Kuwonjezereka kwa Zochitika za Mbiri Yoipa
KODI mwaona kuti mitu ya nkhani yolengeza mbiri yoipa yasonkhezera chidwi cha oŵerenga ambiri kuposa ija imene imanena za mbiri yabwino? Kaya ukhale mutu wa nkhani wa m’nyuzipepala wonena za tsoka lachilengedwe kapena mseche wina wosonkhezera maganizo wosonyezedwa m’mawu aakulu pachikuto choyamba cha magazini onyezimira, zikuchita ngati kuti mbiri yoipayo imagulidwa kwambiri kuposa mbiri yabwino.
Lerolino mbiri yoipa siisoŵa. Komano nthaŵi zina munthu amadabwa kaya ngati mbiri yoipayo ndiyo imene osimba nkhani ndi atolankhani amaphunzitsidwa kukafunafuna ndi kuisonyeza—akumapatulapo mbiri yabwino iliyonse.
Yochuluka m’Mbiri Yonse
Ndithudi, mbiri yoipa yakhala yochuluka m’zaka mazana ambiri kuposa mbiri yabwino iliyonse. M’zolembedwa za m’mbiri, zinthu zalemerera kwambiri pa kuvutika kwa anthu, kugwiritsidwa mwala, ndi kuthedwa nzeru, zimene zakhala mkhalidwe wa anthu.
Tiyeni tilingalire zitsanzo zoŵerengeka chabe. Buku lakuti Chronicle of the World, lolinganizidwa ndi Jacques Legrand, lili ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana, iliyonse yolembedwa pa deti lakelake la chochitikacho koma monga ngati inali kusimbidwa ndi mtolankhani wamakono yemwe akusimba chochitikacho. Kuchokera m’malipoti ameneŵa ofufuzidwa bwino, timaona bwino kwambiri kufalikira kwa mbiri yoipa imene anthu amva pa kukhalako kwawo konse pa pulaneti la Dziko Lapansi pano.
Choyamba, lingalirani za lipoti ili lakale lochokera ku Greece mu 429 B.C.E. Likusimba za nkhondo imene inali mkati panthaŵiyo pakati pa Aatene ndi Asparta: “M’boma la mzinda wa Potidaea laumirizidwa kugonja kwa Aatene olizinga mutagwa njala yaikulu kwambiri kwakuti anthu ake akhala akudya mitembo ya akufa awo.” Mbiri yoipadi!
Pofika m’zaka za zana loyamba Nyengo Yathu isanafike, timapeza lipoti lina lamphamvu lofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane imfa ya Julius Caesar, lokhala ndi deti la March 15, 44 B.C., Roma. “Julius Caesar waphedwa. Analasidwa kufikira imfa ndi kagulu kachiŵembu, ena a iwo mabwenzi ake apamtima, pamene amafuna kukhala pa mpando m’Nyumba ya Aphungu lero, pa Ides ya March.”
Mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri zimene zinatsatira, mbiri yoipa inapitiriza kuchuluka. Chitsanzo chimodzi chowopsa ndicho nkhani iyi ya ku Mexico mu 1487: “M’chisonyezero chochititsa kakasi cha kupereka nsembe chimene sichinaonedwepo m’likulu la Aaziteki, Tenochtitlan, anthu 20,000 ataya mitima yawo kwa Huitzilopochtli, mulungu wa nkhondo.”
Si nkhanza ya munthu yokha imene yatulutsa mbiri yoipa komanso kusasamala kwake kwawonjezera pampambo wautaliwo. Zikuchita ngati kuti moto waukulu wa mu London unali tsoka lalikulu lotero. Lipoti la ku London, England, la deti la September 5, 1666, limati: “Potsirizira pake, patapita mausana ndi mausiku anayi, moto wa mu London wazimitsidwa ndi kalonga wa York, amene anapititsa magulu ankhondo apamadzi kukaphulitsa nyumba zimene zinali m’njira mwa motowo. [Mahekitala pafupifupi 160] apsa limodzi ndi matchalitchi ake 87 ndipo nyumba zoposa 13,000 zawonongedwa. Modabwitsa, anthu asanu ndi anayi okha ndiwo amene afa.”
