Alfonso de Zamora Anayesetsa Kumasulira Malemba Molondola Ndipo Anagwiritsa Ntchito Dzina la Mulungu

M’CHAKA cha 1492, Mfumu Ferdinand ndi Mfumukazi Isabella a ku Spain, anapereka lamulo lakuti: “Tikulamula kuti pofika kumapeto kwa July chaka chino . . . Ayuda onse, amuna ndi akazi, achoke m’madera onse a ufumu wathu ndiponso m’madera ena onse amene ali pansi pa ulamuliro wathu. Iwo achoke ndi ana awo aamuna ndi aakazi, antchito awo aamuna ndi aakazi komanso anthu ena onse a m’banja lawo, olemekezeka ndi onyozeka omwe, komanso a msinkhu uliwonse. Ndipo akachoka, asadzabwerenso chifukwa adzaona chomwe chinameta nkhanga mpala.”

Lamulo limeneli litaperekedwa, banja lililonse lachiyuda ku Spain linafunikira kusankha, kaya kuchoka m’dzikomo kapena kusiya chipembedzo chawo kuti apitirize kukhala m’dzikomo. Rabi wina dzina lake Juan de Zamora, ayenera kuti anaona kuti njira yabwino n’kungolowa chipembedzo cha Katolika n’kumapitiriza kukhala m’dziko la Spain, mmene makolo ake anakhalamo kwa zaka zambiri. Popeza kuti Juan anali Myuda, n’kutheka kuti anatumiza mwana wake Alfonso ku sukulu ina yotchuka yophunzitsa Chiheberi mumzinda wa Zamora. Patapita nthawi, Alfonso anaphunziranso Chilatini, Chigiriki ndi Chiaramu ndipo anakhala katswiri wa zinenero zimenezi. Alfonso atamaliza maphunziro ake, anayamba kuphunzitsa Chiheberi pa yunivesite ya Salamanca. Kenako luso lake lodziwa zinenero zosiyanasiyana linathandiza kwambiri akatswiri omasulira Baibulo ku Ulaya konse.

Mu 1512, yunivesite ya Alcalá de Henares, yomwe inali yatsopano, inasankha Alfonso de Zamora kukhala mkulu woyang’anira maphunziro a Chiheberi. Popeza Zamora anali mmodzi mwa akatakwe pa maphunziro m’nthawiyo, kadinala Jiménez de Cisneros, yemwe anali mwiniwake wa yunivesiteyo, anasankha Zamora kuti akhale m’gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito yokonzekera kumasulira Baibulo lofunika kwambiri lophatikiza zinenero, lotchedwa Complutensian Polyglot. Malemba opatulika a m’Baibuloli analembedwa m’Chiheberi, Chigiriki ndi Chilatini, komanso tizigawo tina tinali m’Chiaramu. Ndipo Baibulo lonseli linalembedwa m’mabuku okwana 6.a

Ponena za ntchito yokonzekera kumasulira Baibulo limeneli, katswiri wina wa Baibulo dzina lake Mariano Revilla Rico anati: “Pa Ayuda atatu olowa Chikatolika amene Kadinala [Cisneros] anawasankha kuti agwire nawo ntchitoyi, namandwa weniweni anali Alfonso de Zamora. Kuwonjezera pokhala katswiri wa Chilatini, Chigiriki, Chiheberi ndi Chiaramu, Zamora anali namatetule pa nkhani ya malamulo a chinenero ndi nzeru za anthu, komanso anali katakwe wa buku la Ayuda lotchedwa Talmud.” Maphunziro amene Zamora anachita anamuthandiza kuzindikira mfundo yakuti pamafunika kudziwa bwino kwambiri zinenero zakale zoyambirira za m’Baibulo kuti munthu akwanitse kulimasulira molondola. Ndipotu iye anakhala mmodzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino amene anayamba kulimbikitsa anthu kuti ayambenso kuphunzira Baibulo chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1500.

