“Komabe Limayenda!”

“BAIBULO limaphunzitsa mmene tingapitire kumwamba, osati mmene miyamba imagwirira ntchito,” anatero wasayansi ndiponso wopanga zinthu wa m’zaka za zana la 16 wa Chitaliyana Galileo Galilei. Chikhulupiriro choterocho chinamsemphanitsa ndi Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, chimene chinamuwopsa ndi kuzunza ndi kuponyedwa m’ndende. Zaka 350 pambuyo pake, tchalitchi chinapendanso kuchita kwake ndi Galileo. Zimene zinachitika m’nthaŵi ya Galileo zatchedwa “mkangano pakati pa sayansi yotsimikizirika ndi chiphunzitso chatchalitchi chosatsimikizirika.”

Lerolino, ofufuza chowonadi angaphunzire ku chokumana nacho cha Galileo. Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji mkangano umenewo unachitika? Kupenda malingaliro ovomerezedwa a sayansi a nthaŵi yake kudzapereka yankho.

Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 16, dziko lapansi linalingaliridwa kukhala chitima cha chilengedwe chonse. Kunalingaliridwa kuti mapulaneti anali kuyenda molizungulira bwino lomwe. Ngakhale kuti sanatsimikiziridwe ndi njira zasayansi, malingaliro ameneŵa anavomerezedwa mosatsutsika kukhala zenizeni zotsimikizirika. Ndithudi, sayansi limodzi ndi “malingaliro ake achinsinsi” sinali yolekanitsidwa ndi chipembedzo.

Galileo anabadwira m’dziko loterolo m’banja lolemekezeka m’Pisa mu 1564. Abambo ŵake anafuna kuti iye aphunzire zamankhwala, koma mnyamata wofunitsitsa kudziŵa zinthuyo anakopeka ndi masamu. M’kupita kwanthaŵi, monga profesa wa sayansi, anatumba malamulo ena a nyonga. Pamene mafotokozedwe a ziŵiya zowonera zinthu zakutali zoyambirira za ku Netherlands anamfika, iye anawongolera kwakukulu zopanga zake napanga chiŵiya chake chapamwamba. Anachiyang’anitsa kumwamba nafalitsa zimene anaphunzira m’bukhu lake loyamba la, Sidereus Nuncius (Mthenga Wanyenyezi), kudziŵikitsa miyezi inayi ya Jupiter ku mbadwo wake. Mu 1611 anaitanidwa ku Roma, kumene anapereka zopeza zake ku Jesuit Collegio Romano (Koleji Yachiroma). Anamlemekeza pamsonkhano umene anavomereza zotumba zake.

Ziphunzitso Zotsutsidwa ndi Tchalitchi

Modabwitsa, Galileo asanachoke m’Roma, Jesuit wokhala ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu, Kadinala Bellarmine, anayambitsa kufufuza ziphunzitso za Galileo. Galileo anakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chimalamulidwa ndi malamulo amene anthu angawaphunzire mwakufufuza. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinatsutsa lingaliro limeneli.

Ngakhale akatswiri ena a zakuthambo anatsutsa lingaliro la Galileo. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti kunali kosatheka kuti chiŵiya chowonera zakutali chingawongolere zenizeni ndikuti chiŵiyacho chinali chinyengo. Wansembe wina anapereka lingaliro lakuti nyenyezi zimene anaziona zinaikidwa pa galasi lowoneralo! Pamene Galileo anatumba mapiri a mwezi, kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zakumwamba sizinali zobulungira kwenikweni, Clavius wansembe anatsutsa kuti mwezi unaikidwa m’krustalo, kotero kuti, ngakhale kuti munthu angawone mapiriwo, unali wobulungirabe! Galileo poyankha anati: “Izi nzopeka.”

Chisonkhezero champhamvu cha Galileo chakuŵerenga “Bukhu la Chilengedwe,” monga momwe anatchera phunziro lachilengedwe, chinamtsogoza ku bukhu la katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus. Mu 1543, Copernicus anafalitsa bukhu losonyeza kuti dziko lapansi limazungulira dzuŵa. Galileo anatsimikizira zimenezi. Komabe, zinamsemphanitsa Galileo ndi magulu asayansi, ndale, ndi chipembedzo a m’tsiku lake.

Pamene kuli kwakuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinagwiritsira ntchito kupenda zakuthambo kwa Copernicus kukhazikitsa madeti, monga ngati Isitala, malingaliro a Copernicus anali asanatengedwe kukhala ovomerezeka. Akuluakulu a tchalitchi anachilikiza nthanthi ya Aristotle yakuti dziko lapansi linali chitima cha chilengedwe chonse. Komabe, malingaliro atsopano a Galileo anatokosa mbiri yawo ndi mphamvu yawo.