Tiyenera kuwonjezera miliri imene yabuka m’makontinenti pa zitsanzo za mbiri yoipa zimenezi—mwachitsanzo, mliri wa kolera wa m’zaka za m’ma 1830. Mutu wina wa nyuzipepala ukusimba kuti: “Mantha a kolera agwira Ulaya.” Lipoti lotsatira lodalirika likusonyeza mbiri yoipa yowopsa: “Kolera, yosadziŵika ku Ulaya kufikira 1817, ikufalikira chakumadzulo kwake kuchokera ku Asia. Anthu ambiri a mizinda ya Russia monga wa Moscow ndi St. Petersburg afa nayo kale—unyinji wa iwo ndi anthu osauka okhala m’madera a mumzinda.”
Kufalikira m’Zaka Zaposachedwapa
Chotero pamene kuli kwakuti nzoona kuti mbiri yoipa yachitikadi m’mbiri yonse yolembedwa, zaka makumi zaposachedwapa za m’zaka za zana la 20 lino zikusonyeza kuti mbiri yoipa ikuwonjezereka, ikufalikiradi mofulumira.
Mosakayikira, mbiri ya nkhondo yakhala mtundu woipitsitsa wa mbiri yoipa imene yamveka zaka za zana lathu lino. Nkhondo ziŵiri zazikulu koposa m’mbiri—moyenerera zotchedwa kuti Nkhondo Yadziko I ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II—zinachititsadi mbiri yoipa kusimbidwa pamlingo wowopsa. Koma kwenikweni zimenezi zangokhala mlingo wochepa chabe wa mbiri yoipa imene zaka za zana lino lopanda chimwemwe lapereka.
Lingalirani za mitu ya nkhani yoŵerengeka chabe yosankhidwa mwawamba:
September 1, 1923: Chivomezi chisalaza Tokyo—300,000 afa; September 20, 1931: Mavuto—Britain achepetsa mphamvu ya paundi; June 25, 1950: North Korea aguba kuloŵa mu South; October 26, 1956: Anthu a ku Hungary aukira ulamuliro wa Soviet; November 22, 1963: John Kennedy aphedwa ndi mfuti ku Dallas; August 21, 1968: Akasinja a Russia aloŵa m’Prague kuti athetse chipanduko; September 12, 1970: Majeti obedwa aphulitsidwa m’chipululu; December 25, 1974: Mkuntho wa Cyclone Tracy usalaza Darwin—66 afa; April 17, 1975: Cambodia alandidwa ndi magulu achikomyunizimu; November 18, 1978: Anthu ochuluka adziphera pamodzi ku Guyana; October 31, 1984: Akazi a a Gandhi aphedwa ndi mfuti; January 28, 1986: Chombo cha mumlengalenga chiphulika ponyamuka; April 26, 1986: Makina amagetsi a Soviet Union apsa ndi moto; October 19, 1987: Chuma chitsika kumisika yake; March 25, 1989: Alaska aloŵa m’vuto lalikulu la kukhutukira kwa mafuta m’nyanja; June 4, 1989: Magulu ankhondo apululutsa mwankhanza ochita chisonyezero cha kutsutsa ku Tiananmen Square.
Inde, mbiri imasonyeza kuti mbiri yoipa nthaŵi zonse yakhala yochuluka, pamene kuli kwakuti mbiri yabwino yakhala yosamvekamveka. Pamene mbiri yoipa yafalikira m’zaka makumi zaposachedwapa, mbiri yabwino yazimiririka pamene chaka chilichonse chipyola.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji zimenezi ziyenera kukhala choncho? Kodi zidzakhala choncho nthaŵi zonse?
Nkhani yotsatira idzayankha mafunso aŵiriwa.
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]
WHO/Chigwirizano cha Red Cross