Ngakhale zinali choncho, m’masiku a Zamora zinali zovuta komanso zoopsa kwambiri kuti munthu aziphunzira Baibulo kapena kulimbikitsa ena kuti aziliphunzira. Izi zinali choncho chifukwa pa nthawiyo, khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika ku Spain linali ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo tchalitchi cha Katolika chinkanena kuti Baibulo lokhalo lomwe linali “lovomerezeka” linali Baibulo lachilatini lotchedwa Vulgate. Komabe, kungoyambira m’zaka za m’ma 500 C.E., akatswiri a Baibulo achikatolika anali atavomereza kale kuti malemba ambiri a m’Baibulo lachilatini la Vulgate anamasuliridwa molakwika. Motero, pofika chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1500, Alfonso de Zamora ndi anthu ena anayamba kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli.

‘Kuti Anthu Akapulumuke, Malemba Opatulika Akuyenera Kumasiliridwa’

Ntchito yapadera kwambiri pa ntchito zonse zimene Zamora anagwira inali yokonza Baibulo lamalemba achiheberi omwenso anawamasulira m’Chilatini. Baibuloli linali la mabuku amene anthu ambiri amawatchula kuti “Chipangano Chakale.” Mwina iye anali ndi cholinga choti Baibuloli lithandize kwambiri pa ntchito yomasulira Baibulo lophatikiza zinenero la Complutensian Polyglot. Masiku ano, limodzi mwa mabuku a m’Baibulo amene Zamora anamasulira, lili mulaibulale ya El Escorial, mumzinda wa Madrid ku Spain, ndipo analipatsa chizindikiro cha G-I-4. M’bukuli muli buku lonse la Genesis la m’Chiheberi, pamodzi ndi gawo lina lomasulira bukuli liwu ndi liwu m’Chilatini.

M’mawu oyamba a bukuli, iye ananena mfundo yotsatirayi mosapita m’mbali: “Kuti mitundu ya anthu idzapulumuke, Malemba Opatulika akuyenera kumasuliridwa m’zinenero zina. . . . Taganizira nkhaniyi mozama . . . ndipo taona kuti anthu okhulupirika ayenera kukhala ndi Baibulo lomasuliridwa liwu ndi liwu, m’njira yakuti liwu lililonse lachiheberi likhale ndi liwu lofanana nalo lachilatini.” Alfonso de Zamora anali ndi zonse zomuyenereza kugwira ntchito yomasulira malemba achiheberi kuti akhale m’Chilatini chifukwa anali katswiri wodziwika bwino wa chinenero cha Chiheberi.

‘Mzimu Wanga Ukusowa Malo Ampumulo’

Ngakhale kuti m’dziko la Spain munali zovuta zina m’zaka za m’ma 1500, akatswiri omasulira Baibulo, monga Zamora, ankaona kuti dzikolo linali malo abwino kwambiri kugwiriramo ntchito yawo. Izi zinali choncho chifukwa kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500, anthu ambiri ku Spain ankatsatira chikhalidwe cha Ayuda. Buku lina linati: “Pa mayiko onse a m’dera lakumadzulo kwa Ulaya, dziko la Spain lokha ndi lomwe munali anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyananso. M’dzikoli munali Asilamu komanso Ayuda ochuluka. Ntchito zambiri zachitukuko pa nkhani ya chipembedzo, kulemba mabuku, luso la zojambula ndi zosema, komanso ntchito zomangamanga, zinayambika m’dzikoli m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500, chifukwa choti munali anthu a zikhalidwe ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana.”​—The Encyclopædia Britannica.

Ku Spain kunkapezeka mabuku ambiri a m’Baibulo ochita kukopa pamanja a chinenero cha Chiheberi chifukwa choti m’dzikoli munali Ayuda ambiri. Alembi achiyuda m’madera ochuluka m’dzikoli anagwira ntchito mwakhama pokopera mabukuwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga Malemba m’masunagoge. Munthu wina wolemba mabuku dzina lake L. Goldschmidt, analemba m’buku lake lina kuti: “Mabuku asanu oyambirira a m’Baibulo omwe anakopedwa pamanja a Chisipanishi ndi Chipwitikizi anali otchuka kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri a Baibulo achiyuda. Mabukuwa anali otchuka chifukwa anali olondola, komanso chifukwa choti anakopedwa kuchokera ku Mabaibulo oyambirira ndiponso Mabaibulo ophatikiza zinenero.”​—The Earliest Editions of the Hebrew Bible.

