Kulemekeza Mafano​—Nkhani Yamkangano

KUDERA lina la Poland, mwamuna wina akuti anyamuke ndi kuyamba ulendo wake. Komabe asanatero, ayenera kuchita kanthu kena kofunika. Agwada pamaso pa fano la Yesu, kupereka nsembe, napempherera chitetezo paulendo wake.

Pamtunda wamakilomita zikwi zambiri, ku Bangkok, Thailand, mukhoza kuwona phwando loyamba la Chibuda lochitika chaka ndi chaka, panthaŵi imene mwezi umakhala wathunthu m’May. Pochita phwandolo fano la Buddha limanyamulidwa ndi anthu oyenda m’ligubo m’makwalala.

Mosakaikira mudziŵa kuti kulemekeza mafano, monga kumene kwangotchulidwa, kuli kofala. Kwenikweni anthu mabiliyoni ambiri amagwadira mafano. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri mafano awonedwa monga njira yaikulu yoyandikirira pafupi ndi Mulungu.

Kodi mumakulingalira motani kugwiritsira ntchito mafano polambira? Kodi kulemekeza mafano nkolondola kapena nkolakwa? Kodi Mulungu amakuwona motani? Kodi pali umboni uliwonse wakuti amavomereza kulambira koteroko? Mwina inu panokha simunawalingalirepo mosamalitsa mafunso oterowo. Komabe, ngati mumafunadi kukhala ndi unansi ndi Mulungu, mufunikira kupeza mayankho ake.

Kunena zowona, kwakhala kovuta kwa ena kuithetsa nkhaniyi. Kwenikweni, yakhala nkhani yobutsa mikangano yowopsa ndipo nthaŵi zina yachiwawa kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kalelo m’chaka cha 1513 B.C.E., mtsogoleri wa Ahebri Mose anawononga fano lamwana wa ng’ombe lagolidi ndipo anapha ndi lupanga amuna pafupifupi 3,000 omwe analilemekeza.​—Eksodo, mutu 32.

Kutsutsa kwamphamvu kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafano sikunalekezere kwa Ayuda okha. Olemba mbiri akudziko amakedzana anasunga nthanthi ya Takhmūrūp, wolamulira wa Peresiya amene akunenedwa kukhala anachita mkupiti waukulu wotsutsa kulemekeza mafano zaka mazana ambiri Mose asanakhale. Ku Tchaina, zikusimbidwa kuti mfumu ina inathira nkhondo yotsutsa zifanizo za milungu yambiri. Mafanowo atawonongedwa, mfumuyo inatsutsa mwamphamvu kulemekezedwa kwa milungu yopangidwa ndi dongo kukhala kupusa. Pambuyo pake, pamene Muhammad anali mwana wamg’ono, panali Aluya amene anatsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafano polambira. Chiyambukiro chawo pa Muhammad chinachititsa kutsutsa kwake kupembedza mafano m’zaka zapambuyo pake. M’Koran, Muhammad amaphunzitsa kuti kupembedza mafano kuli tchimo losakhululukirika, opembedza mafano sayenera kuwapempherera, ndikuti kukwatira opembedza mafano nkoletsedwa.

Ngakhale m’Chikristu Chadziko akuluakulu achipembedzo otchuka a m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri, lachitatu, lachinayi, ndi lachisanu C.E., monga Irenaeus, Origen, Eusebius wa ku Kaesareya, Epiphanius, ndi Augustine, anatsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafano polambira. Chakuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lachinayi C.E., ku Elvira, Spanya, gulu la abishopu linapanga zigamulo zingapo zazikulu zotsutsa kulemekeza mafano. Bungwe la Elvira lotchukalo linaletsa mafano m’matchalitchi ndi kukhazikitsa zilango zowopsa pa olambira mafano.

Otsutsa Mafano

Zochitika zimenezi zinatsegulira njira umodzi wa mikangano yaikulu koposa m’mbiri: mkangano wotsutsa mafano wa m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi lachisanu ndi chinayi. Wolemba mbiri wina ananena kuti “mkangano wowopsa [umenewu] unapitiriza kwa zaka zana limodzi ndi theka, ndipo unadzetsa kuvutika kosaneneka” ndikuti unali “umodzi wa zochititsa zenizeni za kulekana kwa maufumu Akum’maŵa ndi Akumadzulo.”

Zoyesayesa zolinganizidwa zimenezi zotsutsa mafano zinaphatikizapo kuchotsedwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mafano kuzungulira Ulaya yense. Malamulo ambiri otsutsa mafano anaperekedwa kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafano polambira. Kulemekeza mafano kunakhala nkhani yowopsa yandale imene inaloŵetsa mafumu ndi apapa, akazembe ndi abishopu m’nkhondo yokangana m’zachipembedzo.

Ndipo imeneyi sinali chabe nkhondo yamawu. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, yolembedwa ndi McClintock ndi Strong, imanena kuti pamene Mfumu Leo III anapereka lamulo lotsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafano m’matchalitchi, anthu “muunyinji wawo analikana lamulolo, [ndipo zinabutsa chiwawa tsiku ndi tsiku,] makamaka ku Constantinople.” Kulimbana pakati pa olamulira ndi anthu kunachititsa kunyongedwa ndi kuphedwa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Agulupa anazunzidwa mwankhanza. Zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake, m’zaka za zana la 16, kukambirana kokangana kwapoyera kungapo kunachitika m’Zurich, Switzerland, pankhani yonena za mafano m’matchalitchi. Chotero, lamulo lakuchotsa mafano onse m’matchalitchi linavomerezedwa. Okonzanso ena anatchuka chifukwa chakutsutsa kwawo kwamphamvu ndi kwachiwawa kwa kulambira mafano.

Ngakhale lerolino pali kugaŵanikana kwakukulu pakati pa akatswiri azaumulungu ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito mafano polambira. Nkhani yotsatira idzakuthandizani kuwona ngati mafano angathandizedi anthu kuyandikira pafupi ndi Mulungu.