Funde Lalikulu la Chipembedzo​—Chiitano Chomalizira

MOTO WAUKULU WA PA BWALO WA CHIKONDWERERO unayamba, malaŵi anawala, moto wothetheka unathamangira m’mwamba kukapaka thambo mitundu yofiira, yosiira, yachikasu, ndi yobiriŵira. Mbatata zosasenda. Kufuula kwa kuseka, kumveka kwa chikondwerero. Usiku wa Moto Waukulu wa Pa Bwalo wa Chikondwerero mu England.

OGWIRA NTCHITO anapeza mitembo 25 mwangozi. Mafupawo anakwiriridwa mosamalitsa, manja atapindidwa. Odziŵa za mbiri yakale chotero anayamba kutsatira chinsinsi kubwerera kumbuyo zaka 200 zapita. Quebec, Canada.

Zapamwambazo ziri zochitika ziŵiri zosagwirizana zokhala ndi muzu wofanana​—Kukonzanso.

NKHANI ya m’kope lathu la October 1 inasonyeza kuti Europe inachitira umboni kusinthika kwakukulu kwa chipembedzo mu zana la 16. Zotulukapo zake zinafalikira kumbali zina za dziko lapansi. Mbali zambiri za moyo lerolino siziri china choposa maenje osiidwa ndi madzi a Kukonzanso. Mwinamwake iwo amasonkhezera njira yanu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo chofunika koposa, tikuima pamapeto penipeni pa tsoka lomalizira la chipembedzo lomwe motsimikizirika lidzayambukira moyo wanu. Kodi mumadziŵa ndimotani?

Tsatirani njira ya Kukonzanso m’maiko otsatirawa:

Germany: Ena amanena kuti chisonkhezero cha Luther pa mwambo wa chiGerman chiri chosafanana ndi chija cha munthu aliyense m’dziko lolankhula Chingelezi. Kutembenuza kwake kwa Malemba kuli kumodzi kolandiridwa mofala mu maBaibulo a chiGerman. Luther anachita zambiri ku kukhazikitsa kamvekedwe ka chinenero ndi kukhazikitsa maziko kaamba ka maunansi achiGerman. Iye anapanga Boma kuzindikira kufunika kwa kuphunzitsa onse, kukweza malo antchito ya uphunzitsi.

Canada: Boma lakale poyamba linawona Britain ndi France akudzilowetsa mu nkhondo yomwe inasiya chizindikiro pa chigawo chimodzi mwapadera​—Quebec. Poyambirira lokhalidwa ndi Akatolika osamuka a chiFrench, Quebec anakhala pansi pa anthu a ku Britain, ndipo chotero kulamuliridwa ndi chiProtestanti, mu 1763. Chinali mwamsanga chisanachitike chimenecho kuti mitembo yotchulidwa pa mayambiriro pa nkhaniyi inakwiriridwa mwachinsinsi pafupi ndi malinga olimbitsidwa a mzindawo. Nchifukwa ninji mwachinsinsi? Chifukwa chikuwoneka kuti anali aProtestanti, amene panthaŵiyo analetsedwa kuikidwa m’manda a Chikatolika. Quebec adakali chisumbu cha Chikatolika cholankhula chiFrench, ndipo chotero amapereka mwaŵi ku machitachita a kupatuka amakono.

Ireland: Wosasangalatsidwa ndi Kukonzanso, Emerald Isle inasunga kudzipatula kwake. M’kupita kwanthaŵi, chisonkhezero cha chiProtestanti chinalowerera kudutsa Nyanja ya Irish kuchokera ku England kupita kumadera a kumpoto. Bomalo lerolino liri Ireland wopatukana. Maseŵera a m’chirimwe a chaka ndi chaka mu Ulster anakumbukira chipambano cha chiProtestanti chakale. Zikondwerero mofala zimasiya zizindikiro za malinga, mabomba, ndi zipolopolo za pulasitiki. Orange Day Parade mu July 1986 inasiya 160 atavulala. Linakumbukira tsiku limene zaka 300 zapita pamene Mfumu William wa ku Orange, yemwe anapanga chitetezero cha chiProtestanti mu Britain, anagonjetsa ulamuliro womalizira wa Chikatolika wa England, James II.

United States: “Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpatuko yokhala ndi ziyambi zosiyana za ku Europe zinali mbali ya mphamvu m’kubweretsa ufulu wa chipembedzo mu America,” analemba tero A. P. Stokes mu Church and State in the United States. Masiku autsamunda anawona United States ikugwera m’mitundu ya chiProtestanti. Mapindu a chiCalvinist anapereka chitsogozo mu chipembedzo, ndale zadziko, ndi za chuma. Chikhulupiriro chenicheni chinali chakuti munthu aliyense amaima mwachindunji woŵerengera kwa Mlengi wake popanda kusinkhasinkha kwa wansembe. Lingaliro limeneli linabala chizindikiro chomamatira pakugwirira ntchito pa mwaŵi wathu wokha, pakututa mphatso za ntchito yathu yeniyeni.

T. H. White akukumbukira mu bukhu lake la In Search of History kuti pakusintha kwa zana iri, 13 peresenti ya chiŵerengero chonse cha anthu mu U.S. chinali Akatolika. Chiŵerengero chimenechi chinakula kufika ku oposa 25 peresenti pofika mu 1960. Ngakhale pamenepo, Akatolika ochepa anafika ku malo apamwamba a ndale zadziko. White akupitiriza kuti: “Pa malo apamwamba koposa a ulamuliro, kumene nkhondo ndi mtendere zinali kupangidwa, kumene ziwopsyezo ndi lamulo lachilendo linali kulingaliridwa kumene ziweruzo za Bwalo Lalikulu Koposa la Milandu zinali kutsimikiziridwa, anthu a ku America anali kukondabe aProtestanti a mwambo wachikale monga olamulira a chifuno cha utundu.” Mwambowo unasweka pamene John F. Kennedy anakhala prezidenti wa Chikatolika woyamba wa United States.

Kaamba ka zitsanzo zowonjezereka kuchokera ku maiko ena, chonde onani bokosi pa tsamba 29.

Dziko la Matenjetenje

Pansi pa chiProtestanti, kukangana kwa maphunziro a zaumulungu kunafutukuka, ndipo matembenuzidwe a Baibulo ndi ndemanga zinafikira pa kuyandama pa funde la ufulu ndi kulongosola kwaumwini. Ngakhale kuli tero, m’kupita kwanthaŵi, ufulu unavumbula kusuliza Baibulo kukhala poyera. Malingaliro atsopano analandiridwa; kugamulapo kwaumwini kunakhala lamulo la tsikulo. Kupita patsogolo sikunalinso kucholowana kopepuka kwa mafunde koma kunali kubuma kochititsa mantha kwakuswa. Mtsinje wamphamvu wa Kukonzanso unasesa maziko enieni a chiphunzitso cha Chikristu cha mwambo. Masinthidwe a makono onga ngati chisinthiko, ufulu wa akazi, ndi ‘mkhalidwe watsopano’ zinasesedwa monga chikuni chokokedwa ndi madzi, mboni zachete ku mkunthowo. Zipembedzo zaumwini m’maiko ena a chiProtestanti zinasiya aliyense payekha wosowa chochita, wotaidwa pa chisumbu chakechake chosungulumwa cha chikhulupiriro.

Zidutswa zadziko m’magawo a chiProtestanti zimapangidwa mwakukhoterera ku kukaikira miyambo yokhazikitsidwa. Anthu ali okwezedwa panthanthi ya kupita patsogolo, ufulu, ndi ziyeneretso za anthu. Max Weber, katswiri wa za mayanjano ndi za chuma wa chiGerman, anafalitsa m’nkhani yolembedwa mu 1904 pa chiProtestanti ndi chikapitalizimu. Iye ananena kuti chikapitalizimu sichinali mopepuka chotulukapo cha Kukonzanso. Koma iye anapeza kuti mu madera a chikapitalizimu chopambana okhala ndi chiyambi cha chipembedzo chosakanizikana, chinali mowonekera a Protestanti amene anali eni, atsogoleri, akatswiri, ndiponso ophunzitsidwa. Molingana ndi Der Fischer Weltalmanach, pa opeza mphoto za Pamwamba za pa Chaka 540 ofupidwa kufika mu 1985, mphoto ziŵiri pa mphoto zitatu zinapita kwa nzika za mwambo wa chiProtestanti. Anthu okhala m’malo ozikidwa a Chikatolika anapeza kokha 20 peresenti. Pa mitundu 20 yapamwamba, m’nkhani za zotulutsa zapamwamba za dziko pa munthu aliyense, asanu ndi anayi anali a chiProtestanti, aŵiri anali Akatolika. Kumbali ina, pa maiko khumi okwera kumene okhala ndi ngongole ondandalitsidwa, asanu anali a Chikatolika, panalibe a chiProtestanti.