Ngakhale kuti dziko la Spain linali malo abwino kugwiramo ntchito yomasulira Baibulo, zinthu sizinkawayendera bwino anthu omwe ankafuna kugwira ntchitoyi chifukwa cha anthu otsutsa. Mwachitsanzo, m’chaka cha 1492, asilikali achikatolika a Mfumu Ferdinand ndi Mfumukazi Isabella, anagonjetsa dera lomaliza limene kunkakhala Aluya ku Spain. Komanso monga taonera kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, m’chaka chomwechi mafumuwa analamula kuti anthu onse amene angapitirizebe kukhala m’chipembedzo cha Chiyuda athamangitsidwe m’dziko la Spain. Kenako patapita zaka 10, lamulo ngati lomweli linaperekedwanso kwa Asilamu. Kungoyambira nthawi imeneyo, Chikatolika chinakhala chipembedzo chaboma m’dziko la Spain, ndipo zipembedzo zina zonse zinali zosaloledwa.

Kodi zinthu zimenezi zinakhudza bwanji ntchito yomasulira Baibulo? Zimene zinachitikira Alfonso de Zamora zikutipatsa chithunzi chabwino cha mmene zinthu zinalili. Ngakhale kuti Myuda wophunzira kwambiriyu analowa Chikatolika, akuluakulu a Katolika ku Spain sanamusiye chifukwa ankamuonabe kuti iye ndi Myuda. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ena otsutsa anayamba kunyoza Kadinala Cisneros chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Ayuda ena ophunzira kwambiri, omwe analowa Chikatolika, pa ntchito yokonzekera kumasulira Baibulo lophatikiza zinenero la Polyglot. Zimene anthu otsutsawo ankachita zinachititsa kuti Zamora asowe mtendere kwambiri. M’buku lina limene linalembedwa pamanja, lomwe likupezeka kuyunivesite ya Madrid, Zamora anadandaula kuti: “Ineyo, . . . ndatayidwa komanso ndayamba kudedwa ndi anzanga onse ndipo asanduka adani anga, moti mzimu wanga, ngakhalenso mapazi anga, zikulephera kupeza mpumulo.”

Mmodzi mwa adani ake akuluakulu anali bishopu wamkulu wa ku Toledo, dzina lake Juan Tavera, amene kenako anadzakhala mkulu wa khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika. Zamora anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi zomwe Tavera ankachita, moti anafika podandaula kwa papa. M’chigawo china cha kalata yodandaula imene analembera papayo, Zamora anati: “Tikukupemphani inu Bambo Woyera kuti mutithandize . . . ndi kutipulumutsa kwa mdani wathu, Don Juan Tavera, bishopu wa ku Toledo. Mosatopa, tsiku ndi tsiku iye akutivutitsa kwabasi ndipo akutibweretsera masautso ambirimbiri. . . . Ife tikuvutika kwadzaoneni, moti iye akungotiona ngati nyama zimene zikupita kokaphedwa. . . . Ngati inu Bambo Woyera mungamve dandaulo lathu lomwe takutumiziranili, ‘Yahweh adzakhala chitetezo chanu ndipo adzakutetezani kuti phazi lanu lisakodwe.’ (Miy. 3:23)”b

Mmene Ntchito ya Alfonso de Zamora Yathandizira Anthu

Ngakhale kuti Zamora ankatsutsidwa kwambiri, iye anapitiriza kugwira ntchito yake ndipo zimene anachitazo zinathandiza kwambiri anthu ochuluka amene ankaphunzira Baibulo. N’zoona kuti Zamora sanamasulire Malemba m’zinenero zimene anthu a m’dzikolo ankalankhula pa nthawiyo, komabe zimene anachitazo zinathandiza kwambiri anthu ena amene anamasulira Baibulo. Kuti timvetse mfundo yakuti iye anagwira ntchito yotamandika, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito yomasulira Baibulo imafunika magulu awiri a akatswiri omasulira. Choyamba, pamayenera kukhala akatswiri oti aunike mabuku a malemba opatulika a m’zinenero zoyambirira zimene analembera Baibulo, zomwe ndi Chiheberi, Chiaramu ndi Chigiriki. Iwo amayenera kuchita zimenezi kuti akonze mwina ndi mwina n’cholinga choti mabukuwo akhale olondola. Kenako akatswiri ena angayambepo kumasulira Baibulo pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku amenewa kupita m’zinenero zina.

