Mmene Baibulo Linadzafikira kwa Ife​—Mbali Yachiŵiri

Malaŵi amoto anathuvuka m’mwamba pamene anali kuusonkhezerabe moto wolilima wapanjawo. Koma umenewu sunali moto wamba. Moto waukulu wowonongawo unali kusonkhezeredwa ndi ma Baibulo pamene ansembe ndi atsogoleri ena achipembedzo anali kupenyerera. Komano mwa kugula ma Baibulo kuti awawononge, bishopu wa London mosadziŵa anathandizira wotembenuza, William Tyndale, kupeza ndalama za makope owonjezereka!

Kodi chinachititsa magulu aŵiri olimbanawa kulimbikira chonchi nchiyani? M’kope linalo, tinasimba za mbiri yakale ya kufalitsa Baibulo kudzafika chakumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati. Tsopano tikufika kuchiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano pamene uthenga ndi mphamvu ya Mawu a Mulungu zinali kudzakhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri pa anthu.

Woyambitsa Ntchito Aonekera

John Wycliffe, katswiri wamaphunziro wodziŵika bwino wa ku Oxford, analalikira ndi kulemba mwamphamvu zotsutsa machitachita osakhala a m’Baibulo a Tchalitchi cha Katolika, natenga mphamvu yake pa ‘lamulo la Mulungu,’ kutanthauza Baibulo. Anatumiza ophunzira ake, Alollard, kumidzi yonse ya dziko la England kukalalikira uthenga wa Baibulo m’Chingelezi kwa aliyense wofuna kumva. Asanafe mu 1384, anayambitsa kutembenuza Baibulo m’Chingelezi cha m’tsiku lake kuchoka m’Chilatini.

Tchalitchi chinapeza zifukwa zambiri zonyansidwira ndi Wycliffe. Choyamba, ankatsutsa atsogoleri achipembedzo pakumwerekera kwawo ndi pakhalidwe lawo loipa. Ndiponso, otsatira zonena za Wycliffe ambiri anapotoza ziphunzitso zake kuti apezere chifukwa choyambira zipanduko zawo zomenyana ndi zida. Atsogoleri achipembedzo anaimba mlandu Wycliffe, ngakhale atafa, ngakhale kuti iyeyo sanasokhezerepo zipanduko zachiwawazo.

M’kalata yopita kwa Papa John XXIII mu 1412, Akibishopu Arundel ananena za “munthu uja wonyansa ndi wokwiyitsa, John Wycliffe, woipa kwambiri kumkumbukira, mwana wa njoka yakalekale, wotsogolera ndiponso mwana wa wotsutsa Kristu.” Pachimake cha chitsutso chake, Arundel analemba kuti: “Kuti akwaniritse chiwembu chake, anayambitsa kutembenuza malemba m’chinenero chake ndi zolinga za iye mwini.” Zoonadi, chimene chinakwiyitsa kwambiri atsogoleri a tchalitchi chinali chakuti Wycliffe anafuna kupatsa anthu Baibulo la m’chinenero chawo.

Ngakhale zinali choncho, anthu angapo apamwamba anali nawo Malemba m’chinenero chawo. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Anne wa ku Bohemia, amene, mu 1382, anakwatiwa ndi Mfumu Richard II ya ku England. Iye anali ndi Mauthenga Abwino a m’Chingelezi otembenuzidwa ndi Wycliffe, amene anawaphunzira mosaleka. Atakhala mfumukazi, maganizo ake abwino anathandiza kuti chifuno cha Baibulo chipite patsogolo​—ndipotu osati ku England kokha. Anne analimbikitsa ophunzira a pa Yunivesite ya Prague ku Bohemia kupita ku Oxford. Kumeneko anaphunzira zotembenuza za Wycliffe mwachangu ndipo zina anapita nazo ku Prague. Kutchuka kwa ziphunzitso za Wycliffe pa Yunivesite ya Prague kunachirikiza Jan Hus bwino lake, amene anaphunzira ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kuphunzitsa pamenepo. Hus anapanga kope lachitcheki loŵerengeka mwa kugwiritsira ntchito katembenuzidwe kakale kachisilavo. Zoyesayesa zake zinachititsa ambiri kugwiritsira ntchito Baibulo ku Bohemia ndi m’maiko oyandikana.

