FUNSO 4

Kodi Zamoyo Zonse Zinachokera ku Chinthu Chimodzi?

Charles Darwin ankaganiza kuti zamoyo zonse zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi ndipo anayerekezera zimenezi ndi chimtengo chachikulu

Darwin ankaganiza kuti zamoyo zonse zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi. Iye anayerekezera mbiri ya zamoyo padziko lapansi ndi chimtengo chachikulu. Kenako, anthu ena anayamba kukhulupirira kuti mtengowu unayamba ndi thunthu limodzi lomwe likuimira maselo oyambirira. Kenako mitundu yatsopano ya zinyama komanso zomera inayamba kuphukira kuchokera ku thunthuli. Ndiyeno amati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zimene zilipo masiku ano zinayamba mwa njira imeneyi. Kodi zimenezi ndi zimene zinachitikadi?

Kodi asayansi ambiri amanena zotani? Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti zinthu zakufa zakale zimene zinafukulidwa m’nthaka zimasonyezadi kuti zamoyo zonse zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi. Iwo amanenanso kuti zimenezi ndi zoona chifukwa choti zamoyo zonse zimakhala ndi DNA.

Kodi Baibulo limanena zotani? Buku la Genesis limasonyeza kuti zomera, zamoyo zonse za m’madzi, nyama zapamtunda ndiponso mbalame zinalengedwa “monga mwa mtundu wake.” (Gen. 1:12, 20-25) Mawu akuti “mtundu” angaphatikize zamoyo zooneka mosiyanasiyana koma amasonyeza kuti zamoyo za mtundu wina sizingasinthiretu n’kukhala za mtundu wina. Zimene Baibulo limafotokoza pa nkhani yolenga zinthu zimasonyeza kuti mitundu yatsopano ya nyama inayamba kupezeka pa nthawi imodzi popanda kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina.

Kodi umboni umasonyeza zotani? Kodi umboni womwe wapezeka umasonyeza kuti zoona ndi ziti, zimene Baibulo limanena kapena zomwe Darwin ananena? Kodi zimene anthu apeza pa zaka 150 zapitazi zikusonyeza chiyani?

ANTHU ANAZINDIKIRA KUTI ZIMENEDARWIN ANANENA SI ZOONA

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi apeza njira yoyerekezera malangizo a mu DNA ya zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Iwo ankaganiza kuti kuchita zimenezi kungathandize kutsimikizira zimene Darwin ananena zoti zamoyo zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi. Koma zimene apeza si zimenezo.

Kodi anapeza zotani atapanga kafukufuku? M’chaka cha 1999, katswiri wina wa zamoyo dzina lake Malcolm S. Gordon analemba kuti: “Zikuoneka kuti zamoyo sizinachokere ku chinthu chimodzi. Ndipo palibe umboni woti zamoyo zonse zinakhala ngati zaphuka kuchokera ku tsinde limodzi la mtengo.” Kodi pali umboni wosonyeza kuti zamoyo zonse zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi ngati mmene Darwin ankakhulupirira? Gordon anapitiriza kuti: “Zimene anthu amakhulupirira zoti zamoyo zonse zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi si zomveka tikaona mmene mitundu ikuluikulu ya zamoyo ilili. Mwina mfundo imeneyi singagwirenso ntchito tikaganizira za mitundu ing’onoing’ono ya zamoyo.””²⁹ a

Zimene asayansi apeza posachedwapa n’zosiyananso kwambiri ndi mfundo imene Darwin ananena. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2009, m’magazini ina munali mawu a wasayansi wina dzina lake Eric Bapteste akuti: “Sitinapeze umboni uliwonse wotsimikizira kuti zamoyo zonse zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi.””³⁰ M’magazini yomweyo munalinso mawu a wasayansi wina dzina lake Michael Rose yemwe anati: “Pang’ono ndi pang’ono tikuzindikira kuti zimene Darwin ankaphunzitsa si zoona. Chatsala n’kungovomereza kuti tiyenera kusintha maganizo athu pa nkhani ya mmene moyo unayambira.”³¹ b—New Scientist.

KODI ZINTHU ZAKALE ZIMENE ASAYANSI APEZA ZIMASONYEZA CHIYANI?

Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti zinthu zakufa zimene asayansi apeza zimatsimikizira kuti zamoyo zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, amanena kuti zinthu zimene apezazo zimasonyeza kuti nsomba zinasintha kukhala zinyama za m’gulu la achule ndipo zinyama za m’gulu la njoka ndi buluzi zinasintha n’kukhala nyama zoyamwitsa. Koma kodi zimenezi n’zoona?

Wasayansi wina dzina lake David M. Raup ananena kuti: “Asayansi a nthawi ya Darwin ndiponso amasiku ano sanapeze umboni wakuti zamoyo zinkasintha mwapang’onopang’ono n’kukhala zamoyo zina. Zinthu zakufa zimene apeza zikungosonyeza kuti mitundu ya zamoyo inangoyamba kukhalapo pa nthawi ina ndipo sinasinthe pa nthawi yonse imene inalipo, kenako ina inangosowa.””³²

Zinthu zambiri zakale zimasonyeza kuti mitundu ya zinyama inakhalapo osasintha kwa nthawi yaitali. Sizisonyeza kuti zamoyo zinkasintha n’kukhala za mtundu wina. Zimasonyezanso kuti mitundu yatsopano ya zinyama inangoyamba kukhalapo nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mileme yokhala ndi luso lozindikira zinthu popanda kuziona inangoyamba kukhalapo ndipo palibe umboni wakuti inachokera ku zamoyo zina zimene zinalibe luso limeneli.

Ndipo zikuoneka kuti hafu ya mitundu ikuluikulu ya zinyama inayamba kukhalapo pa nthawi yochepa. Asayansi amatchula nyengo imene zamoyozi zinayamba kupezeka pa nthawi imodzi kuti Cambrian. Ndiye kodi nyengo imeneyi inayamba liti?

Ngati zimene asayansiwa amanena ndi zoona, ndiye kuti nthawi yonse imene dzikoli lakhalapo tingaiyerekezere ndi mzere wautali ngati bwalo la mpira wa miyendo (1). Ngati mutayamba kuyenda pabwaloli, kuti mufike pamene pali nyengo ya Cambrian muyenera kufika chakumapeto kwa bwalolo (2). Zinthu zakufa zimene azipeza zimasonyeza kuti mitundu ikuluikulu ya zinyama inayamba kupezeka pa nthawi yochepa m’nyengoyi. Kodi inayamba kupezeka munthawi yochepa bwanji? Mukamayenda chakumapeto kwa bwalo la mpiralo, mitundu yonse ya zinyamazo zinayamba kupezeka musanamalize kuyenda ngakhale sitepe imodzi yokha.

Bwalo la mpira lomwe likusonyeza nthawi imene dzikoli linakhalapo kufika nyengo ya Cambrian

Popeza kuti mitundu yambiri ya zinyama inayamba kupezeka pa nthawi yochepa chabe, asayansi ena ayamba kukayikira zimene Darwin ananena. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2008 wasayansi wina dzina lake Stuart Newman ananena kuti pakufunika kupeza njira yatsopano yofotokozera zimene zinachitika kuti zamoyo zisinthe. Njirayo iyenera kugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti mitundu yambiri ya zinyama inayamba kupezeka nthawi imodzi. Iye anati: “Ndikukhulupirira kuti anthu ambiri adzayamba kuona kuti zimene Darwin ananena zija zikhala ngati mfundo ina chabe yotithandiza kumvetsa zimene zinachitika kuti nyama zisinthe n’kukhala za mitundu ina, koma osati mfundo yofunika kwambiri.”³³

UMBONI WAKE SI WODALIRIKA

Mmene amajambulira m’mabuku ena ndi mmene nyamazo zilili — N’chifukwa chiyani m’mabuku ena amasintha kakulidwe ka nyama zina zakufa?

Kumanzere m’mwamba: mmene amajambulira m’mabuku ena

Kumanja m’mwamba: mmene nyamazo zilili

Nanga bwanji zinthu zakufa zimene amazigwiritsa ntchito posonyeza kuti nsomba zinasintha n’kukhala m’gulu la achule ndipo nyama zoikira zinasintha n’kukhala zoyamwitsa? Kodi zimaperekadi umboni wakuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha? Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti umboni wake si wodalirika.

Choyamba, nyama zakufa zimene zimajambulidwa m’mabuku posonyeza kuti nyama zoikira zinkasintha mwapang’onopang’ono mpaka kukhala zoyamwitsa, nthawi zina amazijambula mosiyana kwambiri ndi mmene zilili. Zina amazikulitsa kwambiri pomwe zina amazichepetsa.

Chachiwiri n’chakuti palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti nyamazo zinasintha kuchokera ku nyama imodzi. Asayansiwo amanena kuti nyama zina zimene zimajambulidwazo zinakhalapo zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zina zisanakhalepo. Ponena za zaka zimene asayansiwa amanena, wasayansi wina dzina lake Henry Gee ananena kuti: “Pali kusiyana kwambiri pa nthawi imene nyamazi zinakhalapo moti n’zovuta kutsimikizira kuti zinachokera ku nyama imodzi.”³⁴ c

Pa nkhani ya zinthu zakufa zosonyeza kuti nsomba zinasintha n’kukhala nyama za m’gulu la achule, Malcolm S. Gordon ananena kuti zinthu zakufa zimene zapezekazo ndi zochepa ndipo “mwina sizingasonyeze kwenikweni kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nsomba komanso nyama za m’gulu la achule zomwe zinalipo pa nthawizo.” Iye anapitiriza kuti: “N’zosatheka kudziwa ngati nyama zakufa zimene mbali zake zapezeka zinasintha n’kukhala za mitundu ina kapena ngati zikuchokera ku nyama imodzi.”³⁵ d

Chithunzi chikusonyeza nyama zimene zinasintha n’kukhala nyama zina

KODI MBALI ZA FILIMU ZIKUSONYEZA CHIYANI?

Nkhani ya m’magazini ina inayerekezera zinthu zakufa zimene asayansi azipeza ndi filimu yosonyeza kuti zamoyo zinasintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina. Inanena kuti: “Pa mbali 1,000 zilizonse za filimuyo, mbali 999 zasowa.”³⁶ (National Geographic) Kodi zimenezi zikusonyeza chiyani?

Filimu yonse ndi mbali zingapo za filimuyo — Ngati “mbali 95” za zinthu zakufa zimasonyeza kuti nyama sizinasinthe n’kukhala nyama zina, n’chifukwa chiyani asayansi amasanja “mbali 5” zotsalazo pofuna kusonyeza kuti nyama zinasinthadi?

Tiyerekeze kuti mwapeza mbali 100 za filimu imene poyamba inali ndi mbali 100,000. Kodi mungadziwe kuti filimuyo inali yonena za chiyani? Mwina mungakhale ndi chithunzi cha filimuyo. Koma nanga zitachitika kuti mbali 5 zokha n’zimene zikugwirizana ndi chithunzi chimene mukuganiza, pomwe 95 zikusiyana ndi zimene mukuganizazo. Kodi mungakakamire maganizo anuwo chifukwa cha mbali 5 zokhazo? Mwina n’kutheka kuti mwasanja dala mbali 5 zimenezo m’njira yoti zigwirizane ndi maganizo amene muli nawo kale. Koma kodi si chanzeru kulola kuti mbali 95 zinazo zikuthandizeni kudziwa zoona zake za filimuyo?

Ndiye kodi chitsanzo chimenechi chikugwirizana bwanji ndi nkhani imene tikukambiranayi? Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi sanavomereze kuti zinthu zakufa zambiri zimene zapezeka, zomwe zili ngati mbali 95 za filimu, zimasonyeza kuti nyama sizinasinthe kwenikweni ngakhale patapita nthawi yaitali. Koma n’chifukwa chiyani sanavomereze zimenezi? Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Richard Morris ananena kuti: “Zikuoneka kuti asayansi sankafuna kusiya kukhulupirira zoti zamoyo zinachita kusintha mwapang’onopang’ono kuchokera ku zinthu zina ngakhale pamene anapeza umboni wotsutsa mfundoyi. Iwo ankayesetsa kufotokoza zinthu zakufa zimene anapeza m’njira yoti zizigwirizana ndi zimene ankakhulupirirazo.”³⁷

“Kutenga zinthu zakufa zimene zapezeka n’kuzisanja pofuna kusonyeza mmene zinyama zinasinthira kuchokera ku nyama zinzake n’kosagwirizana ndi sayansi chifukwa palibe umboni wake. Kungafanane ndi kuuza mwana nthano kuti agone. Zikhoza kukhala zosangalatsa kapena zophunzitsa mwanayo zinazake koma sizigwirizana ndi sayansi.”—In Search of Deep Time—Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, lolembedwa ndi Henry Gee, tsa. 116-117

Nanga bwanji za asayansi amasiku ano amene amakhulupirira zoti zamoyo zinachita kusintha? Kodi mwina nawonso amasanja zinthu zakufa m’njira yoti zizigwirizana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, osati mogwirizana ndi umboni umene wapezeka?e

Kodi inuyo mukuganiza bwanji? Malinga ndi umboni umene wapezeka, kodi zoona zake pa nkhaniyi ndi ziti? Tiyeni tionenso mfundo zimene takambirana.

