Kulamulira kwa Atsogoleri Achipembedzo​—Kodi Iko Kuli Yankho?

ANTHU pa dziko lonse atopa ndi kupanda chilungamo, kutsendereza, ndi kuipa kwa ndale zadziko. Iwo amafuna chinachake chabwinopo, monga momwe chikuwonekera kuchokera ku zoyesayesa zawo za kusintha atsogoleri a ndale zadziko. Koma atsogoleri atsopano mwa kamodzi kamodzi ngati amatero konse amawabweretsera anthuwo chikhutiritso.

Ena amalingalira kuti kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo kudzatulukapo boma labwino. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti atsogoleri achipembedzo akabweretsa mikhalidwe yaumulungu m’zochitachita za boma. Mwinamwake anali ndi chimenechi m’maganizo pamene nduna yachipembedzo Marion (Pat) Robertson, womenyera kukhala prezidenti wa U.S. mu 1988, anapemphera kuti “anthu aumulungu” akapambana ntchito ya ndale zadziko. Koma kodi ichi ndithudi chikayankha chifuno cha olamulira abwinopo?

Pamene Atsogoleri Achipembedzo Analamulira Europe

Mkati mwa Mibadwo Yapakati, atsogoleri achipembedzo anali ndi mphamvu ya kudziko yokulira. Nkulekeranji, popeza kuti apapa anali okhoza kuveka zisote zachifumu ndi kuchotsera ufumu mafumu! Mu 800 C.E., Papa Leo III anaveka chisoti chachifumu mfumu ya Chifrank Charlemagne monga wolamulira wa Ulamuliro Woyera Wachiroma. Kwa zaka chikwi, ulamuliro umenewu unaimira kugwirizana kwa Tchalitchi ndi Boma, ndipo mkati mwa nthaŵi imeneyo atsogoleri achipembedzo anasangalala ndi ukulu wosiyanasiyana wa mphamvu pa maulamuliro a kudziko.

Kuyambira ndi zana la 11, upapa unatenga mbali ya utsogoleri mu Europe. M’chigwirizano ndi ichi, The Columbia History of the World, yolembedwa ndi John Garraty ndi Peter Gay, ikunena kuti: “Tchalitchi chinali boma lalikulu koposa la Europe.” Bukhu limeneli likunenanso kuti tchalitchi chinali chokhoza “kusonyeza mphamvu yochulukirapo ya ndale zadziko kuposa boma lina lirilonse la Kumadzulo.” Kodi nchiyani chomwe chinali mkhalidwe wa anthu pansi pa kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo?

Palibe aliyense yemwe anali waufulu kulambira monga mmene anafunira kapena kulongosola malingaliro owombana ndi aja a atsogoleri achipembedzo. Kusalekerera kwa chipembedzo kumeneku kunayambitsa mkhalidwe wa mantha mu Europe monse. Tchalitchi chinakhazikitsa Kufufuzafufuza kofuna kuchotseratu anthu omwe anayesera kusungirira malingaliro osiyana. Akumalingaliridwa kukhala okana chikhulupiriro, iwo anabweretsedwa pamaso pa ofufuzafufuza, omwe anawazunza iwo kuti alape. Kaŵirikaŵiri, awo omwe anapezedwa aliwongo anatenthedwa pa mtengo.

Ponena za kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo mu Spain, The Columbia History of the World ikunena kuti: “Nkhondo ndi lingaliro la nkhondo zachipembedzo zinaphatikiza pamodzi mkhalidwe womamatira ku chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wolakalaka kutchuka ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo zomwe zinasungirira mphamvu zonse za ulamuliro m’bomalo. Kupita patsogolo kogwiritsira ntchito luntha kunatsekerezedwa ndi kusanthula ndi Kufufuzafufuza, komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi aliyense wotsutsa molimbana kaya ndi maphunziro a zaumulungu a lamulo kapena lamulo la boma.”

M’bukhu lake lakuti The Age of Faith, Will Durant ananena kuti: “Kupanga chiyeneretso chirichonse chofunikira kupatsidwa kwa katswiri wa mbiri yakale ndipo chololedwa kwa Mkristu, tiyenera kuika Kufufuzafufuza, pamodzi ndi nkhondo ndi zizunzo za m’nthaŵi yathu, kukhala pakati pa zinthu zoipitsitsa pa cholembera cha mtundu wa anthu, kuvumbula nkhalwe yosadziŵika m’chirombo chirichonse.” M’mibadwo Yapakati, kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo kunatanthauza kuwononga kwa maufulu aumwini.

