Kufunika Kowonjezereka kwa Chithandizo Ndiponso Opaleshoni Zopanda Magazi

“Anthu onse amene amachita ntchito yokhudza magazi ndi amene amasamalira matenda ofunika opaleshoni ayenera kuganizira kuchita opaleshoni yopanda magazi.”—Dr. Joachim Boldt, polofesa woona za kugonetsa anthu powachita opaleshoni, wa ku Ludwigshafen, Germany.

VUTO la AIDS lachititsa asayansi kuchitapo zinthu mowonjezereka kuti ku opaleshoni kusamakhale kodetsa nkhaŵa. Mwachionekere ndiye kuti zimenezi zayambitsa kuyeza magazi mosamala zedi. Komabe akatswiri amanena kuti mfundo zimenezi sizipangitsa kuti asapereke magazi opanda matenda ngakhale pang’ono. Magazini yotchedwa Transfusion (Kuika munthu magazi) inanena kuti: “Ngakhale kuti mabungwe akuwononga ndalama zambiri kuti magazi amene akusunga akhale opanda matenda, tikukhulupirira kuti odwala ayesetsabe kupeŵa kuikidwa magazi chifukwa chakuti magazi osungidwawo sangakhale opandiratu matenda alionse.”

N’zosadabwitsa kuti madokotala ambiri akumaganizira kaye popereka magazi. “Kuika anthu magazi si kwabwino n’komwe, ndipo tikuchita zotheka kuti tikupeŵe tikamathandiza aliyense,” akutero Dr. Alex Zapolanski, wa ku San Francisco, California.

Anthu ayamba kudziŵa kuopsa kwa kuikidwa magazi. Inde, kufufuza kumene kunachitika mu 1996 kunasonyeza kuti 89 peresenti ya anthu a ku Canada angasankhe njira ina m’malo mwa kuikidwa magazi. “Si odwala onse amene angakane kuikidwa magazi monga mmene amachitira a Mboni za Yehova,” ikutero magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa Journal of Vascular Surgery. “Komabe, vuto la kufalitsa matenda ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo chathupi likusonyezeratu kuti tiyenera kupeza njira zina kaamba ka odwala athu onse.”

Njira Imene Ambiri Amasankha

Ubwino wake n’ngwakuti pali njira ina—njira ya chithandizo ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Odwala ambiri samaiona monga njira yofunika kokha pamene asoŵa chochita koma monga njira imene amasankha, ndipo ali ndi zifukwa zabwino. Stephen Geoffrey Pollard, amene ali dokotala wamkulu wa opaleshoni wa ku Britain, ananena kuti chiŵerengero cha odwalabe ndiponso akufa pakati pa anthu amene amachitidwa opaleshoni yopanda magazi “n’chongofanana ndi cha odwala amene amalandira magazi, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri iwo savutika ndi matenda otengedwa kapena oyamba pambuyo pa opaleshoni amene nthaŵi zambiri amayamba chifukwa choikidwa magazi.”

Kodi chithandizo chopanda magazi chinayamba bwanji? Mukaganiza mozama muona kuti funsoli n’lodabwitsa, chifukwa chakuti kuchiza kopanda magazi kunayamba magazi asanayambe n’komwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Inde, ndi m’zaka za m’ma 1900 pamene njira yoika anthu magazi yapita patsogolo mwakuti n’kumagwiritsidwa ntchito paliponse. Komabe, m’zaka za posachedwapa anthu ena atchukitsa njira ya opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Mwachitsanzo, m’ma 1960 katswiri wotchuka wa za opaleshoni Denton Cooley anachita maopaleshoni oyamba ong’amba mtima mosagwiritsa ntchito magazi.