Ngakhale kuti asayansi odziimira paokha m’Ulaya monse anagwira ntchito zolimba kutsimikizira dongosolo la Copernicus, iwo anali okhutira kukambitsirana asayansi okha okha. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinawalola kuchita zimenezo. Galileo sanalembe m’Chilatin koma m’Chitaliyana cha anthu wamba ndipo chotero anatchukitsa zotumba zake. Atsogoleri achipembedzo analingalira kuti sanali kutokosa iwo okha komanso Mawu a Mulungu.

Siliri Bukhu Lasayansi

Ndithudi, kutumba zenizeni zokhudza chilengedwe sikulidi kutokosa Mawu a Mulungu. Ophunzira Mawu amenewo amazindikira kuti Baibulo siliri bukhu lasayansi, ngakhale kuti liri lolondola pamene likhudza nkhani zasayansi. Linalembedwa kaamba ka kukula kwauzimu kwa okhulupirira, osati kuwaphunzitsa physics kapena sayansi ina yachilengedwe. (2 Timoteo 3:16, 17) Galileo anavomereza zimenezi. Iye anapereka lingaliro lakuti pali zinenero zamitundu iwiri: mawu achindunji asayansi ndi mawu atsiku ndi tsiku a olemba ouziridwa. Iye analemba kuti: “Kuli kofunika m’Malemba . . . kumveketsa kwa anthu wamba, kunena zinthu zambiri zimene zimawoneka zosiyana (m’tanthauzo la mawuwo) ndi chowonadi chenicheni.”

Muli zitsanzo za chimenechi m’malemba osiyanasiyana a Baibulo. Lina ndilo Yobu 38:6, pamene Baibulo limalankhula za dziko lapansi kukhala liri ndi “maziko” ndi “mwala . . . wa pangondya.” Ena anagwiritsira molakwa zimenezi monga umboni wakuti dziko lapansi nlomamatizidwa zolimba. Mawu oterowo sanalembedwe monga malongosoledwe asayansi a dziko lapansi, koma m’malomwake, amayerekeza kulengedwa kwa dziko lapansi ndi kumanga nyumba, Yehova akumakhala Womanga Wamkulu.

Monga momwe wolemba mbiri ya anthu ena L. Geymonat akusonyezera m’bukhu lake lakuti Galileo Galilei: “Akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu osaganiza mwakuya amene anafuna kuikira sayansi malire molingana ndi kulingalira kwa Baibulo sakachita chirichonse koma kunyoza Baibulo lenilenilo.” Anthu ouma mutu anachita zimenezo pa zifukwa zadyera. Kalata inatumizidwa ku Ofesi Yopatulika kupempha kufufuza zonena za Galileo.

Pa February 19, 1616, akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu Achikatolika anapatsidwa zosankha ziŵiri: (1) “dzuŵa ndilo chitima cha chilengedwe chonse” ndi (2) “dziko lapansi siliri chitima cha chilengedwe chonse.” Pa February 24 iwo anatcha malingalirowa kukhala opusa ndi manong’onong’o. Galileo analamulidwa kuleka kumamatira kapena kuphunzitsa nthanthi zoterozo.

Galileo analetsedwa kunena chirichonse. Sichinali Tchalitchi cha Katolika chokha chomwe chinamtsutsa koma mabwenzi ake analibe mphamvu yakumthandiza. Iye anangodzipereka kupanga kufufuza. Pakanapanda kusintha kwa papa mu 1623, mwinamwake sitikanamvanso za iye. Komabe, papa watsopanoyo, Urban VIII, anali wophunzira ndiponso mchilikizi wa Galileo. Galileo anauzidwa kuti papayo sakatsutsa bukhu latsopano. Iye anakambiranadi ndi papa. Pambuyo pa kulankhula kowona mtima kowenekera kumeneku kwa papa, Galileo anayamba kulemba bukhu lake.

Ngakhale kuti bukhu la Galileo la Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems linafalitsidwa choyamba mwachilolezo cha Chikatolika mu 1632, chikondwerero cha papa chinatha mwamsanga. Pamsinkhu wazaka 70, Galileo anaitanidwa kukawonekera kachiŵiri pamaso pa Bwalo Lachiweruzo. Chinenezo cha mlandu wa kukaikiridwa ndi manong’onong’o chinafunikira kuti chivomerezo cha tchalitchi cha kufalitsa bukhulo chifotokozedwe poyamba, ndipo kunanenedwa kuti mwachinyengo Galileo anabisa chiletso choyambiria pa chiphunzitso cha Copernicus. Popeza kuti bukhu la Dialogue linayerekezera madongosolo a zakuthambo, kuphatikizapo aja a Copernicus, kunanenedwa kuti linalakwira chiletsocho.

