Mmene Baibulo Linadzafikira kwa Ife​—Mbali Yoyambaa

MU KASHOPU kakang’ono, wosindikiza wina ndi mnzake wachinyamata akugwirira ntchito limodzi pamakina osindikizira amtengo, mosamalitsa akumaika mapepala osalemba kanthu pamwamba pa zilembo. Pamene awasolola, apenda mawu osindikizidwawo. Kenako apachika mapepala opindawo pachingwe chomangidwa kuchokera kuchipupa ichi mpaka ku chinacho kuti aume.

Mwadzidzidzi, akumva kugogoda kwamphamvu pachitseko. Pochita mantha, wosindikizayo afungula chitsekocho, basi pompho gulu la asilikali onyamula zidawo lingoti lokoto m’nyumbamo! Ayamba kufunafuna buku loletsedwa koopsa​—Baibulo la m’chinenero cha anthu wamba!

Iwo achedwa. Pokhala atachenjezedwa za ngoziyo, wotembenuza wina ndi womthandiza wake athamangira kale kushopuko, anyamula mapepalawo m’manja mwawo, ndipo tsopano akuthaŵira ku mtsinje wa Rhine. Iwo ndithu apulumutsako ina ya ntchito yawo.

Wotembenuza ameneyu anali William Tyndale, poyesayesa kutulutsa Baibulo lake lachingelezi loletsedwalo la “Chipangano Chatsopano” ku Cologne, Germany, mu 1525. Zimene zinamchitikirazo zinadzakhala zofala. M’nyengo yonse ya zaka pafupifupi 1,900 chimalizidwire kulembedwa kwa Baibulo, amuna ndi akazi ambiri anali okonzeka kutaya chilichonse kotero kuti atembenuze Mawu a Mulungu ndi kuwafalitsa. Ifenso lero tidakapindulabe ndi ntchito yawo. Kodi iwo anachitanji? Kodi ma Baibulo amene panopo tili nawo m’manja anatifikira motani?

Kukopa ndi Kutembenuza Baibulo m’Nthaŵi Zakale

Atumiki oona a Mulungu nthaŵi zonse alemekeza kwambiri Mawu ake. New Catholic Encyclopedia ikutsimikizira zimenezo ponena kuti: “Mofanana ndi makolo awo achiyuda, Akristu oyambirira anaona kuŵerenga Mabuku Opatulika kukhala kofunika kwambiri. Potsanzira chitsanzo cha Yesu, (Mt 4.4; 5.18; Lk 24.44; Yh 5.39), Atumwiwo anawadziŵa bwino kwambiri mawu a mu OT [chipangano chakale] zimene zimasonyeza kuti ayenera kuti anachiŵerenga nthaŵi yaitali ndiponso mosamalitsa ndi kuchiphunzira, nasonkhezeranso ophunzira awo kuchita zimenezo. (Arom 15.4; 2 Tm 3.15-17).”

Kuti zimenezo zitheke, anapanga makope a Baibulo. M’nthaŵi zakale, Chikristu chisanakhaleko, ntchito imeneyi inachitidwa kwambiri ndi ‘alembi aluntha’ amene kulemba zolakwa anakuona kukhala chinthu choopsa. (Ezara 7:6, 11, 12) Poyesetsa kukopa zenizenizo, iwo anakhazikitsa chitsanzo chapamwamba kwa okopa Baibulo onse amtsogolo.

Komabe, m’zaka za zana lachinayi B.C.E., panabuka vuto lina. Alexander Wamkulu anafuna kuti anthu onse padziko lapansi aphunzire makhalidwe a Agiriki. Zilakiko zake zinachititsa kuti Chigiriki cha anthu wamba, kapena Chikoini, chikhale chinenero cha onse m’Middle East yense. Kaamba ka chimenecho, Ayuda ambiri anakula osadziŵa kuŵerenga Chihebri choncho sankatha kuŵerenga Malemba. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi 280 B.C.E., kagulu ka akatswiri amaphunziro achihebri kanasonkhana ku Alexandria, mu Egypt, kuti atembenuze Baibulo lachihebri m’Chikoini chomwe chinali chofala. Malemba amene anawatembenuza anadzatchedwa Septuagint, liwu lachigiriki lotanthauza “Sevente,” kuyerekezera chiŵerengero cha otembenuza amene anatengamo mbali. Analimaliza pafupifupi 150 B.C.E.

M’nthaŵi ya Yesu, anthu ankhalankhulabe Chihebri m’Palestina. Komabe chinenero chachikulu kumeneko chinali Chikoini ndiponso m’zigawo zina zakutali za dziko la Roma. Choncho, olemba Baibulo achikristu anagwiritsira ntchito Chigiriki chofala chimenechi kotero kuti anthu ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amve. Ndiponso, iwo anagwira mawu mwaufulu mu Septuagint imeneyo nagwiritsira ntchito mawu ambiri a mmenemo.

Popeza kuti Akristu oyambirira anali amishonale okangalika, posakhalitsa anakhala aluntha pakugwiritsira ntchito Septuagint popereka umboni wakuti Yesu ndiye anali Mesiyayo woyembekezeredwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Izi zinakwiyitsa Ayuda ndipo zinawachititsa kutembenuza mwatsopano malemba ena m’Chigiriki, akumakhala ndi cholinga chofooketsa mfundo za Akristu mwa kusintha malemba omwe anawagwiritsira ntchito monga umboni wawo. Mwachitsanzo, pa Yesaya 7:14 Septuagint inagwiritsira ntchito liwu lachigiriki lotanthauza “namwali,” kulozera mwaulosi kwa mayi wa Mesiya. Malemba otembenuzidwa mwatsopano anagwiritsira ntchito liwu lina lachigiriki, limene limatanthauza “msungwana.” Pamene Akristu sanaleke kugwiritsira ntchito Septuagint, Ayuda potsirizira pake anangosiyiratu machenjero awowo nayamba kulimbikitsa kubwerera ku Malemba achihebri. Potsirizira pake, kachitidwe kameneka kanadzakhala dalitso pa kutembenuza Baibulo kwapambuyo pake chifukwa kanathandiza kusunga chinenero cha Chihebri.

Akristu Oyamba Kufalitsa Mabuku

Akristu oyambirira okangalikawo anayamba kutulutsa makope ambirimbiri a Baibulo, koma onsewo anawakopa pamanja. Ndiwonso anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito buku lapamanja lamakedzana, limene linali ndi masamba ngati a buku lamakono, m’malo mopitiriza kugwiritsira ntchito mipukutu. Kuwonjezera pakusavuta kwake kupeza malemba msanga, buku lapamanja lamakedzanalo limakhala ndi malemba ambiri m’buku limodzi kuposa amene anatha kulembedwa mumpukutu umodzi​—mwachitsanzo, Malemba Achigiriki onse kapenanso ngakhale Baibulo lonse lathunthu.

Mabuku ovomerezedwa a Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu anamalizidwa pafupifupi 98 C.E. limodzi ndi mabuku a mtumwi womalizira kukhalapo ndi moyo, Yohane. Chilipo chigawo cha kope la Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane, chotchedwa Rylands Papyrus 457 (P⁵²), chopezeka kukhala cholembedwa m’ma 125 C.E. Kalelo mu 150 mpaka 170 C.E., Tatian, wophunzira wa Justin Martyr, analemba Diatessaron, mbiri ya moyo wa Yesu yotengedwa m’Mauthenga Abwino anayi amodzimodziwo opezeka m’ma Baibulo alerob. Izi zinasonyeza kuti iye anaona Mauthenga Abwino okhawo kukhala oona ndi kuti anali atayamba kale kufalitsidwa. Pafupifupi 170 C.E., mpambo woyambirira wodziŵika wa mabuku a “Chipangano Chatsopano,” wotchedwa Muratorian Fragment, unafalitsidwa. Umenewo umandandalika unyinji wa mabuku a m’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu.

Kufalikira kwa zikhulupiriro zachikristu posakhalitsa kunachititsa kuti Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu limodzinso ndi Malemba Achihebri afunikire kutembenuzidwa. Potsirizira pake, anatembenuzidwa osiyanasiyana m’zinenero zonga Chiameniya, Chikoputiki, Chijojiya, ndi Chisiriya. Kaŵirikaŵiri, maalifabeti anapangidwa kaamba ka ntchito imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, Ulfilas, bishopu wa m’zaka za zana lachinayi wa Tchalitchi cha Roma, akuti anapanga alifabeti ya Chigotiki kuti atembenuze Baibulo. Koma iye anasiya mabuku a Mafumu chifukwa anaganiza kuti akalimbikitsa mzimu wa nkhondo wa Agoti. Komabe, kachitidwe kameneka sikanaletse Agotiwo “Otembenuzidwira ku Chikristu” kufunkha Roma mu 410 C.E.!

