Kodi Timafunikiradi Oyambirirawo?

ZAKA 3,500 zapitazo, mwamuna wokalamba ku Middle East anasonkhanitsa mbiri yadziko lonse kufikira nthaŵi yake. Buku limenelo, limene linadzapanga mabuku aakulu asanu, liyenera kukhala linafunikiritsa kuyesayesa kwakukulu. Mwamunayo anali wazaka zoposa 80 zakubadwa pamene anayamba cholembedwa chake. Iye limodzi ndi mtundu wake analibe malo okhazikika koma anangoyendayenda kumalo ndi malo m’Chipululu cha Sinai. Komabe, pomalizira pake, zimene mwamuna wokalambayo analemba zinakhala mbali ya kulembedwa kwa mabuku kofunika koposa kumene dziko sirinakhalepo nako.

Mwamunayo adaali Mose, amene adapatsidwa mwaŵi ndi Mulungu wakutsogolera mtundu wa Israyeli wakale kutuluka muukapolo m’dziko la Igupto. Mabuku asanu amene anaŵalemba lerolino akutchedwa Pentateuch [mabuku asanu oyamba], mbali yoyambirira ya Baibulo Lopatulika. Mose anatsogozedwa ndi mzimu woyera wa Mulungu, kapena mphamvu yogwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale lerolino tikhoza kuŵerenga zolembedwa zake ndi kupindula kwambiri monga munthu aliyense payekha. Koma nthaŵi zina anthu amafunsa kuti: ‘Kodi tingakhaledi ndi chidaliro m’mawu a Mose ndi olemba Baibulo ena? Kodi tiri ndi malembo awo apamanja oyambirira? Ngati ayi, kodi nchiyani chimene chinachitika kwa iwo? Ndipo tingatsimikize motani kuti zimene ziri m’Baibulo ziridi zimene olemba ake anazilemba poyambirirapo?’

Zinthu Zolembapozo

Pali zifukwa zambiri zokhalira achidaliro kuti malingaliro a m’Baibulo sanasinthe chiyambire kulembedwa kwake koyamba. Nzowona kuti, ife tiribe malembo apamanja oyambirira a olemba Baibulo. Komatu sitiyenera kuyembekezera kukhala ndi malembo apamanja amenewo. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa cha zinthu zimene analembedwapo, mwambo winawake wakale Wachiyuda, ndi mbiri yakaleyo chiyambire kulembedwako.

Choyamba, chonde talingalirani zinthu zolembapozo. Zinthu zina zolembedwa pamene Baibulo linkasonkhanitsidwa zikadalipo. Koma zambiri za zimenezi zinalembedwa pamwala kapena dongo, zimene zingakhale kwanyengo zazitali. Komabe, kukuwonekera ngati kuti Baibulo poyambirira linalembedwa pacholembapo chokhoza kuwonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, zolembedwa zina za wolemba Baibulo Yeremiya zinatenthedwa ndi Mfumu Yehoyakimu. (Yeremiya 36:21-31) Magome amiyala kapena adongo sakanawonongedwa mosavuta motero.

Chotero, ndizolembapo zotani zimene zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi olemba Baibulo? Chabwino, “Mose anaphunzira nzeru zonse za Aigupto,” ndipo cholembapo chofala koposa mu Igupto chinali gumbwa. (Machitidwe 7:22) Chifukwa chake kulikothekera kuti, Mose analemba pacholembapo chokhoza kuwonongeka chimenechi. Cholembapo china chofala m’Middle East chinali chikopa chanyama​—ganda kapena chikopa chofufuta. Mwinamwake Yeremiya analemba pachikopa. Chikopa kapena gumbwa zinali zokhoza kuwonongeka pamene Mfumu Yehoyakimu anaponyera pamoto mpukutu wa Yeremiya.

Nzowona kuti, mu Igupto wotentha ndi wouma, malembo apamanja ambiri agumbwa sanawonongeke kwazaka zikwi zambiri. Koma zimenezo sizozoloŵereka. Kaŵirikaŵiri, zonse ziŵiri gumbwa ndi chikopa zimawonongeka mosavuta. Katswiri wina wotchedwa Oscar Paret akuti: “Zolembapo ziŵiri zonsezi zimawonongeka pamlingo wofananawo ndi chinyontho, tizirombo, ndi mphutsi zamitundumitundu. Timadziŵa mwa zochitika zamasiku onse mmene pepala, ndipo ngakhale chikopa cholimba, zimanyonyotsokera mosavuta pamalo apoyera kapena m’chipinda chachinyontho.”

Mu Israyeli wakale, kumene mabuku a Baibulo ochuluka analembedwera, mkhalidwe wakunja sunali wabwino pa kusunga malembo apamanja. Chifukwa chake, mwinamwake malembo apamanja ambiri a Baibulo oyambirirawo ananyonyotsoka kalekale. Ngakhale ngati sanatero, pali mwambo wakale Wachiyuda umene umakupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kuti akanakhalako kufikira m’tsiku lathu. Kodi umenewo ndimwambo wotani?