Kodi wokonzanso Wachiprotesitanti John Calvin anasiyana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika? Chabwino, lingalirani chimene chinachitika pamene Michael Servetus anathaŵa chizunzo chochitidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo a ku Spain ndipo anagwidwa mu Geneva, Switzerland. Kumeneko, Calvin anali atangokhazikitsa chitaganya pa chimene iye ndi atumiki ake analamulira ndi mphamvu zotheratu. Chifukwa chakuti Servetus anakana Utatu, Calvin anafikira chimene Kufufuzafufuza kunalephera. Servetus anaweruzidwa ku imfa chifukwa cha kupatuka ndipo anatenthedwa pa mtengo. Calvin chotero anasonyeza kusalekerera kumodzimodziko konga kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika.

Kodi ulamuliro wa atsogoleri achipembedzo wa maboma a kudziko unatanthauza mtendere kaamba ka anthu a ku Europe? Ayi, ndithudi. M’malo mosangalala ndi mtendere, iwo anafunikira kupirira zaka za nkhondo yoyambitsidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo. Papa Urban II anayambitsa Nkhondo Yachipembedzo Yoyamba ndipo chotero kuyambitsa mipambo ya nkhondo yomwe inamenyedwa kwa zaka 200. Kuwonjezerapo, nkhondo zoyambitsidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo molimbana ndi anthu olingaliridwa kukhala okana chikhulupiriro zinatulukamo imfa ya zikwi za amuna, akazi, ndi ana.

Kodi kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo kunathetsa kuipa? Osati mpang’ono ponse. Bukhu lakuti A History of the Modern World, lolembedwa ndi R. R. Palmer ndi Joel Colton, likunena kuti: “Moyo wa tchalitchi unaipitsidwa ndi ndalama mowonjezerekawonjezereka. Palibe aliyense anakhulupirira mu ziphuphu; koma aliyense anadziŵa kuti anthu apamwamba ambiri atchalitchi (mofanana ndi nduna za boma zapamwamba za tsikulo) akanapatsidwa chiphuphu.” Kuipitsa pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo kunali chodandaula chofala.

Kodi kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo kunatulukamo chifundo kaamba ka anthu wamba? Kutalitali. Mwachitsanzo, lingalirani chimene chinachitika pamene Cardinal Richelieu wa ku France anatenga ulamuliro wa zochita za boma mkati mwa kulamulira kwa Louis XIII. Bukhu lakuti The History of the Nations, lolembedwa ndi Henry Cabot Lodge, likunena kuti “lamulo [la Richelieu] linazikidwa pa kuwonongedwa kwa maufulu a ku France.”

Mu Mexico mkati mwa zana la 17, matauni Achimwenye kaŵirikaŵiri anali kulamulidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo. Mogwirizana ndi bukhu lakuti Many Mexicos, lolembedwa ndi Lesley Simpson, atsogoleri achipembedzo analingalira mtengo woperekera chilango kukhala “thandizo losasiyika kaamba ka kuzamitsa ndi kusungirira maubwino Achikristu, limodzinso ndi kupereka chilango ku zolakwa za kudziko.”

Chotero mabukhu a mbiri yakale amatitheketsa ife kusanthula cholembera cha kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo mkati mwa zaka mazana angapo. Kodi nchiyani chimene cholembera chimenecho chimavumbula? Kusasamala kochititsa mantha kaamba ka chimwemwe, ubwino, ndi maufulu a anthu wamba. Ndithudi, kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo kwakhala kulamulira kwankhanza kosapiririka. Monga momwe Daniel Defoe analembera m’bukhu lake lakuti The True-Born Englishman: “Ndipo pa miliri yonse imene mtundu wa munthu wakanthidwa nayo, kulamulira kwankhalwe kwa tchalitchi kuli koipitsitsa.”

Chotero, motsimikizirika, kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo sikuli yankho ku zosoŵa za munthu kaamba ka boma labwinopo. Chotero, kodi ndi kwandani komwe tingatembenukire? Yankho liri lofikirika ndi aliyense, monga momwe tidzawonera.

[Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Calvin Wachiprotesitanti anasonyeza kusalekerera kumodzimodziko monga atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum