Baibulo la William Tyndale la Anthu

LINALI tsiku mu May chaka cha 1530.a Manda a ku St. Paul mu London anadzazidwa ndi anthu. M’malo moimirira mozungulira malo ogulitsira mabukhu ndi kumasinthana nkhani zochitika posachedwa ndi kujedana monga mwa chizolowezi, anthuwo mwachiwonekere anali okwiyitsidwa. Moto unali kuyaka pakati pa malo ozungulirawo. Koma sunali moto wamba. Mkati mwa motowo amuna ena anali kukhuthula mitanga yodzaza ndi mabukhu. Kunali kutentha bukhu!

Awo sanali mabukhu wamba. Iwo anali Mabaibulo​—“Chipangano Chatsopano” ndi Pentateuch—​cha William Tyndale​—choyambirira kusindikizidwa m’Chingelezi: Mozizwitsa, Mabaibulo amenewo anali kutenthedwa molamulidwa ndi Bishopu wa ku London, Cuthbert Tunstall. M’chenicheni, iye anali atawononga ndalama zambiri ndithu kugula makope amene iye akanawapeza. Kodi nchiyani chimene mwinamwake chikanakhala cholakwika ndi Mabaibulowo? Kodi nchifukwa ninji Tyndale anawatulutsa iwo? Ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji olamulira anafika ku utali umenewo wa kuwachotsapo iwo?

Baibulo—Bukhu Lotsekedwa

M’mbali zambiri za dziko lerolino, chiri chinthu chapafupi kwambiri kugula Baibulo. Koma ichi sichinakhale tero nthawi yonse. Ngakhale mu zana la 15 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zana la 16 mu England, Baibulo linali kuwonedwa monga katundu wa tchalitchi, bukhu loyenera kuwerengedwa kokha pa misonkhano yapoyera ndi kulongosoledwa kokha ndi ansembe. Zomwe zinawerengedwa, ngakhale kuli tero, zinali kawirikawiri zochokera mu Baibulo la Chilatin, limene anthu wamba sakanatha kulimvetsetsa kapena kulipeza. Chotero, zimene anadziwa ponena za Baibulo sizinali zoposa nkhani ndi maphunziro amakhalidwe abwino opangidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo.

Koma anthu wamba sanali okha amene anali osadziwa kanthu ponena za Baibulo. Zikusimbidwa kuti, mkati mwa kulamulira kwa Mfumu Edward VI (1547-53) bishopu wa ku Gloucester anapeza kuti pakati pa atsogoleri a chipembedzo 311, 168 sanathe kubwereza Malamulo Khumi ndipo 31 sanadziwe nkomwe komwe akanawapeza iwo mu Baibulo. Makumi anayi analephera kubwereza Pemphero la Ambuye ndipo chifupifupi 40 sanadziwe muyambitsi wake. Zowonadi, John Wycliffe anatulutsa Baibulo mu Chingelezi mu 1384, ndipo chidule cha mbali zina za Malemba, monga ngati Uthenga Wabwino ndi Masalmo, zinalipo mu chinenero chimenecho. Mosasamala kanthu za chimenecho, Baibulo m’chenicheni linali bukhu lotsekedwa.

Mikhalidwe yonga ngati iyi inamupangitsa Tyndale kulimba mtima kulipanga Baibulo kukhalapo kwa anthu onse olankhula Chingelezi. “Ndinazindikira kuti chinali chosatheka chotani kukhazikitsa munthu wamba m’chowonadi chiri chonse,” iye analemba, “kusiyapo kokha ngati Malemba anaikidwa bwino pamaso pawo mu chilankhulidwe chawo.”

Koma mwakutembenuzira Baibulo mu Chingelezi, Tyndale anayambitsa mkwiyo wa olamulira. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti kumayambiriro kwenikweni mu 1408 bungwe la atsogoleri achipembedzo linakumana pa Oxford, England, kulingalira kuti kaya ngati anthu wamba ayenera kuvomerezedwa kukhala ndi makope a Baibulo mu chilankhulidwe chawo kaamba ka kuligwiritsira ntchito mwaumwini. Chosankhacho chimawerenga, m’mbali: “Chotero tikulamula ndi kuvomereza, kuti kuyambira pano kunkabe mtsogolo palibe munthu wosayeneretsedwa amene ayenera kutembenuza mbali iriyonse ya Malemba oyera mu Chingelezi kapena chilankhulidwe china chirichonse . . . pansi pa chilango cha kuchotsedwa mu mpingo kwakukulu, kufikira kutembenuza konenedwako kwavomerezedwa kaya ndi bishopu wa diocese, kapena bungwe la dera monga mmene nthawi idzavomerezera kutero.”