Baibulo Lachilatini ndi Lachisilavo

Pamenepo, Chilatini chinakhala chofunika kwambiri, ndipo mabaibulo a Chilatini Chakale anayamba kuoneka. Koma iwo anali osiyanasiyana kalembedwe ndi kulongosoka kwake. Choncho mu 382 C.E., Papa Damasus anatuma mlembi wake, Jerome, kukonza Baibulo lodalirika lachilatini.

Jerome anayamba ndi kukonzanso mabaibulo achilatini a Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu. Komabe, anaumirira kutembenuza Malemba Achihebri kuchokera ku Chihebri choyambirira. Choncho, mu 386 C.E., anasamukira ku Betelehemu kukaphunzira Chihebri ndi kukafuna thandizo la arabi. Zimene anachitazi zinabutsa mkangano waukulu m’matchalitchi. Ena, kuphatikizapo Augustine, wokhalako panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anakhulupirira kuti Septuagint inali youziridwa ndipo anaimba mlandu Jerome kaamba “kopita kwa Ayuda.” Jerome anapitirizabe mpaka namaliza ntchito yake pafupifupi 400 C.E. Mwa kutsatira kwambiri zinenero zoyambirira ndi malemba akale ndi mwa kuwatembenuzira m’chinenero cha m’nthaŵiyo, Jerome anatsogolera njira zotembenuzira zamakono ndi zaka zana limodzi. Baibulo lake linadzatchedwa Vulgate, kapena Baibulo Lamakono, ndipo linapindulitsa anthu zaka mazana ambiri.

Kummaŵa kwa Dziko Lachikristu ambiri anathabe kuŵerenga Septuagint ndi Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu. Komabe pambuyo pake, anthu ambiri m’madera a kummaŵa kwa Ulaya anayamba kulankhula Chisilavo ndi zilankhulo zina zofanana nacho. Mu 863 C.E., abale aŵiri olankhula Chigiriki, Cyril ndi Methodius, anapita ku Moravia, amene tsopano ali m’Czech Republic. Iwo anayamba kutembenuza Baibulo m’Chisilavo Chakale. Kuti achite zimenezo, anapanga alifabeti ya Chigilagoliti, imene inadzaloŵedwa m’malo ndi ya Chisililiki, yotenga dzina la Cyril. Awa ndiwo anali magwero a maalifabeti alerolino a Chirasha, Chiyukireni, Chisebu, ndi Chibugaliya. Baibulo lachisilavo linathandiza anthu a m’dera limenelo kwa mibadwo yambiri. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mmene zinenero zinali kusintha, linakhala losamveka kwa munthu wamba.

Baibulo Lachihebri Likhalapobe

M’nyengo imeneyi, kuchokera pafupifupi zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zaka za zana la khumi C.E., gulu la Ayuda otchedwa Amasorete anapanga njira zokopera malemba kuti asunge Malemba Achihebri. Iwo anafika ngakhale poŵerenga mizera ndipo ngakhale chilembo chimodzi ndi chimodzi, akumapenda kusiyanasiyana kwa malembo apamanja, zonsezo ndi cholinga chakuti asunge malemba oona. Ntchito yawoyo sinapite pachabe. Kungopereka chitsanzo chimodzi, kuyerekezera malemba achimasorete amakono ndi Mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa, yolembedwa pakati pa 250 B.C.E. ndi 50 C.E., sikumasonyeza kusintha kulikonse kwa chiphunzitso pazaka zoposa 1,000.c

Ku Ulaya, Nyengo Zapakati zinali zofanana ndi Nyengo Zamdima. Anthu odziŵa kuŵerenga ndi ophunzira anali ochepa kwambiri. M’kupita kwanthaŵi, ngakhale atsogoleri achipembedzo ambiri anakhala osadziŵa kuŵerenga Chilatini cha tchalitchi ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri sanatha ngakhale kuŵerenga chinenero chawo. Imeneyi inalinso nthaŵi imene Ayuda ku Ulaya anapatulidwa kuti azikhala kwaokha ku zithando. Ndiponso, chifukwa cha kupatulidwa kumeneku, maphunziro a Chihebri cha Baibulo anasungika. Komabe, chifukwa cha chidani ndi kusakhulupirirana, anthu okhala kunja kwa zithandozo kaŵirikaŵiri sanathe kupeza nzeru ya Ayudawo. Ku Ulaya wakumadzulo, nzeru ya Agiriki inalinso kuloŵa pansi. Mkhalidwe umenewu unakula kaamba kakuti Tchalitchi cha Azungu chinalemekeza kwambiri Vulgate yachilatini ya Jerome. Ambiri anaiona kukhala Baibulo lokha lololedwa, ngakhale kuti chakumapeto kwa nyengo ya Amasorete, Chilatini chinalinkufa. Chifukwa chake, pamene chikhumbo cha kudziŵa Baibulo chinayamba kukula pang’onopang’ono, maziko anali atayalidwa a mkangano waukulu.