Nyuzipepala ya mlungu ndi mlungu ya chiGermany Der Spiegel inalemba kuti malingaliro a chiCalvinist anasonkhezera anthu a ku Britain kukukhala mphamvu yaikulu yeniyeni m’dziko. Kuyambira mu zana la 19, mphamvu yomakula ya ndale zadziko ya United States, Germany, ndi Great Britain anakhala mphamvu ya kukonzanso kwa mayanjano. Kufanana kwa mwaŵi kaamba ka onse kunagogomezeredwa. Kusemphana mkati mwa mtsinje weniweni wa Kukonzanso kumawonedwa ndi ena monga akalambula bwalo a chisosholizimu cha makono. Kuzindikira kwa ndale zadziko kwa thayo la mayanjano kunapanga njira kaamba ka ubwino wa boma. Makamaka m’malo ozungulira a chiProtestanti, olamulira a boma mwapang’onopang’ono anatenga ulamuliro wa mbali za lamulo la kubala, imfa, ukwati, kulekana, ndi cholowa. Kukhalapo kwa lamulo la kulekana ndi kuchotsa mimba kwalamulo m’maiko a Chikatolika tsopano kuli kaŵirikaŵiri kosiyana ndi kuja kwa maiko a Chikatolika ndi chiProtestanti.

Malinga aŵiri a chiProtestanti, United States ndi Great Britain, anakulira pamodzi kukhala chirombo cha nyanga ziŵiri cha mu ulosi wa Baibulo. (Chivumbulutso 13:11) Chimphona cha ndale zadziko cha mu zana la 20, gulu la Mitundu Yogwirizana, poyambirira chotchedwa Chigwirizano cha Mitundu, chinakula kuchokera ku chiyambi cha chiProtestanti.

Chigumulacho Chidzabwereranso

Funde lodutsa limasiya chizindikiro cha funde pa gombe chimene chimatikumbutsa ife za kuyenera kwakubwereranso. Mofananamo, Kukonzanso kwa mu zana la 16 kunasiya zizindikiro zowonekera zimene tingathe kuziwona lerolino. Ndipo pali chitsimikiziro champhamvu chakuti tikuima pa mapeto penipeni pa funde lomalizira la kusintha kwa chipembedzo limene lidzapitirira masinthidwe ena onse a papitapo, kusesa kotheratu chipembedzo chonyenga, ndi kuyambukira aliyense amene ali ndi moyo. Kodi inu modzapulumuka icho? Padziko lonse, pali kusakhutiritsidwa kozikidwa mofala kwa chipembedzo cholinganizidwa, pakati pa anthu ndi maboma. Nchifukwa ninji pali kusakhutiritsidwa?

Chipembedzo kaŵirikaŵiri chimapyola malire ake auzimu, kusokoneza chovala cha ntchito ndi chovala cha kuikidwa, chisote cha chifumu ndi chisote cha chipembedzo, lupanga ndi mtanda. Zaka zingapo zapita Observer nyuzipepala ya pa Sande inadzutsa funso lakuti kaya anthu andale mu Ireland anali okonzekera kulanda ansembe ulamuliro wa dzikolo. Yemwe anali kale nduna yaikulu ya boma ya West German Helmut Schmidt anachitira ndemanga pa kulowerera kwa zipembedzo mu ndale zadziko akumanena kuti, “Sindikukhulupirira kuti ichi chingavomerezedwe kosatha.” Ndipo Le Figaro ya ku Paris inadzudzula chipembedzo chifukwa cha “kulowerera mu ndale zadziko” kotero kuti “chiri m’tsoka la kuwona ndale zadziko zikugwirizana ndi chipembedzo.” Kuchokera ku India kufika ku Egypt kupita ku United States, kuchokera ku Poland kufika ku Nicaragua, kuchokera ku Malaysia kufika ku Chile, kulimbana kotopetsa pakati pa ndale zadziko ndi chipembedzo kukupitirizabe.

Ichi nchosadabwitsa, si chachilendo. Chivumbulutso mutu 17 umalongosola chipembedzo chonse chonyenga monga mkazi wa chigololo, “Babulo Wamkulu,” amene akuchita chigololo ndi andale zadziko a padziko lapansi. Versi 4 mowonjezereka limasonyeza kukhala kwake “wokometseredwa ndi golidi ndi miyala ya mtengo wake ndi ngale.” Ulamuliro wa chipembedzo uli wosakhutiritsidwa, kugubuduka mu zosangulutsa, kusakaza chuma. Mu zana la 16, mabokosi a ndalama onyezimira a Tchalitchi cha Chikatolika anakoka chidwi kuyang’ana kolakalaka. Chofananacho chiri chowona mu bokosi la ndalama loikidwa zokometsera la zipembedzo zonse mu zana lathu la 20.

Maboma akuyang’ana kale ndi diso lokhumbira kulinga ku zopereka zoterozo. Albania anawona misikiti yoposa 2,000, matchalitchi, ndi nyumba zina za chipembedzo, ndipo kaya anazisandutsa izo zakudziko kapena kuzisakaza izo. Sunday Times inasimba mu 1984 kuti boma la Malta “linayamba kusilira chuma cha tchalitchi,” kuchotsako ndalama za sukulu za tchalitchi. Atafunsidwa ndimotani mmene tchalitchi chidzakumanizira kupereweraku, mtumwi wa boma anayankha kuti: “Ngati pangakhale chifuno, iwo angasungunule mitanda yawo ya golidi ndi maguwa a nsembe a siliva.” Tchalitchi cha Greek Orthodox chalimbana mwamphamvu ndi bungwe lopanga malamulo lomwe kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino linavomerezana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Chigriki yomwe idzatheketsa Boma kutenga ulamuliro pa chuma chachikulu cha tchalitchi (chifupifupi 10 peresenti ya gawo la dziko).

Pa dziko lonse, chipembedzo chiri chokhumudwitsa chachikulu. M’malo mwa kugwirizanitsa, icho chikugawanitsa pakati. Nyuzipepala imodzi ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya chiGerman inazindikira “mkangano pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti umene umafikira ku chidani.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung inalemba kuti ngakhale machitachita a chisonkhezero, okonzekeretsedwa kulumikiza mpata, anayamba kuchokera pa “kusagwirizana kwa chiweniweni, chidani chosagwirizanitsika pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti.” Elie Wiesel, wopeza Mphoto ya Pamwamba ya Chaka ya 1986, anagwidwa mawu mu nyuzipepala ya tsiku ndi tsiku ina ya chiGerman akunena kuti: “Kaŵirikaŵiri ndimaganiza kuti talephera. Ngati winawake anatiuza ife mu 1945 kuti tidzawonanso nkhondo zosonkhezeredwa ndi chipembedzo zikumenyedwa pa mbali zonse za dziko . . . sitikanakhulupirira icho.” Chipembedzo chimene chimayambitsa mavuto, kuyambitsa kapena kuchirikiza nkhondo, chiri chipembedzo chonyenga. Ndipo Mlengi analingalira kale lomwe kuchichotsa icho.

Mutu 17 wa Chivumbulutso siumasiya chikaikiro ponena za tsoka la chipembedzo chonse chonyenga. Mu versi 16 timaŵerenga kuti: “Nyanga khumi [mphamvu za boma mu gulu la Mitundu Yogwirizana] udaziwonazo, ndi chirombo [Mitundu Yogwirizana], izi zidzadana ndi mkazi wa chigololoyo [chipembedzo chonyenga] nizidzamkhalitsa wabwinja wausiwa, nizidzadya nyama yake, nizidzampsereza ndi moto.”

Kodi Mukuima Pati?

Chosangalatsa monga mmene chingawonekere, chipembedzo chonyenga chafikira kumapeto ake. Machitachita ake, miyambo, zikhulupiriro, ndi mwaŵi zidzatha posachedwapa. Chimenecho chingawonekere kukhala chosayenerera kwa inu monga mmene kunaliri kumira kwa Tchalitchi cha Chikatolika kwa anthu mu zana la 16. Koma madzi a Kukonzanso anali amphamvu koposa. Chuma cha Tchalitchi chinapita kwa anthu, mphamvu yake kwa maulamuliro. Mofananamonso m’tsiku lathu, mitundu idzayang’anira pa kusungunula komalizira kwa chipembedzo chonyenga.

Kodi chimenecho chimatanthauza chiyani kwa inu mwaumwini? Santhulani maulamuliro a zipembedzo kumene inu muli. Kodi chimene icho chimaira chimagwirizana ndi Baibulo m’njira iriyonse? Ngati ayi, chotero gulu lanu liri mbali ya “Babulo Wamkulu,” kapena ulamuliro wa dziko lonse wa chipembedzo chonyenga. Tsatirani lamulo lopezeka pa Chivumbulutso 18:4, limene limati: “Tulukani mmenemo, anthu anga, . . . kuti mungalandireko ya miliri yake.”

Kumbukirani, funde lalikulu lobweretsa chiwonongeko chomalizira ku chipembedzo chonyenga liri paulendo wake. Ilo lingawonedwe kumalekezero a dziko. Kodi nkuti kumene mudzaima pamene ilo zidzabweretsa chiwonongeko champhamvu? M’chigwa za kusiyana? Pa phiri la ulamuliro wina wa ku dziko? Kapena pa phiri la Yehova? Pali malo amodzi okha a chisungiko oyenera kukhalapo.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 27]

Mtsinje wamphamvu wa kukonzanso unasesa maziko enieni a chiphunzitso cha miyambo. Makonzedwe onga ngati chisinthiko, ufulu wa akazi, ndi ‘mkhalidwe watsopano’ zaseseka monga chikuni chokokedwa ndi madzi

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 28]

Pali chitsimikiziro champhamvu chakuti tikukhala pa mapeto penipeni pa funde lomalizira la kusinthika kwa chipembedzo. Kodi inu mudzapulumuka ilo?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 29]

Ngati winawake anatiuza ife mu 1945 kuti tidzawonanso nkhondo zosonkhezeredwa ndi chipembedzo zikuchitika ku mbali zonse zadziko, sitikanakhulupirira icho

[Bokosi patsamba 29]

South Africa: Chikhulupiriro cha Calvinist m’kulozeredweratu chinapereka maziko a zaumulungu ku tsankho la utundu. Nyuzipepala ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya chiGerman Frunkfurter Allgemeine Zeitung inatchula odziŵa zaumulungu monga Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (monga mmene Tchalitchi cha Dutch Reformed cha ku South Africa chinkadziŵikira) “odziŵa luso la kumanga a ndale zadziko za tsankho la utundu.”

Switzerland: Monga maziko a machitachita a chiCalvinist, Geneva inakoka chidwi cha zikwi za othaŵa nkhondo, omwe anabweretsa limodzi nawo chuma ndi chidziŵitso. Monga chotulukapo chake, ichi chidakali mzinda wosungira ndalama waukulu ndipo wapita patsogolo mu indasitri yotulutsa mawatch ndi makoloko.

India: Society of Jesus (Jesuits) inakula monga mbali ya Kutsutsa Kukonzanso, machitachita a kutsitsimula Chikatolika pambuyo pa kutembenuzidwa kwa Kukonzanso. Ziwalo za chitaganyacho zinafika ku gawo la Goa mu zana la 16, mwamsanga pambuyo pa kulamuliridwa kwake ndi Portugal. Chisonkhezero cha tchalitchi chikuwunikiridwa mwa anthu okhala m’dzikolo lerolino. Mu Goa, anthu 3 pa anthu 10 alionse ndi Akatolika, pamene mu India monga dziko lonse, kokha munthu mmodzi pa anthu 25 amadzinenera kukhala Mkristu.

England: Chaka cha 1605 chinawona James I, m’Protestanti, pa mpando wachifumu. Pamene chitsenderezo cha Akatolika m’dzikolo chinakula, chiwembu chinapangidwa cha kuphulitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Mfumu ndi onse. Opanga chiwembuwo, gulu la Akatolika lotsogozedwa ndi Guy Fawkes, linazindikiridwa ndi kuphedwa. November 5 imaika chizindikiro cha chikumbukiro cha Usiku wa Moto Waukulu wa pa Bwalo. Mabanja ndi mabwenzi amasonkhanabe kutenthetsa madzulo a chenyeziwo ndi moto ndi kuotcha “mnyamata,” kapena chizindikiro, cha wokupha.

[Zithunzi patsamba 26]

Martin Luther ndi John Calvin​—atsogoleri mu Kukonzanso