Chifukwa cha kufala kwa matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis pakati pa olandira magazi m’ma 1970, madokotala ambiri anayamba kufunafuna njira zoloŵa m’malo mwa magazi. Pofika m’ma 1980 magulu akuluakulu ambiri a zachipatala anali kuchita opaleshoni popanda magazi. Kenaka pamene mliri wa AIDS unabuka, kaŵirikaŵiri magulu ameneŵa anali kufunsidwa zochita ndi ena amene anali okonzeka kuyamba kutsatira njira zomwezo. M’ma 1990 zipatala zambiri zinayambitsa ntchito zopereka njira zina zochizira odwala awo.

Tsopano pakakhala matenda a ngozi amene kale ankafunikira magazi, madokotala agwiritsa ntchito njira zochizira popanda magazi ndipo zinthu zakhala zikuyenda bwino. “Maopaleshoni akuluakulu okhudza mtima, mitsempha, ziberekero, matenda achikazi, mafupa ndiponso zikhodzodzo angathe kuchitidwa bwinobwino mopanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi kapena chilichonse chochokera kumagazi,” anatero Dr. H.W. Wong, m’magazini yotchedwa Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia.

Ubwino umodzi wa opaleshoni yopanda magazi n’ngwakuti imachititsa kuti odwala azisamalidwa bwino kwambiri. “Chofunika kwambiri kuti magazi asatayike ndicho luso la dokotala wa opaleshoni,” akutero Dr. Benjamin J. Reichstein, amene ali wamkulu wa za opaleshoni ku Cleveland, Ohio. Magazini ina ya zamalamulo ku South Africa inanena kuti nthaŵi zina opaleshoni yopanda magazi imakhala “yofulumirirapo, yosavulaza ndiponso yotsikirapo mtengo.” Ikuwonjezaponso kuti: “Mosakayikira kwa odwala ambiri chisamaliro chimene akhala akupatsidwa pambuyo pake chakhala chotsikirapo mtengo ndiponso chosataya nthaŵi.” Izi ndi zifukwa zochepa chabe zimene zachititsa kuti kuzungulira padziko lonse pakhale zipatala zopitirira 180 zimene zili ndi ntchito zimene cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kupereka chithandizo ndiponso kuchita opaleshoni mopanda magazi.

Nkhani ya Magazi ndi Mboni za Yehova

Kaamba ka zifukwa za m’Baibulo, Mboni za Yehova zimakana kuikidwa magazi.a Koma iwo amalola ndiponso amayesetsa kupeza mankhwala oloŵa m’malo mwa magazi. “Mboni za Yehova zimafuna chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha mankhwala,” anatero Dr. Richard K. Spence, pamene anali mkulu wa za opaleshoni pachipatala china ku New York. “Monga gulu, dokotala sangapeze anthu ena ofuna chithandizo amene ali odziŵa zinthu kwambiri monga iwo.”

Mwakupereka chithandizo kwa Mboni za Yehova, madokotala adziŵa bwino njira zambiri zochitira opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Taganizirani nkhani ya katswiri wa opaleshoni ya mtima ndiponso mitsempha wotchedwa Denton Cooley. Kwa zaka zopitirira 27, gulu lake lakhala likuchita maopaleshoni ong’amba mtima pa anthu okwana 663 a Mboni za Yehova. Zotsatira zake zikusonyezeratu kuti n’kotheka kuchita maopaleshoni a mtima abwino popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi.

N’zoona kuti anthu ambiri akhala akudzudzula Mboni za Yehova chifukwa chokana magazi. Koma kabuku kolangiza anthu kamene kamafalitsidwa ndi bungwe la akatswiri a zogonetsa anthu powachita opaleshoni lotchedwa Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland kananena kuti mfundo ya a Mboni ili “chizindikiro cha kulemekeza moyo.” Zoona zake n’zakuti, chifukwa cha kusasintha kwawo pa mfundo imeneyi Mboni zathandiza kwambiri kubweretsa chithandizo chabwinopo chimene chikupezeka kwa anthu onse. “Mboni za Yehova zofuna kuchitidwa opaleshoni zasonyeza umo ayenera kuichitira ndipo zalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo njira zimenezi zimene zili m’gulu la mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chithandizo cha zachipatala ku Norway,” analemba motero polofesa Stein A, Evensen, wa kuchipatala chotchedwa Norway’s National Hospital.

