Kudyera M’thukuta la Ana

“Ana, tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga akulu ndipo akuonedwa ngati katundu wamalonda osati monga tsogolo la anthu.”—Chira Hongladarom, mkulu wa bungwe loyang’anira za ntchito ndi kufunika kwa anthu la ku Thailand, lotchedwa Human Resources Institute.

NTHAŴI ina mukadzafuna kugulira mwana wanu chidole, dzakumbukireni kuti mwina chinapangidwa ndi ana aang’ono a ku Southeast Asia. Nthaŵi ina mukadzaona mwana wanu akumenya mpira dzadziŵeni kuti mwina unasokedwa ndi kamtsikana ka zaka zitatu zokha, kamene kamagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi amayi ake ndi akulu ake anayi koma ndikupeza ndalama zokwanira masenti 75 okha basi patsiku. Tsiku lina mukadzagula kalipeti, mudzadziŵe kuti mwina inalukidwa ndi manja anthete a tianyamata tazaka zisanu n’chimodzi basi timene tsiku lililonse timagwira ntchito maola ambirimbiri tikuzunzidwa.

Kodi mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza umenewu ndi wofala motani? Kodi ana akukhudzidwa nawo bwanji? Kodi vuto limeneli lingachepetsedwe bwanji?

Kukula kwa Vutoli

Malingana ndi zimene linanena bungwe loona za ntchito la International Labor Organization (ILO), ana a zaka zapakati pa 5 ndi 14 amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene ndi okwanira 250 miliyoni.a Kukuoneka kuti 61 peresenti yawo ili ku Asia, 32 peresenti yawo ili ku Africa, ndipo 7 peresenti yawo ili ku Latin America. Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza ukupezekanso m’mayiko otukuka.

Kummwera kwa Ulaya ana ambiri akugwira ntchito, makamaka yopezeka m’nyengo zinazake zokha, monga kulima ndi kuloŵa nawo m’timagulu topanga zinthu zaluso lamanja. Posachedwapa, mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza wawonjezereka ku Central ndi ku Eastern Europe pamene kusintha kwa ndale kuchokera ku chikomyunizimu n’kukhala chikapitolizimu kunachitika. Ku United States, chiŵerengero chodziŵika cha ana amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 5.5 miliyoni, komabe sichikuphatikizapo ana ambirimbiri osakwana zaka 12 amene mophwanya lamulo akugwiritsidwa ntchito zolimba, ndi kupatsidwa ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Ndiponso akuyendayenda ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafamu akuluakulu panyengo zinazake za chaka. Kodi ana mamiliyoni ameneŵa amapezeka bwanji akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati akulu chomwechi?

Zimene Zimachititsa Anthu Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ana

Kupezereredwa Chifukwa cha Umphaŵi. Buku lotchedwa The State of the World’s Children 1997 linati: “Chimene chimawakokera kwambiri ana kuntchito yovulaza komanso yofoola thupi imeneyi ndicho kupezereredwa chifukwa cha kusauka. Kwa mabanja osauka, chithandizo chilichonse kapena ndalama zimene mwana angapereke panyumba, kuti makolo ake akhale ndi mpata wogwira ntchito chingathandize kupeza kachakudya kangachepe m’malo mongokhaliratu ndi njala.” Nthaŵi zambiri makolo a ana amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito amakhala kuti sali pantchito apo ayi ali pa ntchito yachabechabe. Amafunitsitsa atapeza ntchito yabwino. Ndiye nanga n’chifukwa chiyani kuti m’malo mwawo ana awo ndi amene amalembedwa ntchito? Chifukwa chakuti ana angathe kulipidwa ndalama zochepa. Chifukwa ana savuta kuwalamulira ndi kuwasintha—ana ambiri angathe kuchita chilichonse chimene auzidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri iwo sasonyeza kuderera. Chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri ana sapangana zoti aukire ngati akuzunzidwa. Ndiponso chifukwa chakuti ana sabwezera akamamenyedwa.