Palibe chamoyo chimene chinali chosadabwitsa, ngakhale choyambirira.
Umboni ukusonyeza kuti n’zovuta kapenanso zosatheka kuti ngakhale selo limodzi lingokhalako lokha.
DNA yomwe imakhala ndi malangizo amene amayendetsa zinthu muselo ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri moti palibiretu kompyuta kapena chipangizo chilichonse chimene anthu apanga chomwe chingafanane nayo.
Kafukufuku wokhudza majini amasonyeza kuti zamoyo sizinachokere ku chinthu chimodzi. Komanso zinthu zakufa zimene zapezeka zimasonyeza kuti mitundu ikuluikulu ya zinyama inayamba kukhalapo pa nthawi imodzi.

Malinga ndi mfundo zimenezi, kodi simungavomereze kuti umboni umene wapezeka umagwirizana ndi zimene Baibulo limanena pa nkhani ya mmene zamoyo zinayambira? Koma anthu ambiri amanena kuti sayansi imatsutsana ndi mfundo zambiri zimene Baibulo limanena pa nkhani yolenga zinthu. Koma kodi zimenezi n’zoona? Kodi Baibulo limati chiyani pa nkhaniyi?

a Asayansi amaika zamoyo m’magulu kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kufanana kapena kusiyana kwake. Amazigawa m’mitundu ikuluikulu ndipo kenako amazigawanso m’mitundu ing’onoing’ono.

b Tiyenera kudziwa kuti magaziniyi, Bapteste komanso Rose sankatsutsa zoti zinthu zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina. Mfundo yawo yaikulu inali yakuti zimene Darwin ananena zoti zamoyo zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi n’zopanda umboni. Koma asayansi ngati amenewa akufufuzabe njira zina zofotokozera kuti zimene amakhulupirira, zoti zamoyo zinasintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina, ndi zoona.

c Sikuti Henry Gee amatsutsa zoti zamoyo zinasintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina. Anangonena izi pofuna kusonyeza kuti zinthu zakufa zimene anthu apeza sizingathandize kwambiri kudziwa zoona zake pa nkhaniyi.

d Malcolm S. Gordon amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina.

e Onani bokosi lakuti “Kodi Anthu Anasinthadi Kuchokera ku Zinyama?”

MFUNDO KOMANSO MAFUNSO

Mfundo: Anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha amanena mfundo ziwiri izi: Yoyamba ndi yoti zamoyo zonse zinasintha kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi ndipo yachiwiri ndi yoti kusintha kwa pang’onopang’ono kunachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthiretu n’kukhala zamtundu wina. Komabe asayansi ena amatsutsa mfundo zimenezi ngakhale kuti sakhulupirira nkhani ya m’Baibulo yokhudza kulenga zinthu.

Funso: Popeza kuti anthu ambiri sakugwirizana ndi zimene Darwin ananena, kodi tinganenedi kuti zomwe ananena zokhudza kusintha kwa zinthu ndi zolondola?
Mfundo: Zamoyo zonse zimakhala ndi DNA, yomwe imakhala ndi malangizo a mmene maselo ayenera kukhalira ndi kugwirira ntchito.

Funso: Kodi zamoyo zonsezi zimakhala ndi DNA chifukwa chakuti zinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi kapena chifukwa choti zinapangidwa ndi Mlengi mmodzi?

Kodi anthu anasinthadi kuchokera ku zinyama?