Galileo anayankha kuti bukhu lake linasuliza la Copernicus. Chinali chodzikhululukira nacho chosaphula kanthu, popeza kuti m’bukhumo munali nkhani yogomeka maganizo yonena za Copernicus. Ndiponso, papa anaimiridwa ndi munthu wopusa m’bukhulo, Simplicio, mwakutero anachimwira Papa Urban VIII.

Galileo Apezedwa ndi Mlandu wa Manong’onong’o

Galileo anapezedwa waliŵongo. Popeza anali kale wodwala ndipo anawopsezedwa ndi chizunzo kusiyapo kokha ngati asintha, iye anasintha. Atagwada pansi analumbira kuti: “Ndikuvomereza . . . zolakwa ndi manong’onong’o onenedwawo . . . sindidzalankhulanso . . . popeza zinthu zoterozo zingandipangitse kukaikiridwanso.” Modabwitsa, nthano zimati pamene anadzuka, anakantha pansi nang’ung’udza kuti, “Eppur si muove! [Komabe limayenda!]”

Chilango chake chinali kuponyedwa m’ndende ndi kuzunzidwa kufikira imfa yake, yomwe inachitika zaka zisanu ndi zinayi pambuyo pake. Kalata imene analemba mu 1634 inati: “Silingaliro langa limene linayambitsa mkanganowo, koma tsoka langa ndi a Jesuit.”

Mu 1822 chiletsocho chinachotsedwa pa mabuku ake. Koma munali mu 1979 pamene Papa John Paul II anadzutsanso funsolo ndikuvomereza kuti Galileo “anavutitsidwa kwambiri . . . ndi anthu ndi magulu a Tchalitchi.” M’nyuzipepala ya Vatican, L’Osservatore Romano, Mario D’Addio, chiŵalo chotchuka cha gulu lapadera lokhazikitsidwa ndi Papa John Paul II kusanthulanso chiweruzo cha Galileo cha mu 1633, anati: “Manong’onong’o a Galileo sakuwonekera kukhala ndi maziko alionse, ngakhale m’maphunziro azaumulungu kapena m’lamulo la tchalitchi.” Malinga ndi kunena kwa D’Addio, khoti la Bwalo Lachiweruzo linapyola ulamuliro wake​—nthanthi za Galileo sizinalakwire lamulo lirilonse la chikhulupiriro. Nyuzipepala ya Vatican imeneyo inavomereza kuti chiweruzo cha Galileo cha manong’onong’o chinali chopanda maziko.

Kodi tikuphunziranji ku chokumana nacho cha Galileo? Mkristu ayenera kuzindikira kuti Baibulo siliri bukhu lophunzirira sayansi. Pamene pawonekera kukhala kusemphana pakati pa Baibulo ndi sayansi, iye safunikira kugwirizanitsa “kusiyana” kulikonse. Ndiiko komwe, chikhulupiriro cha Mkristu chiri chozikidwa pa ‘mawu a Kristu,’ osati pa ukumu wa sayansi. (Aroma 10:17) Ndiponso, sayansi ikusinthabe. Nthanthi imene imawonekera kutsutsana ndi Baibulo ndipo imene ili yotchuka lerolino ingapezedwe kukhala yolakwa tsiku lotsatira ndipo ingakanidwe.

Komabe, pamene analoza ku nkhani ya Galileo kusonyeza kutsendereza sayansi kwa chipembedzo, asayansi angachite bwino kukumbukira kuti zimene Galileo anatumba sizinavomerezedwe ndi magulu ofufuza a m’tsiku lake. Mosemphana ndi lingaliro lapanthaŵiyo, Baibulo silinali losemphana ndi chowonadi chimenecho. Mawu a Mulungu sanafunikire kulembedwanso. Kunali kumasulira Baibulo kolakwika kwa Tchalitchi cha Katolika kumene kunapangitsa vutolo.

Aliyense ayenera kusonkhezeredwa ndi kugwirizana kodabwitsa ndi lamulo lachibadwa m’chilengedwe chonse kuyamikira Mlengi, Yehova Mulungu. Galileo anafunsa kuti: “Kodi Ntchitoyo ili yosalemekezeka kwenikweni kuposa Mawuwo?” Mtumwi akuyankha kuti: ‘Chilengedwere dziko lapansi zawoneka bwino zosawoneka [za Mulungu] . . . popeza zazindikirika ndi zinthu zolengedwa.’​—Aroma 1:20.