Tchalitchi Chibwezera

Atsogoleri achipembedzo anakwiyiranso Wycliffe ndi Hus chifukwa chophunzitsa kuti “malemba pa iwo okha,” Malemba ouziridwa oyambirira opanda kalikonse kowonjezera, anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu kuposa “mafotokozedwe,” mafotokozedwe amwambo osamveka bwino a m’mphepete mwa ma Baibulo ololedwa ndi tchalitchi. Uthenga wosasukuluka wa Mawu a Mulungu ndiwo umene alaliki ameneŵa anafuna kuti munthu wamba aliyense athe kuupeza.

Atamlonjeza monyenga kuti adzamtetezera, Hus anampita pansi nakaonekera ku bungwe la Catholic Council of Constance, ku Germany, mu 1414 kukachirikiza malingaliro ake. Bungwelo linali lopangidwa ndi ansembe, abishopu, ndi akadinala 2,933. Hus anavomera kuti adzavomera poyera kuti ndi wolakwa atamtsutsa ziphunzitso zake mwa Malemba. Kwa bungwelo, sindiyo inali nkhani yake imeneyo. Kwa iwo, kutsutsa kwake ulamuliro wawo kunali chifukwa chokwanira chomtenthera pamtengo alikupemphera mokweza mu 1415.

Bungwe limenelonso linasonyeza kutsutsa ndi kunyoza kwawo John Wycliffe nthaŵi yomaliza mwa kulamula kuti mafupa ake akafukulidwe ku England ndi kutenthedwa. Malangizo ameneŵa anali onyansa kwambiri kwakuti sanatsatiridwe mpaka mu 1428, papa atanena kuti achite zimenezo. Komabe, monga nthaŵi zonse, chitsutso choopsa chimenechi sichinaziziritse changu cha okonda choonadi enanso. M’malo mwake, chinakulitsa kulimbika mtima kwawo kuti afalitse Mawu a Mulungu.

Chisonkhezero Champhamvu cha Kusindikiza

Podzafika chaka cha 1450, patangopita zaka 35 zokha chimwalirire cha Hus, Johannes Gutenberg anayamba kusindikiza ndi makina a zilembo zosuntha ku Germany. Buku loyamba lalikulu limene anasindikiza linali kope lachilatini la Vulgate, lomwe anamaliza cha mu 1455. Podzafika 1495 Baibulo lonse kapena mbali yake linali litasindikizidwa m’Chijeremani, Chitaliyana, Chifrenchi, Chitcheki, Chidatchi, Chihebri, Chikatalani, Chigiriki, Chisipanya, Chisilavo, Chipwitikizi, ndi Chisebu​—kutsatizana kwake komweko.

Katswiri wamaphunziro wachidatchi Desiderius Erasmus anapanga kope loyamba lathunthu losindikizidwa la malemba achigiriki mu 1516. Erasmus anali nchikhumbo choti Malemba “atembenuzidwe m’zinenero za anthu onse.” Komabe, sanafune kudziwonongera kutchuka kwake kwakukuluko mwa kuwatembenuza iye mwini. Komabe, panatsatira ena amene analimba mtima kwambiri. Wodziŵika kwambiri mwa ameneŵa anali William Tyndale.

