Kufufuza Njira Yolumikiza Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific Kumpoto kwa Dziko Lapansi

KALE akatswiri oyenda panyanja ankalakalaka atapeza njira yolumikiza nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Koma zimenezi zinali zovuta chifukwa nyanja ya Arctic yomwe inkalumikiza nyanja ziwirizi, madzi ake ankakhala oundana nthawi zonse.

Komabe iwo ankaona kuti njira imeneyi ikhoza kukhala yachidule kusiyana ndi njira zina. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1500, njira zapanyanja zakum’mwera kwenikweni kwa Africa ndi South America zimene amalonda ankadutsa popita ku mayiko a Kum’mawa zinali m’manja mwa dziko la Portugal ndi Spain. Amalonda a mayiko ena ankaletsedwa kudutsa m’njira zimenezi, choncho ankafunika kupeza njira zina kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kuti athe kukachita malonda ku mayiko a Kum’mawa. Anthu a mayiko osiyanasiyana anayesa kufufuza njirazi. Mwachitsanzo:

Angelezi: Mu 1553, Sir Hugh Willoughby ndi Richard Chancellor anali anthu oyamba a ku England kuyenda ulendo wofufuza njira zimenezi. Atayenda pang’ono, sitima zawo zinalekana chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho. Willoughby ndi anthu ake anaima pa gombe lopanda kalikonse lotchedwa Kola Peninsula, lomwe lili kumpoto kwa dziko la Russia. Popeza kuti kunja kunkazizira kwambiri ndipo iwo sanakonzekere bwino, Willoughby ndi anthu ake onse anafera pomwepo. Koma Chancellor anayenda n’kukafika kudoko la Arkhangel’sk. Kenako anapita ku Moscow, ataitanidwa ndi mfumu ya ku Russia yotchedwa Ivan IV Vasilyevich, yomwe inali yankhanza kwambiri. Chancellor analephera kupeza njira yokafika ku Asia, koma ulendo wake unathandiza kuti anthu a ku England ndi Russia azichita malonda.

Adatchi: Mu 1594, Willem Barents pa ulendo wake woyamba anakafika ku zilumba zinazake za ku Russia zotchedwa Novaya Zemlya. Koma mu 1596, pa ulendo wake wachitatu, anayenda mozungulira kumpoto kwenikweni kwa zilumbazi, ndipo sitima yake inalephera kudutsa chifukwa cha madzi oundana ndipo inawonongekeratu. Kuti apulumuke m’nyengo yachisanuyi, Barents ndi anthu ake anamanga kanyumba pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yokokoloka ndi madzi komanso ankadya nyama ya zimbalangondo. Kenako iwo anabwerera pogwiritsa ntchito mabwato ang’onoang’ono awiri. Koma Barents anafera m’njira.

Anthu a ku Russia: Nawonso anthu a ku Russia anayesetsa kwambiri kufufuza njira ya kumpotoyi kuti akafike ku Siberia ndi mayiko ena a kum’mawa kwa dziko lawo. M’zaka 60 zokha, kuchokera mu 1581 mpaka 1641, anachoka ku mapiri a Ural n’kukafika kunyanja ya Pacific. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali anthuwa anakafika ku nyanja ya Arctic, kudzera m’mitsinje ya ku Siberia. Iwo anatenga dziko la Siberia kuti likhale m’manja mwa Russia ndipo anatsegula njira yodutsa sitima zapanyanja kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko la Siberia. Mu 1648, sitima za ku Russia zinayenda kudutsa m’njira imene panopa imadziwika kuti Bering Strait. Njirayi anaipatsa dzinali pokumbukira katswiri wina wapanyanja wa ku Denmark, dzina lake Vitus Bering.

Maulendo Ena

Kuyambira mu 1733 mpaka 1743, anthu okwana pafupifupi 1,000 anakafika kunyanja ya Arctic ndi Pacific kudzera kumagombe a ku Russia. Bering ndiye ankatsogolera anthuwa ndipo anagawidwa m’magulu 7. Nthawi zambiri madzi oundana ankalepheretsa sitima zawo kuyenda ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti ambiri afere panyanja. Komabe, maulendowa anathandiza kudziwa mmene sitima zingayendere m’gawo lonse la nyanja ya Arctic. Anthuwa analemba matchati, anayeza kuya kwa nyanja, komanso analemba zinthu zambiri zokhudza madzi oundana, zomwe zinadzathandiza kwambiri akatswiri ena oyenda panyanja ya Arctic.