Koposa zana limodzi pambuyo pake, Bishopu Tunstall anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo limeneli kutentha Baibulo la Tyndale, ngakhale kuti Tyndale poyambirira anali atapeza chivomerezo cha Tunstall.b Mlingaliro la Tunstall, kutembenuza kwa Tyndale kunali ndi zophophonya zina 2, 000 ndipo chotero kunali “kosakaza moyo, kotaitsa chikhulupiriro, ndi konyenga malingaliro opanda chinyengo.” Koma kodi izo zinali zodzikhululukira kumbali ya bishopu kulungamitsa kutentha kwake kwa ilo? Kodi Tyndale m’chenicheni analidi wotembenuza woipa, wosowa maphunziro oyenerera a mu Chihebri, Chigriki, ndi Chingelezi? Kodi Tyndale anali wotembenuza wabwino motani?

Tyndale​—Wotembenuza Woipa?

Ngakhale kuti kumvetsetsa kwa Chihebri ndi Chigriki panthawiyo sikunali monga mmene kuliri lerolino, kumvetsetsa kwa Tyndale kwa zilankhulidwezi kunayerekezedwa bwino ndi kuja kwa ophunzira ambiri a m’nthawi yake. Chimene chimapangitsa ntchito ya Tyndale kukhala yowonekera kwambiri chiri chakuti iye sanafunsire kokha Latin Vulgate ndi kutembenuza kwa Chigerman kwa Luther. Iye anabwerera ku malemba a Chigriki oyambirira ofalitsidwa kwanthawi yoyamba mu 1516 ndi Erasmus. Tyndale sanaiwalenso chifuno chake: kuwapanga Malemba kukhala osavuta kumvetsetsa kwa munthu wamba aliyense kuwawerenga, kufikira pa “mnyamata amene amayendetsa pulawo m’munda.” Chotero njira yake ya kalembedwe ndi miyambi iri yapafupi ndi yomveka, koma yamphamvu. Ndi kugwirizana kwake kwa mawu kwa umoyo mosakaikira kumasonyeza chimwemwe chomwe anakumana nacho m’kutenga ntchitoyo.

Chotero chiri chowona kunena kuti “Tyndale anali wotembenuza amene kuweruza kwake kunali kwabwino koposa. Akumagwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa, pa tsiku lake la malire a chidziwitso cha chinenero cha Baibulo, iye anatulutsa matembenuzidwe omwe anakhazikitsa njira kaamba ka atembenuzi onse a Chingelezi omwe anatsatira.”​—The Making of the English Bible, lolembedwa ndi Gerald Hammond, masamba 42, 43.

Kutembenuza Kolongosoka

Ponena za kulongosoka Tyndale anakhazikitsanso makhalidwe apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, mu kutembenuza kuchokera ku Chihebri, iye anayesa kukhala wofika pa nsonga monga momwe kukanathekera ndipo panthawi imodzimodzi kusungilira njira ya kalembedwe ka Chingelezi kosavuta, kogwirizana bwino. Iye anali wosamalitsa ngakhale kutulutsanso kulongosola kokwanira kwa Chihebri ndi kubwereza kwake kawirikawiri kwa liwu lakuti “ndi” kugwirizanitsa chiganizo ndi chiganizo mu sentensi. (Onani Genesis mutu 33 mu King James Version, limene limasunga kagawidwe ka mawu ka Tyndale chifupifupi mu bukhu lonse. ) Iye anapereka chisamaliro chosamalitsa ku nkhani yokambidwa ndi kupewa kuwonjezera kapena kuchotsa kuchokera ku lemba loyambirira, ngakhale kuti otembenuza ambiri a mu tsiku lake anakhoterera ku kufupikitsa.

Kusankha mawu kwa Tyndale kunalinso kosamalitsa ndi kolongosoka. Mwachitsanzo, iye anagwiritsira ntchito “chikondi” m’malo mwa “chaulere,” “mpingo” m’malo mwa “tchalitchi,” ndi “mkulu” m’malo mwa “wansembe” kumene kuli koyenerera. Ichi chinakwiyitsa osuliza monga ngati Sir Thomas More chifukwa chakuti chinasintha mawu omwe anakhala ozolowereka mwa mwambo. Kumene liwu loyambirira linalamulira kubwereza kwa liwu, Tyndale anali wosamalitsa kulipanganso ilo. Kuchitira chitsanzo: Pa Genesis 3:15, kutembenuza kwake kawiri kunalankhula za ‘kuponda’ kochitidwa ndi mbewu ya mkazi ndi ya chinjoka.c

Tyndale analinso ndi thayo la kayambitsa dzina la umwini la Mulungu, Yehova, mu Baibulo la Chingelezi. Monga mmene wolemba J. F. Mozley anawonera, Tyndale analigwiritsira ilo ntchito m’matembenuzidwe ake “nthawi zoposa makumi awiri mu Chipangano Chake Chakale”.

Kuyang’ana m’mbuyo pa chiyambukiro cha zoyesayesa za Tindale ndi mikhalidwe yawo yopirira, kuwonanso kwa makono kumeneku kumafupikitsa bwino lomwe ntchito yake: “Kuwona mtima kwa Tyndale, kuwona kwake, ndi mnphumphu wake wosatsutsika, kulunjika kwake kosavuta, kufupikitsa kwake kozizwitsa kwa mawu, nyimbo zake zodekha, zapereka ulamuliro ku kugawa mawu kwake komwe kwazikhazikitsa iko kokha mu matembenuzidwe ena onse a pambuyo pake. . . . Gawo lachinayi la khumi la Authorized New Testament [King James Version] lidakali la Tindale, ndipo labwino koposa lidakali lake.”​—The Bible in Its Ancient arid English Versions, tsamba 160.

Ntchito ya Tyndale Sinapite Pachabe

Kuti athawe chizunzo cha olamulira, Tyndale anathawira ku dziko lalikulu ku Europe kukapitiriza ntchito yake. Koma potsirizira pake anagwidwa. Akuyimbidwa mlandu wa kuwukira, iye ananyongedwa ndi kutenthedwa pamtengo mu October 1536. Pemphero lake lomalizira linali lakuti: “Ambuye, tsegulani maso a Mfumu ya England.” Iye anazindikira zochepa kuti ndimotani mmene mkhalidwewo mwamsanga ukasinthira. Mu August 1537, chisanathe chaka pambuyo pa imfa ya Tyndale, Mfumu Henry VIII anapereka kuvomerezedwa kwa Baibulo lomwe likatchedwa monga Baibulo la Mateyu. Iye analamula kuti liyenera kugulitsidwa mwaufulu ndi kuwerengedwa mkati mwa ulamuliro wake.

Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali Baibulo la Mateyu? Profesa F. F. Bruce akulongosola: “Pa kulisanthula ilo likuwoneka moyenerera kukhala Pentateuch ya Tyndale, kulembedwa kwa Tyndale kwa mabukhu ambiri yakale a Chipangano Chakale kufika ku 2 Mbiri. . . kulembedwa kwa Coverdale kwa mabukhu ena a Chipangano Chakale ndi Apocrypha, ndi Chipangano Chatsopano cha. Tyndale cha 1535.” Chotero, mlembiyo akupitiriza, “chinali chizindikiro chakachitidwe ka chilungamo . . . kuti Baibulo la Chingelezi loyamba lifalitsidwe pansi pa lamulo la mfumu linayenera kukhala Baibulo la Tyndale (kufikira ku utali umene kutembenuza kwa Tyndale kunafikiridwa), ngakhale ngati sichinali choyenera kugwirizanitsa dzina la Tyndale ndi kufalitsidwa kwake.”

Mu zaka zochepa zowonjezereka, ntchitoyo ikawonjezeka kuposa ndi kale lonse. Pamene kulembedwa kwa kutembenuzidwa kodziwika monga Great Bible​—kubwerezedwa kwa Baibulo la Mateyu—​kunaperekedwa mu 1541 ndikulamulidwa kuti kuperekedwe mu tchalitchi chiri chonse mu England, nkhani ya patsamba loyambirira inaphatikizapo mawu awa: “Oversene and perused at the comaundemet of the kynges hygmies, by the ryghte reverende fathers in God Cuthbert bysshop of Duresme, and Nicholas bishop of Rochester.” Inde, ‘Bishopu wa Durham’ ameneyu sanali wina kuposa Cuthbert Tunstall, yemwe poyamba anali Bishopu wa London. Iye amene poyamba anatsutsa molusa ntchito ya Tyndale anali tsopano kupereka chivomerezo chakupereka Great Bible, ntchito imene moyenerera inali ya Tyndale.

Kuzindikiridwa Komalizira

Chingakhale chozizwitsa lerolino kuwerenga za kutsutsana kotero ponena za Baibulo ndi udani kaamba ka otembenuza ake. Koma mwinamwake chodziwika kwambiri chiri nsonga yakuti, mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa zawo, otsutsa akhala osakhoza kuletsa Mawu a Mulungu kufikira anthu wamba. “Udzu unyala, duwa lifota,” anatero mneneri Yesaya, “koma mawu aMulungu Wathu adzakhala nthawi za chikhalire,”​—Yesaya 40:8.

Tyndale ndi ena anagwira ntchito pansi pa mthunzi wa imfa ukuwazinga pa mitu pawo. Koma mwakulipanga Baibulo kukhalako kwa anthu ambiri m’zinenero zawo, iwo anatsegula pamaso pawo chiyembekezo osati cha imfa, koma chamoyo wosatha. Monga mmene Yesu Kristu ananenera, “Ichi chitanthauza moyo wosatha, kutenga kwawo chidziŵitso chanu, Mulungu yekha wowona, ndi iye amene munamtumiza, Yesu Kristu.” (Yohane 17:3) Chotero, tiyeni tonse, tikonde ndi kuphunzira mosamalitsa Mawu a Mulungu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 21]

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