William Tyndale ndi Baibulo Lachingelezi

Tyndale anaphunzira ku Oxford ndipo cha mu 1521 anasamukira kunyumba ya Bwana John Walsh monga mphunzitsi wa ana awo. Kaŵirikaŵiri, panthaŵi yachakudya choperekedwa mooloŵa manja kunyumba kwa a Walsh, Tyndale wachinyamatayo anali kukangana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo a kumeneko. Mosapita m’mbali, Tyndale anatsutsa malingaliro awo mwa kutsegula Baibulo ndi kuwasonyeza malemba. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, a Walsh ndi akazi awo anaona kuti zimene Tyndale anali kunena zinali zoona, ndipo atsogoleri achipembedzo anayamba kuwaitana apa ndi apo ndipo osawalandiranso ndi mtima wonse. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi zinachititsa atsogoleriwo kumuda kwambiri Tyndale ndi zikhulupiriro zake.

Pokangana tsiku lina, wina wotsutsana ndi Tyndale pankhani zachipembedzo ananena motsimikiza kuti: “Kuli bwino kukhala ndi malamulo a Papa kuposa kukhala ndi malamulo a Mulungu.” Talingalirani kutsimikiza mtima kwa Tyndale pamene anayankha kuti: “Papayo ndi malamulo ake onse alibe kanthu kwa ine. Ngati Mulungu andilola kukhalabe moyo, sipadzapita zaka zambiri ndisanachititse mnyamata wolima ndi pulawo kudziŵa zambiri za m’Malemba kuposa inu.” Cholinga cha Tyndale chinachitikadi. Pambuyo pake analemba kuti: “Ndinaona mwa zochitika mmene zakhalira kuti nkosatheka kuphunzitsa anthu wamba choonadi chilichonse, pokhapo atapatsidwa malemba m’chinenero chawo, kuti aone mfundo yake, dongosolo, ndi tanthauzo la malemba.”

Panthaŵiyo, panali pakalibe Baibulo losindikizidwa m’Chingelezi. Choncho mu 1523, Tyndale anapita ku London kukapempha thandizo la Bishopu Tunstall pantchito yotembenuza. Atamkalipira, anachokako ku England kuti akalondole chifuno chake, ndipo sanabwererenso. Ku Cologne, Germany, nyumba yake yoyamba yosindikizira inabooledwa ndi kusakazidwa, ndipo Tyndale anathaŵa ndi masamba ena opanda chikuto amtengo wapataliwo. Komabe, ku Worms, Germany, makope ake ngati 3,000 achingelezi a “Chipangano Chatsopano” anamalizidwa. Ameneŵa anatumizidwa ku England ndipo anayamba kugaŵidwa kumeneko kuchiyambi cha 1526. Ena mwa ameneŵa ndiwo ma Baibulo amene Bishopu Tunstall anagula ndi kuwatentha, mosadziŵa akumathandiza Tyndale kupitiriza ntchito yake!

Kufufuza Kudzetsa Kumvetsa

Mosakayikira Tyndale anasangalala ndi ntchito yake. Monga momwe The Cambridge History of the Bible imanenera, “Malemba anamsangalatsa, ndipo zotembenuza zake zili ndi mzimu wina wa changu ndi chisangalalo umene umasonyeza chimwemwe chake.” Cholinga cha Tyndale chinali chakuti alole Malemba kulankhula kwa anthu wamba m’chilankhulo cholongosoka komanso chosavuta kumva. Kufufuza kwake kunali kumsonyeza tanthauzo la mawu a m’Baibulo amene anali atabisika ndi ziphunzitso za tchalitchi kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Mosachita mantha ndi imfa kapena zolemba zotsutsa mwamphamvu za mdani wake wamphamvu Bwana Thomas More, Tyndale anaphatikiza zopeza zake m’katembenuzidwe kake.

Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito Chigiriki choyambirira cha malemba a Erasmus m’malo mogwiritsira ntchito Chilatini, Tyndale anasankha “chikondi” m’malo mwa “ubwino” popereka tanthauzo lokwanira bwino la liwu lachigiriki lakuti a·gaʹpe. Anagwiritsiranso ntchito “mpingo” m’malo mwa “tchalitchi,” “lapani” m’malo mwa “dzilangeni,” ndi “akulu” m’malo mwa “ansembe.” (1 Akorinto 13:1-3; Akolose 4:15, 16; Luka 13:3, 5; 1 Timoteo 5:17, Tyndale) Kusintha kumeneku kunali kosakaza kwa akuluakulu atchalitchi ndi kwa machitachita amwambo achipembedzo, monga kuulula machimo kwa ansembe.

Choncho Tyndale anagwiritsirabe ntchito liwulo “chiukiriro,” nakana purigatoriyo ndi moyo pambuyo pa imfa kuti si za m’Baibulo. Ponena za akufa, analembera More kuti: “Mwa kunena kuti amapita kumwamba, ku helo, ndi ku purigatoriyo, [inuyo] mukukana zonena za Kristu ndi Paulo zotsimikiza chiukiriro.” Panopa, Tyndale ananena za Mateyu 22:30-32 ndi 1 Akorinto 15:12-19. Molondola anakhulupirira kuti akufa sadziŵa kanthu mpaka pamene adzaukitsidwa mtsogolo. (Salmo 146:4; Mlaliki 9:5; Yohane 11:11, 24, 25) Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti makonzedwe onse opemphera kwa Mariya ndi “oyera mtima” anali opanda pake chifukwa anthuwo pokhala osadziŵa kalikonse satha kumva kapena kulankhulira ena.

Tyndale Atembenuza Malemba Achihebri

Mu 1530, Tyndale anatulutsa kope la Pentatuke, mabuku oyamba asanu a Malemba Achihebri. Choncho anakhala munthu woyamba kutembenuza Baibulo m’Chingelezi kungochoka m’Chihebri. Tyndale analinso wotembenuza wachingelezi woyamba kugwiritsira ntchito dzina lakuti Yehova. Katswiri wamaphunziro wa ku London David Daniell akulemba kuti: “Zinali kudzachititsadi chidwi kwambiri oŵerenga a Tyndale kuti dzina la Mulungu linavumbulidwanso mwatsopano.”

Poyesetsa kutembenuza momvekera, Tyndale anagwiritsira ntchito mawu achingelezi osiyanasiyana kutembenuza liwu limodzi lachihebri. Komabe, anatsatira kwambiri galamala yachihebri. Chotsatirapo chake ndicho kusungitsa mphamvu ya kulunjika kwa Chihebri. Iyeyo anati: “Mikhalidwe ya lilime lachihebri imagwirizana kwambiri ndi Chingelezi kuposa Chilatini. Kalankhulidwe kake nkofanana kwambiri; moti pamalo ambirimbiri umangofunikira kutembenuza liwu lililonse m’Chingelezi monga momwe lilili m’Chihebri.”

Kutembenuza mawu monga momwe alili kumeneku kunakometsera katembenuzidwe ka Tyndale ndi malankhulidwe achihebri. Ena mwa iwo ayenera kuti anaoneka kukhala achilendo kwambiri powaŵerenga nthaŵi yoyamba. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi Baibulo linazoloŵereka kwambiri kwakuti ambiri mwa mawu ameneŵa tsopano akhala achingelezi. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo “a man after his own heart” (monga pa 1 Samueli 13:14), “passover,” ndi “scapegoat.” Ndiponso, oŵerenga Baibulo lachingelezi anayamba kudziŵa malingaliro achihebri, kuwapangitsa kuzindikira bwino Malemba ouziridwa.

Baibulo ndi Tyndale Aletsedwa

Zoti munthu azitha kuŵerenga Mawu a Mulungu m’chinenero chake zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri. Angelezi ambiri anasonyeza zimenezo mwa kugula ma Baibulo onse amene anawazembetsa m’dzikolo, monyengezera kuti anali matumba a nsalu kapena a katundu wina. Zikali choncho, atsogoleri achipembedzo anaona kuti mosakayikira ntchito yawo idzatha ngati Baibulo lidzatengedwa kukhala ulamuliro waukulu. Choncho, zinthu zinali monga muja akuti moyo kapena imfa kwa wotembenuza ndi omchirikiza ake.

Tyndale anapitiriza ntchito yake mwakabisira ku Antwerp, Belgium ngakhale Tchalitchi ndi Boma zinali kumlondalonda mosaleka. Ngakhale zinali choncho, ankathera masiku aŵiri pamlungu kuchita zimene ankati ndi zosangulutsa​—kuthandiza Angelezi ena othaŵa kwawo, osauka, ndi odwala. Anathera ndalama zake zambiri pazimenezi. Asanatembenuze theka lomaliza la Malemba Achihebri, Tyndale anagulitsidwa ndi Mngelezi wina amene anadzibisa kuti ndi bwenzi. Pamene anali kumnyonga ku Vilvoorde, Belgium, mu 1536, mawu ake omaliza amene ananena motenthedwa maganizo anali akuti, “Ambuye! tsegulani maso a Mfumu ya England.”

Podzafika mu 1538, King Henry VIII pazifukwa za iye mwini analamula kuti ma Baibulo aikidwe m’tchalitchi chilichonse cha mu England. Ngakhale kuti Tyndale sanamuyamikire chifukwa cha ma Baibulowo, kwenikweni katembenuzidwe kamene kanasankhidwa kanali kake. Chotero, Baibulo lotembenuzidwa ndi Tyndale linadzadziŵika kwambiri ndi kukondedwa kwambiri kwakuti “linakhala maziko a ma Baibulo ambiri otsatira” a m’Chingelezi. (The Cambridge History of the Bible) Katembenuzidwe ka Tyndale ngati 90 peresenti yonse kanajambulidwa mwachindunji mu King James Version ya mu 1611.

Kukhala ndi Baibulo mwaufulu kunali kusintha kwakukulu m’dziko la England. Makambitsirano ozikidwa pa ma Baibulo oikidwa m’matchalitchi anakhala ogwira mtima kwambiri kwakuti nthaŵi zina ankadodometsa mapemphero a m’tchalitchi! “Okalamba anaphunzira kuŵerenga kuti azidziŵerengera okha Mawu a Mulungu, ndipo ana anali kumvetsera achikulire.” (A Concise History of the English Bible) M’nyengo imeneyinso ma Baibulo ogaŵiridwa m’maiko ena a ku Ulaya ndi m’zinenero zina za komweko anawonjezeka kwambiri. Koma zochita zokhudza Baibulo ku England zinali kudzasonkhezera dziko lonse. Kodi zinadzachitika motani zimenezi? Ndipo kodi kutulukira ndi kufufuza kowonjezereka kwakhudza motani ma Baibulo amene timagwiritsira ntchito lerolino? Nkhani yathuyi tidzaimaliza ndi nkhani yotsatira yampambo uno.

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

“Chipangano Chatsopano” cha Tyndale cha mu 1526​—kope lokha lathunthu lodziŵika limene linapulumuka malaŵi a moto

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© The British Library Board

[Tchati/​Chithunzi pamasamba 26, 27]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Madeti Ofunika pa Kupereka Baibulo

Nyengo Yathu

Baibulo la Wycliffe linayambidwa (b. 1384)

1400

Hus anyongedwa 1415

Gutenberg​—Baibulo loyamba losindikizidwa c. 1455

1500

Zinenero Zina Zoyamba Kusindikizidwa

Malemba achigiriki a Erasmus 1516

“Chipangano Chatsopano” cha Tyndale 1526

Tyndale anyongedwa 1536

Henry VIII alamula kuti ma Baibulo aikidwe m’matchalitchi 1538

1600

King James Version 1611

[Zithunzi]

Wycliffe

Hus

Tyndale

Henry VIII