M’mbuyo monsemo, anthu ankayenda maulendo akumpotowa pogwiritsa ntchito sitima zamatabwa. Koma maulendo a Bering ndi anzake anasonyeza kuti zinali zosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito sitima zamatabwa podutsa Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto.a Mu 1778, katswiri wina wofufuza malo wa ku Britain, dzina lake James Cook, anadutsa njira yotchedwa Bering Strait akulowera kumadzulo koma nayenso ankakanika kuyenda bwinobwino chifukwa cha madzi oundana. Choncho, iye anaonanso kuti n’zosatheka kuti munthu angadutse nyanja ya Arctic pogwiritsa ntchito sitima zamatabwa. Patapita zaka zina 100, munthu wina wochokera ku Finland, dzina lake Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, anakwanitsa kudutsa njira imeneyi pogwiritsa ntchito sitima yamalasha.

Dziko la Russia Linazamitsa Luso Lake

Ulamuliro wa dziko la Russia utasintha mu 1917, sitima za mayiko ena zinaletsedwa kudutsa mbali ya Russia poyenda m’nyanja ya Arctic, kupatulapo mayiko amene anapanga dziko la Soviet Union. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1930 kupita m’tsogolo, mayikowa anakonza njirayi bwinobwino ndiponso anamanga madoko pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zamafakitale. Choncho, dziko la Russia linazamitsa luso lake pa maulendo onse odutsa m’nyanja ya Arctic.

Pa nthawi imene dziko la Russia linali pa udani waukulu ndi dziko la America, dziko la Russia linkaletsabe sitima za mayiko ena kudutsa m’njirayi. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndale komanso kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma, dziko la Russia tsopano limalimbikitsa sitima za mayiko ena kudutsa m’njirayi. Zinthu zotsatirazi zikusonyeza ubwino wa zimenezi.

Mu 2009, sitima ziwiri zonyamula katundu za ku Germany zinadutsa njira ya Bering Strait ndipo kenako zinalowera chakumadzulo n’kudutsa dera lopanda madzi oundana kumagombe a kumpoto kwa Asia ndi Ulaya, n’kukafika ku Netherlands. Aka kanali koyamba kuti sitima yomwe sinali ya ku Russia iyende m’njira yonse yakumpoto imeneyi. Kudutsa m’njirayi kunathandiza kuti achepetse ulendowu ndi makilomita 5,560 ndiponso sitimazo zinafika mofulumirirapo ndi masiku 10. Kampani ya sitimazo inanena kuti njira yachiduleyi inathandiza kuti apulumutse ndalama zokwana madola 450,000 pa sitima iliyonse.

Masiku ano, madzi oundana a ku nyanja ya Arctic akusungunuka mofulumira kwambiri. Zimenezi zikuchititsa kuti m’nyengo yotentha, sitima zambiri zizidutsa m’njira imeneyi mosavuta.b Ngati madziwa atapitirira kusungunuka mwina zikhoza kuwononga chilengedwe. Komabe sitima zingasiye kuyenda m’madzi osaya a kufupi ndi dziko la Russia n’kumayenda m’njira yachidule kwambiri yapakati penipeni pa nyanja, yolumikiza nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu patsamba 15]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

NJIRA ZIMENE ANADUTSA

Sir Hugh Willoughby ndi Richard Chancellor

Willem Barents

Vitus Bering

Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld

Pomwe pathera madzi oundana

[Mapu]

NYANJA YA ARCTIC

Kumpoto kwa Dziko

Madzi amakhala oundana nthawi zonse

Polekeza madzi oundana kukamatentha

Polekeza madzi oundana kukamazizira

DERA LA NYANJA YA ARCTIC

SWEDEN

GREENLAND

CANADA

ALASKA

Bering Strait

RUSSIA

SIBERIA

MAPIRI A URAL

Novaya Zemlya

Kola Peninsula

Arkhangel’sk

MOSCOW

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Madzi oundana a m’nyanja ya Arctic akusungunuka mofulumira kwambiri

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 14]

Library and Archives Canada/Samuel Gurney Cresswell collection/C-016105