Mabuku ambiri akamafotokoza zoti anthu anasintha kuchokera ku zinyama amajambula nyama yooneka ngati nyani kenako pamatsatira zithunzi zosonyeza akuweramuka komanso mutu ukukula. Chakumapeto kwake amajambula munthu weniweni. Zithunzi ngati zimenezi komanso mafupa akale amene apezeka, omwe asayansi amanena kuti ndi umboni watsopano, zimachititsa anthu kuganiza kuti anthufe tinasinthadi kuchokera ku anyani. Koma kodi zimene amanenazi zilidi ndi umboni? Tiyeni tikambirane zimene asayansi amene anachita kafukufuku amanena pa nkhaniyi.f

KODI ZINTHU ZAKALE ZOMWE ZAPEZEKA ZIMASONYEZA CHIYANI?

Mfundo: Cha m’ma 1900, zinthu zakale zimene zinali zitapezeka, zomwe ankazigwiritsa ntchito posonyeza kuti anthu ndi anyani anachokera ku chinthu chimodzi, zinali zochepa moti zikanangokwana kuziyala pa nsalu ya mamita 4. Koma zinthuzi zakhala zikuwonjezeka. Panopa akuti zikhoza kudzaza bogi imodzi ya sitima.³⁸ Koma zambiri mwa zinthu zimenezi ndi mafupa ndi mano osalumikizana. Zigaza zathunthu kapena mafupa onse a chinthu sizipezekapezeka.³⁹

Funso: Kodi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthuzi kwathandiza asayansi kudziwa zoona pa nkhani ya mmene anthu anasinthira kuchokera ku anyani komanso nthawi imene anasintha?

Yankho: Ayi. Chitsanzo ndi zimene wasayansi wina wa ku yunivesite ya New South Wales ku Australia dzina lake Robin Derricourt ananena pofotokoza mmene asayansi amaonera zinthu zakufa zimene zapezeka. Mu 2009 iye analemba kuti: “Panopa mfundo imene asayansi onse angagwirizane pa nkhaniyi ndi yakuti sakugwirizana.”⁴⁰ Mu 2007, m’magazini ina yokhudza sayansi (Nature) munali nkhani imene inalembedwa ndi asayansi amene ananena kuti apeza umboni wina wa zinthu zakufa. Koma iwo ananena kuti mpaka pano sakudziwabe mmene anthu anasinthira kuchokera ku anyani komanso nthawi imene zimenezi zinachitika.⁴¹ Wochita kafukufuku ku yunivesite ina ya ku Hungary dzina lake Gyula Gyenis analemba mu 2002 kuti: “Asayansi akhala akukanganakangana pa nkhani ya zimene akuphunzira pa mafupa a anthu ndi anyani amene apezeka.” Iye ananenanso kuti zinthu zakufa zimene zapezeka sizitithandiza kudziwa nthawi, malo komanso mmene anthu anasinthira kuchokera ku anyani.⁴²

AMALENGEZA AKAONA KUTI UMBONI WINA WAPEZEKA

Mfundo: Asayansi akapeza zimene akuona kuti ndi umboni wina amalengezetsa pa TV, pa wailesi kapena munyuzipepala. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2009 analengeza kuti anapeza mafupa omwe anawapatsa dzina loti Ida ndipo magazini ina inanena kuti olengezawo anachemerera kwambiri zimene anapezazo.⁴³ Mwachitsanzo, nyuzipepala ina ya ku United Kingdom inali ndi mutu wakuti: “Mafupa a Ida Ndi Umboni Wamphamvu Woti Anthu Anachokera ku Anyani.””⁴⁴ (The Guardian) Koma patangopita masiku ochepa, magazini ina ya ku UK komweko inanena kuti mafupawa “sapereka umboni uliwonse wakuti anthu anasintha kuchokera ku zinyama.”⁴⁵—New Scientist.

Funso: N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amalengeza mochemerera pakapezeka zinthu zomwe akuganiza kuti ndi umboni pa nkhaniyi, koma zinthuzo zikachotsedwa pa umboniwo sakonda kulengeza?

Yankho: Ponena za anthu amene amatulukira zinthuzi, Robin Derricourt, amene tamutchula kale uja, anati: “Anthu amene amatsogolera magulu ofufuzawa amafunika kukokomeza zinthu zimene apeza n’cholinga choti atolankhani amene akufufuza nkhani zochititsa chidwi afalitse nkhaniyo. Amadziwa kuti zikatero zidzalimbikitsa anthu ena kuti awapatse asayansiwo ndalama zopitirizira kafukufuku wawo.”⁴⁶

ZITHUNZI ZA MMENE ANTHU ANASINTHIRA KUCHOKERA KU ANYANI

Mfundo: Nthawi zambiri zithunzi zimene zimapezeka m’mabuku komanso m’malo oonetsera zinthu zochititsa chidwi zimasonyeza mmene anyani ndiponso anthu akale ankaonekera, kuphatikizapo nkhope zawo, tsitsi ndi khungu lawo. Chakumayambiriro amajambula nyama zooneka ngati nyani, kenako amasintha pang’onopang’ono mpaka kufika pa zithunzi zokhala ndi nkhope, khungu komanso tsitsi zofanana ndi anthu.

Funso: Kodi asayansi angakwanitsedi kudziwa maonekedwe a chinthu pongoona mafupa akalekale amene apezeka?

Yankho: Ayi. Mu 2003 wasayansi wina ku yunivesite ina ya ku Australia dzina lake Carl N. Stephan analemba kuti: “N’zovuta kudziwa kapena kutsimikizira maonekedwe a nkhope za anyani amene anasintha n’kukhala anthu.” Ananenanso kuti munthu akayesa kupanga zimenezi poganizira mmene anyani a masiku ano amaonekera “akhoza kulakwitsa kwambiri ndipo zomwe angapange sizingakhale zodalirika.” Pomaliza ananena kuti: “Nkhope iliyonse imene anthu angasonyeze n’kumanena kuti ikuimira anthu pa nthawi imene ankasintha kuchokera kwa anyani ikhoza kukhala yolakwika.”⁴⁷

KODI KUKULA KWA UBONGO KUMASONYEZA NZERU?

Mfundo: Asayansi amakonda kuona kukula kwa ubongo wa anyani akale kuti adziwe ngati ali m’gulu la anyani amene anali atatsala pang’ono kukhala anthu.

Funso: Kodi kukula kwa ubongo kungasonyezedi kuti nyama ndi yanzeru kapena ayi?

Yankho: Ayi. Asayansi ena amene anagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa ubongo kuti adziwe ngati anyani ena amene anatha anali m’gulu lotsala pang’ono kukhala anthu anaona kuti “zotsatira zake zinali zokayikitsa kwambiri.””⁴⁸ Chitsanzo ndi zimene magazini ina inanena mu 2008. Inanena kuti: “Asayansi alephera kusonyeza mgwirizano umene ulipo pakati pa kukula kwa ubongo ndi nzeru za anthu kapena nyama. Alepheranso kupeza kugwirizana pakati pa nzeru ndi kukula kwa mbali zina za ubongo, mwina kupatulapo mbali imene imathandiza anthu kuti azilankhula.”⁴⁹—Scientific American Mind.

Kodi inuyo mukuganiza bwanji? N’chifukwa chiyani asayansi amasanja anyani mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa ubongo pofuna kusonyeza mmene anasinthira n’kukhala anthu, pomwe njira imeneyi ndi yosadalirika? Kodi mwina akungoyesetsa kuti umboni ugwirizane ndi maganizo awo? N’chifukwa chiyani ochita kafukufuku amangokhalira kukangana pa nkhani yoti ndi mafupa ati amene angaikidwe m’gulu la anyani amene anasintha n’kukhala anthu? Kodi sizingatheke kuti amenewa ndi mafupa a anyani akale amene anatha basi?

Koma nanga bwanji za mafupa ooneka ngati a anthu amene amati ndi a Neanderthal omwe amanena kuti ndi umboni woti anthu anasintha kuchokera ku anyani? Ochita kafukufuku akusintha maganizo pa nkhani ya mafupawo. Mu 2009, munthu wina dzina lake Milford H. Wolpoff analemba kuti “n’kutheka kuti a Neandertal anali mtundu wina wa anthu enieni.””⁵⁰—American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Anthu ena amazindikira kuti asayansi amatha kukokomeza umboni umene apeza kuti asonyeze kuti anthu anasintha kuchokera ku anyani n’cholinga choti azilemekezedwa, azilandira ndalama komanso nkhani zawo zizifalitsidwa kwambiri. Kodi inuyo mungakhulupirire umboni umene amaperekawo?

f Dziwani kuti: Asayansi onse amene apereka ndemanga zawo m’bokosili sakhulupirira zimene Baibulo limanena pa nkhani yolenga zinthu. Onse amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinasintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina.