Akatswiri Akale Opanga Makina

MASIKU ano makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makina otha kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana popanda kuyendetsedwa ndi munthu. Makinawa amagwira ntchito zimene zimafunika kugwiridwa mobwerezabwereza. Koma kodi makina amenewa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito liti? Ena amaganiza kuti anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imene makampani ambiri ku Ulaya anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina popanga zinthu. Koma mungadabwe kudziwa kuti makinawa anayamba kale kwambiri, nthawi imeneyi isanafike.

M’zaka za pakati pa 700 ndi 1200 C.E., akatswiri a zamaphunziro a ku Middle East anamasulira m’Chiarabu mabuku a sayansi omwe ankafotokoza zimene akatswiri a ku Greece anatulukira. Akatswiriwa ndi monga Archimedes, Aristotle, Ctesibius, Hero wa ku Alexandria, ndi Philo wa ku Byzantium.a Pogwiritsa ntchito mabukuwa ndi zinthu zina, mayiko a Chisilamu, omwe anayambira ku Spain kudutsa kumpoto kwa Africa mpaka ku Afghanistan, anakwanitsa kupanga makina ogwira ntchito okha popanda munthu wowayendetsa.

Donald Hill, yemwe ndi katswiri wa mbiri yakale pa nkhani ya makina, ananena kuti: “Makina amenewo ankatha kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali popanda munthu wowayendetsa.” Kodi zimenezi zinkatheka bwanji? Popanga makinawa anagwiritsa ntchito njira zothandiza kuti makinawa azingogwira ntchito okha osaima. Mwachitsanzo, makina ena ankayendera madzi a m’mathanki ndipo mathankiwo ankakhala m’mwamba, makinawo n’kukhala m’munsi. Makinawa ankatha kutsegula kapena kutseka okha mapaipi komanso kusintha kumene madzi akulowera. Anapangidwanso m’njira yoti azisonyeza ngati pali vuto linalake komanso kuti azithima okha chinachake chikasokonekera. Zitsanzo za makina amene anapangidwa zili m’kabokosi kamene kali pamwambapa.

Ana Abanja Limodzi Anachita Zogometsa

Ana atatu a Musa ankakhala ku Baghdad m’zaka za m’ma 800. Iwo anapanga makina oposa 100, potengera nzeru za akatswiri a ku Greece, Philo ndi Hero komanso akatswiri a ku China, India ndi Persia. Malinga ndi zimene wolemba mabuku a sayansi, dzina lake Ehsan Masood, ananena, ana a Musa anapanga mijigo ya madzi yomwe inkasintha yokha kayendedwe ka madzi ndi mawotchi. Iwo anapanganso makina okhala ndi migolo ya zakumwa, omwe ankathira okha zakumwazo m’makapu komanso kudzadza okha migolo yake ngati zakumwazo zatha. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale yokhudza zinthu za sayansi, dzina lake Jim Al-Khalili, ananena kuti ana a Musa anapanga makina enaake omwe ankathira tiyi m’kapu komanso kuimba chitoliro. Iye ananenanso kuti: “N’kutheka kuti makinawa anali amodzi mwa makina oyambirira omwe ankatha kuchita zinthu pawokha.”

Makinawa ankagwira ntchito mofanana ndi mmene makina amakono amagwirira. Ehsan Masood uja ananena kuti: “Makina akale ankayendera madzi pomwe a masiku ano amayendera magetsi. Koma kagwiridwe kake ka ntchito n’kofanana.”

Al-Jazari Anali Katswiri Wopanga Makina

M’chaka cha 1206, Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, anamaliza kulemba buku lake lonena za kapangidwe ka makina ogwira ntchito okha. (Compendium on the Theory and Practice of the Mechanical Arts) Zina mwa zimene Al-Jazari anapanga zinali zoposa zimene ana a Musa anapanga. Zimene analemba komanso zithunzi za makina zimene anajambula zinali zosavuta kumva moti akatswiri amakono amatha kupanganso makina amene Al-Jazari anawatulukira.

M’buku limeneli muli zithunzi monga za makina opopa madzi, mawotchi oyendera madzi, mawotchi akandulo, mipopi komanso zida za nyimbo zolira zokha. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti Al-Jazari ndi amene anayamba kupanga makina oyendera madzi kapena mafuta. Iye anatulukira makina amenewa zaka 300, anthu a ku Ulaya asanawatulukire.

Al-Jazari anapanganso chipangizo chodziwira nthawi chodabwitsa kwambiri. Chithunzi chimene chili kumanjaku chikusonyeza chipangizo chimenechi chooneka ngati njovu, chomwe chili pamalo ena ogulitsira zinthu ku Dubai. Mkati mwa njovuyi muli madzi ndipo pamwamba pake pali kanyumba. M’madzimo mumakhala kamtsuko komwe kamadzaza madzi pakatha mphindi 30 zilizonse. Zimene zimachitika n’zakuti, kamtsukoko kakadzaza madzi kamamira, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zingwe ndi tizinthu tina tomwe anatimangirira pa kanyumba kaja tiziyendayenda. Mphindi 30 zija zikatha, kamtsuko kaja kamayandama. Zimenezi zimachitika mobwerezabwereza. Anthu amanena kuti Al-Jazari anali katswiri wopanga makina ogwira ntchito okha chifukwa cha zipangizo zimene anapanga, kuphatikizapo chipangizo chimenechi.

Kuyambira kale anthu akhala akupanga zinthu mwaluso. Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amadzitamandira chifukwa cha zinthu zamakono zimene apanga. Komabe zipangizo zimene iwo amapanga zimangotithandiza kumvetsa nzeru za anthu akale omwe anayambitsa kupanga zinthuzo.