Kutembenuza Baibulo Kuletsedwa

Mu 1079, Papa Gregory VII anapereka loyamba la malamulo ambiri a tchalitchi a m’nyengo zapakati oletsa kufalitsa mabaibulo a m’chinenero cha anthu wamba, ndipo nthaŵi zina ngakhale kungokhala nalo. Iye anachotsa chilolezo chakuti Misa izichitidwa m’Chisilavo pachifukwa chakuti ikafuna kuti zigawo zina za Malembo Opatulika zitembenuzidwe. Mosiyana kotheratu ndi kachitidwe ka Akristu oyambirira, iye analemba kuti: “Chakomera Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse kuti malemba opatulika akhale chinsinsi m’madera ena.” Pokhala kuti aka ndiko kanali kaimidwe kalamulo ka tchalitchi, aja olimbikitsa kuŵerenga Baibulo anaonedwa kukhala oopsa kwambiri.

Mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wovuta umenewu, kukopa ndi kutembenuza Baibulo m’zinenero za anthu wamba kunapitirizabe. Mabaibulo m’zinenero zambiri anafalitsidwa mwamseri mu Ulaya yense. Onseŵa anali olembedwa pamanja, pakuti makina osindikizira anali asanatulukiridwe mu Ulaya mpaka chapakati pa ma 1400. Koma mmene makopewo anali okwera mtengo ndiponso ochepa, munthu wamba amakondwa kwabasi kukhala ndi chigawo chabe cha buku limodzi la Baibulo kapena masamba chabe angapo. Ena anatha kuloŵeza pamtima zigawo zazikulu, ngakhale Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu onse!

Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi panauka zipani zofuna masinthidwe m’tchalitchi. China chomwe chinasonkhezera zipani zimenezi chinali kutseguka maso kwatsopano pa kufunika kwa Mawu a Mulungu pamoyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kodi zipani zimenezi limodzi ndi kuyambika kwa ntchito zosindikiza zikaliyambukira bwanji Baibulo? Ndipo bwanji nanga za William Tyndale yemwe tamtchula poyambapo limodzi ndi Baibulo lake, kodi zinthu zinamuyendera bwanji? Tiitsatira nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi mpaka kufika nayo m’nthaŵi yathu ino m’makope athu alinkudza.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Tchati pamasamba 8, 9]

Madeti Aakulu mu Kupatsira Baibulo

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

NYENGO YATHU ISANAFIKE (B.C.E.)

Malemba Achihebri amalizidwa cha m’ma 443 B.C.E.

400 B.C.E.

Alexander Wamkulu (anafa 323 B.C.E.)

300 B.C.E.

Septuagint inayamba cha m’ma 280 B.C.E.

200 B.C.E.

100 B.C.E. Mipukutu yambiri ya ku Nyanja Yakufa cha m’ma 100 B.C.E. mpaka 68 C.E.

NYENGO YATHU (C.E.)

Yerusalemu awonongedwa 70 C.E.

Malemba Achigiriki amalizidwa 98 C.E.

100 C.E.

Rylands Papyrus ya Yohane (isanafike 125 C.E.)

200 C.E.

300 C.E.

400 C.E. Vulgate ya Jerome yachilatini cha m’ma 400 C.E.

500 C.E.

600 C.E.

Malemba Achimasorete Akonzedwa

700 C.E.

800 C.E.

Cyril ku Moravia 863 C.E.

900 C.E.

1000 C.E.

Lamulo loletsa Baibulo m’chinenero cha anthu wamba 1079 C.E.

1100 C.E.

1200 C.E.

1300 C.E.

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Akristu oyambirira ndiwo anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito buku lapamanja lamakedzana

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Jerome anapita ku Betelehemu kukaphunzira Chihebri