Kuti zithandize madokotala kupereka chithandizo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi, Mboni za Yehova zinayambitsa ntchito yolankhulana ndi achipatala. Pakali pano pali Makomiti Olankhulana ndi Zipatala opitirira 1,400 amene ali okonzeka kupereka mabuku a zachipatala kwa madokotala ndi akatswiri a zakafukufuku kuchokera m’nkhokwe yachidziŵitso yokhala ndi nkhani 3,000 zokhudza mankhwala ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi. “Si a Mboni za Yehova okha komanso anthu odwala ena onse, pakali pano sangaikidwe magazi mosafunikira ndipo izi zachitika chifukwa cha ntchito ya Makomiti a Mboni Olankhulana ndi Zipatala,” anatero Dr. Charles Baron, polofesa wa pa Boston College Law School.b

Chidziŵitso chimene chakonzedwa ndi Mboni za Yehova chokhudza chithandizo ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi chathandiza anthu ambiri a zachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, pofufuza zinthu zoti alembe m’buku lonena za kuika munthu magazi ake omwe lotchedwa Autotransfusion: Therapeutic Principles and Trends, olemba ake anafunsa a Mboni za Yehova kuti awapatse chidziŵitso chokhudza njira zoloŵa m’malo mwa kuika munthu magazi. A Mboni za Yehovawo anawapatsa zimene anali kupempha. Pothokoza, olemba bukuwo ananena kuti: “Takhala tikuŵerenga zinthu zambiri zokhudza nkhani imeneyi koma izi zokha ndizo zalongosola mwatsatanetsatane ndiponso mosasiyapo kanthu njira zosiyanasiyana zopeŵera kuika anthu magazi.”

Kupita patsogolo pankhani zachipatala kwachititsa anthu ambiri kusankha mankhwala opanda magazi ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Kodi tingayembekezere kupita patsogolo kotani m’tsogolo muno? Polofesa Luc Montagnier, amene anatulukira kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a AIDS, ananena kuti: “Kudziŵa kwathu mowonjezereka nkhani zimenezi kukusonyeza kuti tsiku lina kuika anthu magazi kuyenera kudzasiyidwa.” Pakalipano, mankhwala oloŵa m’malo mwa magazi ali m’kati mopulumutsa miyoyo.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Zimene Madokotala Ena Amanena

‘Opaleshoni yopanda magazi si yoyenera a Mboni za Yehova okha komanso odwala ena onse. Ndikuganiza kuti dokotala aliyense ayenera kuigwiritsa ntchito.’—Dr. Joachim Boldt, polofesa wa za kugonetsa anthu powachita opaleshoni, wa ku Ludwigshafen, Germany.

“Ngakhale kuti masiku ano kuika anthu magazi n’kosaopsa kwambiri monga kale, kumabweretsabe masoka ena, monga kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu ya chitetezo chathupi ndi kutenga matenda otupa chiwindi a “hepatitis” kapena matenda opatsirana pochita za chiwerewere.”—Dr. Terrence J. Sacchi, polofesa wothandiza wa zachipatala.

“Madokotala ambiri savutika n’kuti aganize kaye ngati ayenera kuika munthu magazi, aliyense amangomuika mosaumira. Ine sinditero.”—Dr. Alex Zapolanski, mkulu wa opaleshoni ya mtima pa chipatala chotchedwa San Francisco Heart Institute.

“Palibe opaleshoni iliyonse yong’amba pamimba imene tingati nthaŵi zonse n’njoyenera kuika wodwalayo magazi ngati ali wabwinobwino.”—Dr. Johannes Scheele, polofesa wa opaleshoni, Jena Germany.

[Zithunzi]

Dr. Terrence J. Sacchi

Dr. Joachim Boldt

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Chithandizo Ndiponso Opaleshoni Zopanda Magazi

Njira Zake Zina

A madzi: Mankhwala otchedwa Ringer’s lactate, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch ndi ena, amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti magazi akhalebe pamlingo wabwino, kuchepetsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magazi amene akuyenda. Mankhwala ena a madzi amene pakali pano akuyesedwa angathenso kutenga mpweya wa okosijeni.

Mankhwala ena: Mapoloteni okonzedwa mofanana ndi mapoloteni achibadwa angafulumizitse kupangidwa kwa maselo ofiira a magazi m’thupi (erythropoietin), tizidutswa ta m’magazi (interleukin-11), ndi maselo oyera a m’magazi osiyanasiyana (GM-CSf, G-CSF). Mankhwala ena amachepetsa kwambiri kutaika kwa magazi pochita opaleshoni (aprotinin ndi ma antifibrinolytic) kapenanso amathandiza kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa magazi mopitirira (desmopressin).

Mankhwala Ena Oletsa Kutaya Magazi: Collagen ndiponso mapadi opangidwa kuchokera ku cellulose amawagwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji poletsa kutuluka kwa magazi. Ulimbo wopangidwa kuchokera ku fibrin ndiponso mankhwala ena omatira angathe kumata zilonda kapena kuphimba mbali zazikulu za malo amene pakutuluka magazi.

Kubwezeretsa Magazi: Makina obwezeretsa magazi amatenga magazi amene amatayika pa opaleshoni kapena pachilonda. Magaziwo amawatsuka ndipo angathe kubwezeretsedwa kwa odwalayo kudzera m’nthambo zomangiriridwa ku mitsempha ya munthuyo m’njira yosadukiza. Zinthu zikafika povuta malita a magazi angathe kubwezeretsedwanso m’njira imeneyi.

Zida za Opaleshoni: Zida zina zimadula ndiponso kumata mitsempha ya magazi panthaŵi yomweyo. Zida zina zingathe kumata malo aakulu pomwe pakutuluka magazi. Zida monga laporoscope ndi zinanso zosang’amba kwambiri thupi zimatheketsa kuchita opaleshoni popanda kutaya magazi monga zikhalira akamagwiritsa ntchito zida zong’ambira zikuluzikulu.

Maluso Ochitira Opaleshoni: Kukonzekera bwino opaleshoni, kuphatikizapo kufunsa a zachipatala ena omwe anachitapo kale opaleshoni yoteroyo. Izi zimathandiza kuti gulu lochita opaleshoni lipeŵe kukulitsa matenda. Kuchita zotheka kuti magazi asiye kutuluka n’kofunika. Kuchedwa ndi maola opitirira 24 kungawonjezere kwambiri tsoka lakuti wodwala afa. Kugaŵa maopaleshoni akuluakulu kukhala angapo ang’onoang’ono kumachepetsa magazi otayika.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 10]

Mankhwala Opanda Magazi—Kodi Ali “Chithandizo Chovomerezeka” Chatsopano?

ATOLANKHANI a Galamukani! anakambirana ubwino wa chithandizo ndiponso opaleshoni zopanda magazi ndi akatswiri anayi a nkhani imeneyi.

Kupatulako odwala amene amakana kuikidwa magazi pazifukwa za chipembedzo kodi enanso ndani amene angakonde kulandira mankhwala osaphatikizapo magazi?

Dr. Spahn: Pachipatala chathu anthu amene amapempha kuti alandire mankhwala osaphatikizapo magazi nthaŵi zambiri amakhala odwala amene akudziŵa zinthu kwambiri.

Dr. Shander: Mu 1998 chiŵerengero cha odwala amene anakana kulandira magazi mwa kufuna kwawo chinaposa chiŵerengero cha odwala amene anakana magazi pazifukwa za chipembedzo.