Kusaphunzira. Sudhir, mnyamata wa zaka 11 wochokera ku India ndi mmodzi wa ana mamiliyoni amene anasiya sukulu ndi kuyamba kugwira ntchito. Chifukwa chiyani anasiya? Iye anayankha motere: “Aphunzitsi saphunzitsa bwino, tinkati tikawafunsa kuti atiphunzitse alifabeti, ankatimenya. Ankagona m’kalasi. . . .Tikapanda kumvetsetsa zinazake, ankatinyanyala.” N’zoonadi kuti sukulu zafika poipa zedi monga momwe akunenera Sudhir. M’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene, sukulu zambiri zakhudzidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha malamulo a maboma ochepetsa ndalama zoperekedwa ku mabungwe ena monga sukulu. Kafukufuku wa bungwe la UN amene anachitidwa mu 1994 m’mayiko 14 mwa mayiko osaukitsitsa anavumbula zinthu zina zochititsa chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, m’mayiko 7 mwa mayiko 14 ameneŵa, makalasi a sitandade wani ali ndi mipando yokwanira ana anayi okha mwa ana khumi alionse. Theka la ophunzirawo alibe mabuku. Ndipo theka la makalasiwo lilibe mabolodi. N’zosadabwitsa kuti ana ambiri amene amapita kusukulu zoterezi amasiya n’kuyamba kugwira ntchito.

Chikhalidwe. Ngati ntchito ili yovulaza ndi yovuta kwambiri, nthaŵi zambiri imapatsidwa kwa anthu am’mitundu yaing’ono, anthu apansi, amene zinthu sizikuwayendera, ndi osauka. Ponenapo za dziko lina la ku Asia, bungwe la United Nations Children’s Fund linanena kuti “pali kamtima koti pali anthu ena amene anangobadwa kuti adzalamulire ena ndi kugwira ntchito ndi mutu basi pamene ena, ochuluka, anabadwa kuti adzagwire ntchito ndi mphamvu zawo.” M’mayiko olemera n’chimodzimodzinso. Anamadyabwino sangafune kuti ana awo aziwagwiritsa ntchito zovulaza, Koma sangadandaule ngati ana a anthu am’mitundu yaing’ono kapena a anthu osauka atachita ntchito imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, kumpoto kwa Ulaya, ana amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthaŵi zambiri ndi a ku Turkey kapena ku Africa; ku United States, ndi a ku Asia kapena ku Latin America. Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana ukukulitsidwa ndi anthu ambiri amakono amene ali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi mtima wofuna kukhala ndi zinthu zambiri. Anthu okonda kugula zinthu motsika mtengo achuluka. Ambiri saoneka ngati kuti amaganiza n’komwe zoti zinthu zoterezi zinapangidwa ndi ana osadziŵika mamiliyoni amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza.

Mitundu ya Mchitidwe Wogwiritsa Ntchito Ana Mwankhanza

Kodi mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza uli ndi mbali zingati? Mochulukira, ana ambiri amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito ali m’nyumba za anthu. Ana amene akugwira ntchito moterewa atchedwa kuti “ana oiŵalidwa koposa padziko lonse.” Kugwira ntchito panyumba pakokha sikuti n’kovulaza, komabe nthaŵi zambiri zikuoneka kuti kumavulazadi. Ana amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito m’nyumba amalipidwa mochepa zedi—mwinanso salipidwa n’komwe. Mabwana awo ali ndi ufulu wochita chilichonse chimene chingabwere m’mutu mwawo chokhudza malipiro ndi mmene azigwirira ntchito. Sasonyezedwa chikondi, satumizidwa kusukulu, saloledwa kuseŵera ndiponso saloledwa kucheza ndi anthu. Ndiponso angathe kuvutitsidwa ndi kuchitidwa chipongwe monga kugwiriridwa.

Ana ena amangozindikira kuti akukakamizidwa kusanduka aganyu yathangata. Ku South Asia, ngakhalenso ku madera ena, ana nthaŵi zambiri a zaka 8 kapena 9, amaperekedwa kwa anthu okhala ndi mafakitale kapena owatumikira mwakuwasinthanitsa ndi ngongole za ndalama pang’ono chabe. Ukapolo umene anawo amakhalamo m’moyo wawo wonse pambuyo pake sumakwanitsa ngakhale kungothetsa chabe ngongoleyo.

