodzipha ncholinga chakuti anthu adziŵe zifukwa zomwe adzipherazo.
3. Kudzipha chifukwa cha mavuto—“Wodziphayo amakhala woti sangathe kulimbana ndi mavuto molongosoka ndiye amangosankha kudzipha monga njira yothetsera mavuto akewo. [Zimenezi] zimachitika pamene khalidwe lake mogwirizana ndi anthu a kwawoko lasintha mwadzidzidzi.”
4. Kudzipha chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima—Uku “amakulingalira kuti kumachitika chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima m’dziko amene amapangitsa munthu kukhala wopanikizika, wosoŵa ufulu.” Odzipha otero “amaona ngati kuti alibenso tsogolo labwino.”—Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and Intervention, lolembedwa ndi Alan L. Berman ndi David A. Jobes.
[Chithunzi patsamba 5]
Machitidwe ena oipa amene angapangitse wachinyamata kudzipha