Dr. Boyd: Mwachitsanzo, pali odwala ena amene ali ndi matenda a kansa. Pakhala umboni wambiri wosonyeza kuti akapanda kulandira magazi amachira msanga ndiponso sadwaladwalanso matendawo.

Dr. Spahn: Nthaŵi zambiri timapereka chithandizo kwa mapolofesa a ku yunivesite ndiponso mabanja awo mosagwiritsa ntchito magazi. Ngakhale madokotala a za opaleshoni enieniwo amatipempha kuti tipeŵe kuwaika magazi! Mwachitsanzo, dokotala wina wa za opaleshoni anabwera kwa ife kuti atiuze za mkazi wake amene anafunikira kuchitidwa opaleshoni. Iye ananena kuti: “Mungosamala chinthu chimodzi chokha—chakuti musamuike magazi ayi!”

Dr. Shander: Anthu a m’dipatimenti yanga yogonetsa munthu pochita opaleshoni ananena kuti: ‘Odwala amene akukana magazi akuchira mofanana ndi enawa ndiponso mwina iwo akuchira msanga. Kodi tikukhaliranji ndi njira ziŵiri zovomerezeka zosamalira odwala? Ngati njira imeneyi ili yabwino kwambiri ndiye kuti tiyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito kwa munthu aliyense.’ Choncho pakalipano tikuyembekezera kukhazikitsa chithandizo chopanda magazi monga njira yovomerezeka.

Mr. Earnshaw: N’zoona kuti opaleshoni yopanda magazi n’njoyenerera kwambiri kwa a Mboni za Yehova. Komabe, umu ndimo tikufunira kumathandizira aliyense.

Kodi chithandizo chopanda magazi chimenechi n’chokwererapo mtengo kapena n’chotsikirapo mtengo?

Mr. Earnshaw: N’chosawonongetsa ndalama.

Dr. Shander: Chithandizo chopanda magazi chimachepetsa ndalama zimene mumawononga, ndi 25 peresenti.

Dr. Boyd: Ngakhale kukanakhala kuti chifukwa chake n’chomwecho basi, tiyenerabe kuigwiritsa ntchito.

Kodi nkhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chopanda magazi pa zachipatala tapita nayo patali motani?

Dr.Boyd: Ndikuganiza kuti ikuyenda bwino kwambiri. Siinathe ngakhale pang’ono. Nthaŵi iliyonse tikamachita zinthu zina timapeza zifukwa zatsopano zosiyira kugwiritsa ntchito magazi.

[Zithunzi]

Mr. Peter Earnshaw, FRCS, Dokotala wamkulu wa za opaleshoni yoongola mafupa wa ku London, UK

Dr. Donat R. Spahn polofesa wa zogoneka anthu powachita opaleshoni wa ku Zurich, Switzerland

Dr. Aryeh Shander polofesa wothandizira wa zogoneka anthu powachita opaleshoni wa ku United States

Dr. Mark E. Boyd polofesa wa zauzamba ndi matenda achikazi, wa ku Canada

[Bokosi patsamba 11]

Udindo wa Wodwala

▪ Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za njira zina zopanda magazi musanafunikire chithandizo. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa amayi apakati, makolo okhala ndi ana aang’ono, komanso okalamba.

▪ Lembani zofuna zanu zimenezi, makamaka ngati pali pepala lovomerezeka mwalamulo kuti lizigwiritsidwa ntchito imeneyi.

▪ Ngati dokotala wanu sakufuna kukuthandizani mopanda magazi, funani dokotala amene angavomereze maganizo anuwo.

▪ Chifukwa chakuti mankhwala ena oloŵa m’malo mwa magazi amatenga nthaŵi kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito, musazengereze kufuna chithandizo ngati mukudziŵa kuti mukufunikira opaleshoni.