Kukwirira Malembo Apamanja

Mu 1896 katswiri wina akumafufuza mu genizah m’Cairo anapeza malembo apamanja akale okwanira 90,000 amene anasanduliza mafufuzidwe a mbiri yakale ya ku Middle East. Kodi genizah nchiyani? Ndipo kodi iyo iri ndi chochita chanji ndi malembo apamanja oyambirira a Baibulo?

Genizah ndicho chipinda mmene Ayuda anthaŵi zoyambirira anaikamo malembo apamanja ong’ambika osagwiranso ntchito. Katswiri Paul E. Kahle akulemba kuti: “Ayuda anali kuika zinthu zolembedwa ndi zosindikizidwa zosiyanasiyana m’zipinda zoterozo zokhala mkati kapena pafupi ndi masunagoge awo; cholinga chawo sichinali kuzisunga monga mosungamo zolembera zamakedzana za boma, koma zinayenera kukhala m’menemo mosadodometsedwa kwa nthaŵi yakutiyakuti. Ayudawo anawopa kuti zolembedwa zoterozo zimene mwinamwake zingakhale ndi dzina la Mulungu zingachitiridwe chipongwe mwakugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa. Chotero zolembedwa zoterozo​—ndipo pambuyo pake zosindikizidwa​—nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zinatengeredwa kumalo opatulika ndi kukakwiriridwa; motero zinawonongeka. Kunali kokha mwangozi kuti Geniza ya ku Cairo inaiŵalidwa ndikuti zamkati mwake sizinawonongedwe mofanana ndi mageniza ena.”​—The Cairo Geniza, tsamba 4.

Bwanji ngati malembo apamanja ena oyambirira a Baibulo sanawonongedwe kufikira nthaŵi pamene mwambo umenewu unayamba? Mosakaikira, malembo apamanjawo akanakhala atawonongeka chifukwa cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndipo akanakhala atakwiriridwa.

Zochitika za M’mbiri

Polingalira zimene zinakakhala zitachitika kumalembo apamanja oyambirira a Baibulo, mfundo yomalizira yosayenera kuiŵalidwa ndiyo mbiri yachipwirikiti ya maiko otchulidwa m’Baibulo. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani zimene zinachitikira mabuku olembedwa ndi Mose wokalambayo. Timauzidwa kuti: “Mose atatha kulembera mawu a chilamulo ichi m’buku, kufikira atalembera onse, Mose anauza Alevi akunyamula likasa la chipangano la Yehova, ndi kuti, landirani buku iri lachilamulo, nimuliike pambali pa likasa la chipangano la Yehova Mulungu wanu.”​—Deuteronomo 31:24-26.

Likasa la chipanganolo linali bokosi lopatulika lophiphiritsira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu pakati pa Israyeli. Ilo linatengeredwa m’Dziko Lolonjezedwa (limodzi ndi malembo apamanja a Mose), kumene linasungidwa m’malo osiyanasiyana. Kwanthaŵi ina, linafunkhidwa ndi Afilisti. Pambuyo pake, mfumu ya Israyeli Davide anabwezera Likasalo ku Yerusalemu, ndipo m’kupita kwanthaŵi linaikidwa m’kachisi amene Mfumu Solomo anamanga kumeneko. Koma Mfumu Ahazi anamanga guwa lansembe lachikunja m’kachisimo ndipo pambuyo pake naitseka. Mfumu Manase anaidzaza ndi kulambira kwachikunja.

Panthaŵiyo, kodi nchiyani chinachitika kulikasa lachipanganolo ndi zolembedwa za Mose? Sitidziŵa, koma zina za izo zinatayika. M’nthaŵi ya Mfumu Yosiya, ogwira ntchito pakachisi mosayembekezera anapeza “buku la chilamulo,” mwinamwake cholembedwa chenicheni cha Mose. (2 Mafumu 22:8) Unyinji wa zamkati mwake zinali zosadziŵika poyamba kwa mfumuyo, ndipo kuŵerengedwa kwake kunadzutsa chisonkhezero chachikulu chauzimu.​—2 Mafumu 22:11–23:3.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Yosiya, kachiŵirinso anthu a Yuda anatayanso chikhulupiriro ndipo pomalizira pake anatengedwa ukapolo ku Babulo. Kachisiyo anawonongedwa, ndipo chamtengo wapatali chirichonse chokhalamo chinatengeredwa ku Babulo. Palibe cholembedwa chirichonse chonena za zimene zinachitikira Likasalo kapena cholembedwa chamtengo wapatalicho chopezedwa m’nthaŵi ya Yosiya. Komabe, zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, pamene Ayuda ambiri amene anabwerera kudziko lakwawo analikulimbikitsidwa kumanganso Yerusalemu ndi kubwezeretsa kulambira koyera, wansembe Ezara ndi ena anaŵerenga kwa iwo poyera “buku la chilamulo cha Mose.” (Nehemiya 8:1-8) Motero, panali makope a zolembedwa zoyambirira. Kodi izo zinachokera kuti?