Nanga kodi kugula ana n’cholinga chomawagwiririra kwafika potani? Akuti mongoyerekezera, chaka chilichonse pafupifupi atsikana miliyoni imodzi amachititsidwa kuloŵa m’malonda a chigololo. Anyamatanso nthaŵi zambiri amagwiriridwa. Umenewu ndi umodzi wa mitundu yoipa kwambiri ya mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza chifukwa choti anawo amapwetekedwa, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndiponso mchitidwe wa nkhanza umenewu umafalitsa kachilombo ka HIV. Mtsikana wina amene amachita zachiwerewere zoterezi ku Senegal anati “Anthu amationa monga momwe amaonera mahule. Palibe munthu amene amafuna kutidziŵa kapena kuonedwa pamodzi ndi ife.b

Ana ambiri amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza ali m’maindasitale ndi m’mafamu akuluakulu. Ana ameneŵa amavutika ndi ntchito zokumba zimene akuluakulu ambiri angazione ngati zoopsa kwambiri kuti azichite. Ambiri a iwo amadwala TB ndi matenda a chifuwa cha bronchitis, komanso matenda a chifuwa cha phumi. Ana ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafamu akuluakuluwa angathe kuvulazidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kulumidwa ndi njoka, ndiponso tizilombo tina. Ena apunduka mwakudzitema podula nzimbe ndi zikwanje. Kwa ana ena ambiri makhwalala angosanduka malo awo a ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Shireen ndi wa zaka khumi, ndipo ntchito yake ndi yotoleza. Sanaloŵeko m’makalasi, koma amadziŵa bwino zochita kuti akhale ndi chakudya m’moyo. Akagulitsa mapepala otha ntchito ndi majumbo ndalama zokwanira masenti 30 kapena mpaka 50, amapeza chakudya. Akapanda kupeza ndalama zokwanira, amagona ndi njala. Ana a m’makhwalala, nthaŵi zambiri amathaŵa kunyumba chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa ndi kusasamalidwa. “Tsiku lililonse ndimapemphera kuti ndisachitidwe chipongwe ndi anthu ankhanza,” akutero Josie, mtsikana wa zaka khumi amene amagulitsa masiwiti mu mzinda wina wa ku Asia.

Kuleredwa Mwankhanza

Chifukwa cha mitundu imeneyi ya mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana, moyo wa mamiliyoni ambiri a ana waikidwa pa chiswe. Zimenezi zingachitike chifukwa cha mtundu wa ntchito imene amagwiritsidwa kapena chifukwa cha kuipa kwa malo amene amagwirako ntchito. Ana ndi achinyamata ena amene amagwira ntchito amachita ngozi zambiri zoopsa pantchito kusiyana ndi akuluakulu. Chifukwa chake n’chakuti thupi la mwana ndi losiyana ndi la wamkulu. Msana wake umatha kupindika mosavuta ndi ntchito yoŵaŵa. Ndiponso ana, amadwala msanga chifukwa chokhala pafupi ndi mankhwala oopsa ndi kuŵala kovulaza kwa dzuŵa kusiyana ndi akulu. Kuwonjezera apo, ana alibe mphamvu zoti angagwirire ntchito yolimba komanso yobwerezabwereza kwa nthaŵi yaitali, komabe ntchito yoteroyo ndi imene amapatsidwa nthaŵi zambiri. Nthaŵi zambiri saganizira zakuti angathe kuchita ngozi, ndiponso sadziŵa kuti angadzitetezere bwanji kungozi.

Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza umawasokoneza kwambiri kukhwima m’maganizo, m’khalidwe, komanso m’nzeru. Ana ambiri oterewa sasonyezedwa chikondi. Nthaŵi zambiri amakwapulidwa, kutukwanidwa, kulangidwa mwakumanidwa chakudya, ndi kuwagwiririra. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wina, pafupifupi theka la ana 250 miliyoni amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza anasiyiratu sukulu. Ndiponso, akuti nzeru za mwana zingachepe ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maola ambiri.

Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza chiyani? Zikutanthauza kuti ana ambiri amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza m’moyo wawo wonse adzakhala paumphaŵi, chisoni, matenda umbuli ndi vuto la kulephera kukhala bwinobwino ndi anthu anzawo.” Kapena, monga mmene mtolankhani wina wotchedwa Robin Wright ananenera kuti, “ngakhale sayansi yapita patsogolo kwambiri, cha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 zino, anthu padziko lonse akubereka ana mamiliyoni ambirimbiri amene alibiretu chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo wabwino, ndipo saganizako n’komwe zoti angadzatsogolere anthu m’zaka za zana la 21.” Nkhani zopatsa maganizo zimenezi zimabweretsa mafunso onga aŵa: Kodi ana tiyenera kukhala nawo bwanji? Kodi pali njira iliyonse imene ingadzathetse kugwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

Kodi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ana Mwankhanza ndi Chiyani?

KULIKONSE kumene kuli anthu ana amagwira ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mtundu wa ntchito zimene amagwira umasiyanasiyana malingana ndi malo ake komanso umasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Ntchito ndi mbali yofunika yowaphunzitsa zinthu ndipo amatengera maluso a makolo awo. M’mayiko ena, nthaŵi zambiri ana amaloŵa nawo m’timagulu togwira ntchito za manja komanso amagwira tintchito tina, mpaka m’kupita kwa zaka amadzadziŵa kugwira bwino ntchito zambirimbiri. M’mayiko ena, ana osinkhuka amagwira ntchito kwa maola angapo mlungu uliwonse kuti apeze ndalama zodyera. Bungwe loona za ana la United Nations Children’s Fund likunenabe kuti ntchito yotereyi “ndi yofunika, ndipo imachititsa kuti mwana akule, akhwime m’maganizo, muuzimu, ndi kudziŵa makhalidwe abwino kapena kutha kukhala ndi anthu koma si kuti ntchito imamusokoneza sukulu, kuseŵera, ndi kupuma.”

Koma tikanena kuti mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza, ndiye kuti anawo amagwira ntchito nthaŵi yaitali m’mikhalidwe yoipa koma n’kupatsidwa malipiro ochepa kwambiri. Buku lotchedwa The State of the World’s Children 1997 inanena kuti “mwachionekere ntchito imeneyi ndi yoipa kapena yankhanza. Palibe munthu amene anganene poyera kuti kuzunza ana powasandutsa mahule n’kololedwa nthaŵi zina. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi ‘mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito mwankhanza ana ogula’, mawu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza ukapolo umene ana amaloŵa n’cholinga choti alipire ngongole zimene makolo awo kapena agogo awo anatenga. Mawuŵa akutanthauzanso ntchito yovulaza thanzi komanso yangozi. . . Palibe mwana amene ayenera kugwira ntchito yangozi.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 26]

“Pali Zinthu Zambiri Zoti Zichitike”

BUNGWE la International Labor Organization (ILO) likutsogolera ntchito yochepetsa mitundu yoipitsitsa ya mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza. Bungwe limeneli likulangiza maboma kuti aike malamulo oletsa ana osapitirira zaka 15 kulembedwa ntchito. Ndiponso likuchititsa mayiko kuti agwirizane pa kuletsa ana kugwira ntchito asanafike zaka 12 ndi kuika lamulo loletsa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya nkhanza yotereyi. Kuti adziŵe zambiri za mmene ntchito imeneyi ikuyendera, atolonkhani a Galamukani! analankhula ndi Sonia Rosen, woyang’anira wa ntchito yoona za kugwiritsa ntchito ana padziko lonse imene ikuchitidwa ndi mbali ya unduna wa za ntchito wa ku America, yotchedwa International Child Labor Program. Iyeyu wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito zambiri m’bungwe la ILO. Zina mwa zinthu zimene anakambirana ndi izi.

Funso: Kodi njira yothandiza kwambiri yolimbana ndi mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza ndi iti?

Yankho:Tilibe yankho limodzi lenileni. Komabe njira zikuluzikulu zimene tinagwirizana n’zokhudza dziko lonse. Njira zake ndi monga, kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatidwa kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi sukulu za pulaimale zaulere komanso kuti mwana aliyense mwalamulo ayenera kupitako. N’zoona kuti kukhala ndi ntchito zokwanira za makolo n’kofunikanso.

Funso: Kodi inuyo ndinu wokhutira ndi ntchito imene yachitikapo yolimbana ndi mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza?

Yankho: Ine sindingakhutire. Tili ndi mawu athu onena kuti si payenera kukhala ngakhale mwana mmodzi wogwira ntchito mozunzidwa. Tachita zinthu zambiri kudzera m’ntchito ya bungwe la ILO. Komabe patsala zinthu zina zambiri zofunika kuchitidwa.

Funso: Kodi mayiko a padziko lonse achitapo chiyani pa ntchito imeneyi yochepetsa mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza?

Yankho: Masiku ano ndikulephera kuyankha funso limeneli. Kuzungulira dziko lapansi pakali pano anthu tonse timavomereza ndithu kuti mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza uyenera kuthetsedwa. Ndikuganiza kuti mafunso amene angabwere pamenepa ndi oti tingauthetse bwanji ndipo kungatenge nthaŵi yaitali motani? Kodi ndi njira zotani zimene zili zabwino kwambiri kulimbanirana ndi mitundu inayake ya mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza? Ndikuona kuti limenelo ndilo vuto lathu lalikulu kwambiri.

Funso: Kodi pali chilichonse chimene anthu amene akugwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza angadzachitidwe?

Yankho: Mayiko onse padziko lapansi atsala pang’ono kuti apitenso ku Geneva chaka chino kumene akufuna kukagwirizana za kuthetsa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza. Pali chiyembekezo chachikulu kwambiri—mayiko onse, komanso mabungwe awo oona za anthu ogwira ntchito ndi oona za olemba anthu ntchito. Tikuyembekezera kuti msonkhanowu udzayambitsa maganizo atsopano ofuna kuchotseratu mitundu yoipitsitsa ya mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza.

Si anthu onse amene ali ndi chiyembekezo cha mayiyu. Charles MacCormack, pulezidenti wa bungwe loona za ana la Save the Children, ali ndi maganizo osiyana. Iye anati: “Si kuti chifukwa choti maboma akufuna kapena kuti anthu adziŵitsidwa ndiye kuti basi zitheka.” N’chifukwa chiyani akutero? Bungwe loona zopereka chithandizo kwa ana la United Nations Children’s Fund likuti: “Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza ndi wovuta kwambiri. Amene amauchirikiza ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa zinthu, ena ndi olemba ntchito anthu. Ameneŵa amangopezerapo mwayi poona kuti sakuletsedwa ndi anthu oona za chuma amene amati munthu aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wolemba kapena kulembedwa ntchito ndi aliyense. Komanso pali anthu otsatira mwambo amene amakhulupirira kuti ana ochokera m’mabanja ena ake alibe ufulu wawo wa chibadwidwe.”

[Chithunzi]

Sonia Rosen

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

N’zachisoni kuti ana akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwankhanza m’migodi ndi m’mafakitale a thonje

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

U.S. National Archives photos

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Kutoleza zakudya

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Kuvutikira kutola nkhuni

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN PHOTO 148046/J. P. Laffont - SYGMA

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa famu ya chilazi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

CORBIS/Dean Conger

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Ana ogulitsa zinthu m’makwalala mwina amangopeza ndalama zokwanira masenti 6 okha basi patsiku

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN PHOTO 148027/Jean Pierre Laffont

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Kuvutika nayo ntchito pa shopo yopala matabwa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN PHOTO 148079/J. P. Laffont–SYGMA

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Kuyesayesa kupeza zofunika m’moyo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN PHOTO /J. P. Laffont - SYGMA