Mbali Yowongoleredwa ya Akazi mu Nthawi Zamakono
KUBWERERA mu 1906 Czar Nicholas wa ku Russia analandira kuchokera kwa akazi a kumudzi a ku Russia pempho limene, pakati pa zina, linanena kuti:
“Kwa mibadwo mibadwo akazi a gulu la achikumbe akhala akukhala popanda ziyeneretso zina zake za mtundu uliwonse. . . . Sitikulingaliridwanso nkomwe kukhala anthu, koma monga zinyama zolimira. Tikulamulira kuti tiphunzitsidwe kuwerenga ndi kulemba; tikulamulira kuti ana athu a akazi apatsidwe malo ofanana kaamba ka kuphunzira monga ana athu a amuna. . . . Tikudziwa kuti ndife ambuli, koma mlandu sufunikira kupatsidwa kwa ife.”
Mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni umenewo uli wosiyana kotheratu ndi kulongosoledwa kumene Baibulo limapereka kwa mkazi, wangwiro ndi wolemekezeka, kumuika iye monga chitsanzo choyenera kutsanzira ndi kulemekeza. (Miyambo 31:10-31) komabe, kulongosola kochokera ku Russia kunawonetsera mwambi wowona womwe unanenedwa kale mu Baibulo ndi Mfumu yanzeru Solomo: “Munthu apweteka mnzake pomlamulira.” (Malaliki 8:9) Kupweteka kumeneku mwachiwonekere sikunakhale ndi malire kwa amuna okha. Versilo lingatengedwe mokulira kutanthauza: ‘Amuna alamulira amuna anzawo ndi akazi kukupwetekedwa kwawo.’ Koma ndi kusintha chotani nanga mwa ambiri a akazi, monga mmene mkhalidwe mu Russia ukuchitira chitsanzo!
Lerolino, “ambiri a madokotala a mu Soviet ndi aphunzitsi ali akazi. Akazi amawerengera chifupifupi gawo lachiwiri la magawo atatu achiwerengero chonse cha akatswiri odziwa za chuma ndi gawo lachitatu pa magawo anayi a ogwira ntchito wamba. Maperesenti makumi anayi a awo ogwira ntchito mu sayansi ali akazi . . . Pa akazi chikwi aliwonse amene alowetsedwa mu chuma cha dziko, 862 ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba kapena a kusekondale (athunthu kapena osakhala athunthu).”—Women in the USSR.
Akazi mu Ndale Zadziko
Zimene zachitika mu Russia zachitikanso mokulira kapena mochepera mu maiko ena ambiri. Mtundu wo- yamba kupereka kwa akazi kuyenera kwakupereka mavoti unali New Zealand, kubwerera m’mbuyo mu 1893. Pakati pa 1917 ndi 1920, iwo anapatsidwa kuyenera koteroko mu Russia, Great Britain, United States, ndi Canada. Mu Switzerland anayenera kudikira kufikira mu 1971, ngakhale kuti akazi Achiswiss akanatha kutenga malo mu ndale zadziko.
Lerolino, akazi samavota kokha komanso amapikisana ndi amuna kaamba ka maofesi a ndale zadziko. Israel anali ndi nduna yaikulu ya boma ya chikazi, Golda Meir, ndiponso anatero India, Indira Gandhi. Posachedwa kwambiri, akazi asankhidwa monga nduna zazikulu za boma mu Great Britain ndi Yugoslavia. Mu Supreme Soviet ya Russia, 492, kapena pakati pa 30 ndi 40 peresenti, ali akazi. Mkazi tsopano ali chiwalo cha U. S. Supreme Court, ndipo mu ndawala ya uprezidenti ya mu 1984, mkazi anali woyamba kukhala woyembekezera kukhala wachiwiri kwa prezidenti mu chipani cha ndale chachikulu. Mu France akazi amatenga 15 peresenti ya maudindo onse a boma.
Akazi mu Ntchito
M’malo mwakuti zizindikiro ziwerengedwe kuti “Amuna pa Ntchito,” zambiri mu United States tsopano zikuwerenga “Anthu Pantchito.” Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa cha kusintha mu mbali za akazi mu gawo la zachuma. Chiwerengero cha akazi ogwira ntchito kunja kwa nyumba chawirikiza kawiri mu zaka 25 zapita. Akazi anali kokha ndi 27 peresenti ya ntchito za maofesi kubwerera m’mbuyo mu 1970; zaka 14 pambuyo pake, akazi anagwira 65 peresenti ya iyo. Kwa ena, kukhala ndi ntchito chiri choyenerera cha chuma; kwa ena, chiri kokha chifukwa cha kufuna. M’malo ena, ndalama za amuna ndi akazi ogwira ntchito yofanana mofulumira zikukhala zofanana.
Mu Maphunziro, Zaluso, ndi Chipembedzo
Chifupifupi dziko lonse, akazi apanga kupita patsogolo kowonekera m’chigwirizano ndi maphunziro. Chiwerengero cha akazi mu sukulu chawonjezeka kuchokera pa 95 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika ku 390 miliyoni mu 1985. Mu Spain zaka 25 zapita, panali akazi osakhoza kuwerenga ndi kulemba kuwirikiza kawiri monga mmene analiri amuna. Pofika mu 1983 mkhalidwe unawongokera kotero kuti 30 peresenti ya ophunzira pa koleji anali akazi. Women in Britain ikusimba za “kuwonjezeka kwadzawoneni mu chiwerengero cha akazi ophunzira pa yuniversite a nthawi zonse.”
Mkati mwa zaka, akazi akhala owonekera kwambiri m’gawo la nyimbo monga odziwa kuimba okha, ponse pawiri ndi mawu kapena ndi ziwiya. Koma mu United States isanafike 1935, akazi okha omwe anali kusewera mu maorchestra anali oyimba nkangali, mbali imene amuna anawoneka kukhala akumaipewa. Mosiyanako, posachedwapa 40 peresenti ya awo amene amasewera mu ma orchestra, a akulu m’gawo, kapena mizinda yaikulu ali akazi.
Pakhala kuwonjezeka kofananako m’mbali ya chipembedzo. Akazi ambiri akhala akumalembetsedwa mu maseminare, kotero kuti mu United States kuchokera ku 29 kufika ku 52 peresenti ya ophunzira oterowo ali akazi. Akazi akuwonekera mu magome, ndipo pali akazi ena omwe alinso arabi. 11 peresenti ya mapasitala a ku Sweden ali akazi, ndipo pali ansembe achikazi a Chianglican mu Orient. The New York Times (February 16, 1987) inanena kuti “pali akazi 968 okhazikitsidwa mu Episcopal Church.”
Ndi Chotulukapo Chotani?
Chotero palibe kukana kulikonse kuti mkhalidwe wa akazi wasintha kwadzawoneni mu nthawi zaposachedwapa. Mungakhale munawonapo mwaumwini kapena kumva kusintha kumeneko. Koma funso liyenera kudzutsidwa: Kodi kusintha konseku kwakhala dalitso losasakanizika?