Kujambula Mawu a Mulungu

Mose ananeneratu nthaŵi pamene Israyeli akalamuliridwa ndi mfumu ndipo analemba lamulo lapadera iri: “Pakukhala iye pampando wachifumu wa ufumu wake, adzilembere chofanana cha chilamulo ichi m’buku, achitenge pa ichi chiri pamaso pa ansembe Alevi.” (Deuteronomo 17:18) Motero, makope ena a Malembawo anayenera kupangidwa.

M’kupita kwanthaŵi kujambula Malemba kunakhala ntchito yaukatswiri mu Israyeli. Ndithudi, Salmo 45:1, (NW) limati: “Lirime langa likhale la katswiri wojambula.” Ojambula oterowo onga Safani ndi Zadoki anatchulidwa maina. Koma wojambula wodziŵika koposa wanthaŵi zakale anali Ezara, yemwe anaperekanso zolembedwa zoyambirira ku Baibulo. (Ezara 7:6; Nehemiya 13:13; Yeremiya 36:10) Ngakhale pamene mbali za Baibulo zapambuyo pake zinali kulembedwa, mabuku omalizidwa kalewo anali kujambulidwa ndi kugaŵiridwa.

Pamene Yesu Kristu anali padziko lapansi, makope a Malemba a Chihebri (Genesis mpaka Malaki) analipo osati mu Yerusalemu mokha komanso mwachiwonekere m’masunagoge a ku Galileya. (Luka 4:16, 17) Eya, ku Bereya kutaliko ku Makedoniya, Ayuda a maganizo anzeru anakhoza ‘kusanthula Malemba tsiku ndi tsiku’! (Machitidwe 17:11) Lerolino pali makope a malembo apamanja odziŵika okwanira 1,700 a mabuku a Baibulo olembedwa Yesu asanabadwe, ndi ena 4,600 mwa osonkhanitsidwa ndi ophunzira ake (Mateyu mpaka Chivumbulutso).

Kodi makopewo anali olondola? Inde, anali otero kotheratu. Akatswiri ogwira ntchito yojambula Malemba Achihebri (otchedwa Asopherim) anali odera nkhaŵa koposa za kupeŵa zolakwa zirizonse. Kupenda ntchito yawo, iwo anaŵerenga mawu ngakhaledi zilembo za kope lirilonse la malembo apamanja amene anawajambula. Chotero, Yesu, mtumwi Paulo, ndi ena amene kaŵirikaŵiri anagwira mawu olemba Baibulo akale analibe chikaikiro ponena za kulondola kwa makope amene anawagwiritsira ntchito.​—Luka 4:16-21; Machitidwe 17:1-3.

Zowonadi, ojambula Achiyuda ndi ojambula Achikristu apambuyo pake sanali osakhoza kulakwa. Zolakwa zinaloŵapo, koma makope ambiri amene akadalipo amatithandiza kupeza zolakwazo. Motani? Eya, ojambula osiyanasiyana anapanga zolakwa zosiyansiyana. Motero, mwakuyerekezera ntchito ya ojambula osiyanasiyana, tingadziŵe zolakwa zawo zambiri.

Chifukwa Chimene Tingakhalire Achidaliro

Mu 1947 mipukutu yakale inatulukiridwa mosayembekezera m’mapanga am’mphepete mwa Nyanja Yamchere. Mipukutuyi inasonyeza mmene kujambula kwa Malemba kunaliri kolondola. Pakati pa mipukutuyo panali kope la buku la Baibulo la Yesaya lokhala lakale pafupifupi zaka chikwi kuposa malembo apamanja alionse okhalapo kale. Komabe, kuyerekezera kunasonyeza kuti kusiyana kokha pakati pa malembo apamanja a m’Nyanja Yamchere ndi makope apambuyo pake kunali m’zinthu zonga dongosolo la mawu ndi galamala. Tanthauzo la malembawo silinasinthe pambuyo pa zaka chikwi za kujambulidwa! Chifukwa chake, ponena za Malemba Achihebri, katswiri William Henry Green akanati: “Kunganenedwe motsimikiza kuti palibe buku lina lakale limene lalembedwa molondola chotero.” Ndemanga zofanana zanenedwa ponena za kulembedwa kolondola kwa Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu.

Zowonadi, kungakhale kosangalatsadi kupeza buku lenilenilo limene Mose kapena Yesaya analemba. Komatu ife sitifunikiradi oyambirirawo. Chofunika koposa sindicho bukulo koma ndicho zolembedwapo zake. Ndipo mozizwitsa, mosasamala kanthu za kupita kwa zaka mazana ambiri a chipwirikiti akujambula ndi kujambula kobwerezabwereza, tingakhale achidaliro kuti Baibulo likali ndi chidziŵitso chopezedwa m’malembo apamanja akale oyambirirawo. Motero, mawu a m’Malemba awa atsimikizira kukhala owona: “Anthu onse akunga udzu, ndi ulemerero wawo wonse ngati duŵa la udzu. Udzuwo ungofota, ndi duŵa lake lingogwa; koma mawu a Mulungu akhala chikhalire.”​—1 Petro 1:24, 25.