Pali Makemikolo Ambiri Amene Anthu Apanga
ZAKA za zana lino zingathe kutchedwa kuti zaka za zopangapanga za makemikolo (chemistry). Makemikolo opangidwa ndi anthu asintha miyoyo yathu. Nyumba zathu, maofesi, ndi mafakitale n’zodzaza ndi mankhwala opemerera, zonunkhiritsa m’nyumba, zodzoladzola, mankhwala osinthira mtundu wa zinthu, inki, penti, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ochiritsa matenda osiyanasiyana, mapulasitiki, mankhwala oziziritsira zinthu kapena kuchepetsera kutentha kwa thupi, ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa m’mafakitale—ndipo kuzitchula zonse zingadzadze mabuku ambiri.
Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), kuti zinthu zimenezi zikwanire padziko lonse, zimayenera kupangidwa zambiri zokwana ndalama madola 1,500,000,000,000 za ku United States. A bungwe la WHO amati padakali pano m’misika muli zinthu za makemikolo zokwana 100,000 ndipo kuti zina zokwana 1,000 kapena 2,000 zimawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa makemikolo kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mafunso akuti kodi zimakhudza bwanji chilengedwe ndiponso thanzi lathu. N’zachidziŵikire kuti palibe amene akudziŵa bwino. Dokotala wina anati, “Tonsefe tili mbadwo umene uli mbali yomwe tionerepo zinthu ndipo zotsatira zake sizingadziŵike kufikira zaka makumi ambiri akudzawo.”
Makemikolo Akachuluka, Kodi Ngozi Zimachuluka?
WHO inati anthu amene amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makemikolo ndi “osauka, osadziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga ndipo alibe maphunziro okwanira ndipo sazindikira ngozi imene mankhwala amene amakhala nawo tsiku ndi tsiku angapangitse.” Makamaka ponena za mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe makemikolo amatikhudza tonsefe.
Buku lakuti A Green History of the World, linanena kuti 20 peresenti ya zitsime za madzi za ku California, madzi ake ndi oipa kwambiri okhala ndi makemikolo kuphatikizapo makemikolo ophera tizilombo, kuposa mlingo woyenera. Bukulo linawonjezera kuti, “Ku Florida, zitsime zokwana 1,000 zinatsekedwa chifukwa zili ndi madzi oipa okhala ndi makemikolo; ku Hungary, m’matauni okwana 773 ndiponso m’midzi zili ndi madzi osayenerera kumwa, ku Britain 10 peresenti mwa malo amene muli madzi a pansi panthaka ndi oipa kuposa mlingo umene bungwe la World Health Organisation linakhazikitsa ndipo m’malo ena ku Britain ndi United States madzi a m’mipopi si oyenera kuti ana akhanda n’kumwa chifukwa ali ndi nitrate wambiri.”
Mercury ndi mankhwala ena othandiza kwambiri koma amene akhoza kukhala owononga. Amafalikira m’chilengdwe kupyolera mu utsi wotuluka m’mafakitale ndiponso magetsi a fluorescent omwe alipo mabiliyoni ambiri. Momwemonso, lead amapezeka m’zinthu zambiri, kuyambira mafuta mpaka penti. Koma, monga mercury, angathe kukhala wowononga makamaka kwa ana. Ngati lead aloŵa m’thupi mwake akhoza kupangitsa I.Q. (nzeru zake) itsike ndi “mapointi anayi,” linatero lipoti lina la ku Cairo, Egypt.
Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations Environment Programme, chaka ndi chaka matani 100 a mercury, 3,800 a lead, 3,600 a phosphate, ndi 60,000 a mankhwala otsukira zinthu amaloŵa m’Nyanja ya Mediterranean chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. N’zosadabwitsa kuti nyanjayo ikuwonongeka. Koma si yokhayo. United Nations inatcha chaka cha 1998 kuti ndi chaka cha Nyanja za Mchere. Padziko lonse lapansi Nyanja za Mchere zikuwonongeka, makamaka chifukwa chakuti zikuipitsidwa.
Pamene zili zoona kuti luso lopanga makemikolo lapangitsa kuti tikhale ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza, timazigwiritsa ntchito ndi kuzitaya mowononga chilengedwe chathu. Monga mmene wolemba m’nyuzipepala wina analembera posachedwapa, anati, kodi tadzipanga tokha kukhala “akapolo a chitukuko”?
[Bokosi patsamba 24]
Makemikolo ndi Zimene Amachita Akamasintha
Mawu akuti “makemikolo” amanena zinthu zonse zomwe zili mbali ya dziko kuphatikizapo ma element oposa 100 monga iron, lead, mercury, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen. Ena mwa ma element amenewa amagwirana pamodzi, kuphatikizapo zinthu monga madzi, acid, mchere wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi alcohol. M’gwirizanowu umapangika wokha mwachilengedwe.
Kusinthasintha kwa makemikolo kotchedwa “chemical reaction” kwalongosoledwa kukhala “pamene chinthu china chisintha kukhala chinanso mwa njira ya makemikolo.” Moto ndi kusintha kwa makemikolo: kumakhala kusinthika kwa chinthu china chotha kuyaka—monga pepala, petulo, mpweya wa hydrogen, ndi zina—kukhala chinthu china kapena zinthu zina zosiyana kwambiri. Kusintha kwa makemikolo kwina kumangochitika mosalekeza, kaya pazinthu zotizinga kapena m’thupi.
[Chithunzi patsamba 23]
Anthu osauka ndiwo amavutika kwambiri ndi makemikolo