Alfonso de Zamora anali mkulu wa akatswiri amene anakonza mwina ndi mwina mabuku a malemba achiheberi amene kenako anasindikizidwa m’Baibulo lophatikiza zinenero la Complutensian Polyglot, mu 1522. (M’Baibuloli, iye anafotokozeranso mawu ena achiheberi ndi achilatini, komanso anafotokoza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu ena achiheberi. Zimenezi zinathandiza kwambiri anthu ena omasulira Baibulo.) Erasmus, yemwe anakhala ndi moyo m’nthawi ya Zamora, nayenso anagwira ntchito yofanana ndi imeneyi pa Malemba Achigiriki, omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi dzina lakuti Chipangano Chatsopano. Pamene mabuku a malemba okonzedwanso a Chiheberi ndi Chigiriki anayamba kupezeka, anthu ena omasulira anayamba ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomasulira Baibulo m’zinenero zodziwika bwino kwa anthu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, William Tyndale anali mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira amene anagwiritsa ntchito malemba a Chiheberi m’Baibulo la Complutensian Polyglot, pa ntchito yake yomasulira Baibulo m’Chingelezi.

Masiku ano, Baibulo lafalitsidwa kwambiri. Tiyenera kuyamikira anthu ngati Zamora, omwe anadzipereka n’kugwira ntchito mwakhama n’cholinga choti tizitha kumvetsa bwino Malemba. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo imene Zamora ananena, kuti anthu adzapulumuke, ayenera kumvetsa bwino Mawu a Mulungu ndiponso kutsatira zimene mawuwo akunena. (Yohane 17:3) Zimenezi kuti zitheke, pamafunika kumasulira Baibulo m’zinenero zimene anthu amamva. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kuti uthenga wake ufike pamtima anthu ambirimbiri, anthuwo ayenera kukhala ndi Baibulo limene lili m’chinenero chimene akuchimvetsa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/​Zithunzi patsamba 19]

Kumasulira Dzina la Mulungu

N’zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuona mmene Alfonso de Zamora, Mheberi wophunzira kwambiri, anamasulirira dzina la Mulungu. Mungaone pachithunzichi kuti pomasulira buku la Genesis kuchoka m’Chiheberi kupita m’Chilatini analemba dzina la Mulungu kuti “jehovah.”

Izi zikusonyeza kuti Zamora ankaona kuti kameneka ndi kalembedwe koyenera ka dzina la Mulungu m’Chilatini. M’zaka za m’ma 1500, pamene Baibulo linkamasuliridwa m’zinenero zikuluzikulu za ku Ulaya, anthu ambiri omasulira Baibulo ankalemba dzina la Mulungu ngati mmene Zamora analembera kapena ankangosiyanitsa pang’ono. Ena mwa akatswiri omasulira Baibulo amene anachita zimenezi ndi William Tyndale (wa ku England, 1530), Sebastian Münster (wa ku Germany, 1534), Pierre-Robert Olivétan (wa ku France, 1535) ndi Casiodoro de Reina (wa ku Spain, 1569).

Choncho Zamora anali mmodzi mwa akatswiri ambiri oyambirira a Baibulo a m’zaka za m’ma 1500 amene anathandiza kuti anthu adziwe dzina la Mulungu. Chinthu choyamba chimene chinachititsa kuti anthu asadziwe dzina la Mulungu chinali chikhulupiriro cha Ayuda chimene sichinkawalola kutchula dzinali poopa kuona zamalodza. Mwachitsanzo, potsatira mwambo wa Ayudawu, omasulira Baibulo ena a m’Matchalitchi Achikhristu monga Jerome, amene anamasulira Baibulo lachilatini lodziwika ndi dzina lakuti Vulgate, anachotsa dzina la Mulungu m’Baibuloli n’kuikamo mawu akuti “Ambuye” kapena “Mulungu.”

[Chithunzi]

Izi ndi Zilembo Zinayi Zachiheberi Zoimira Dzina la Mulungu Zimene Zamora Anazimasulira Kuti “Yehova”

[Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Lamulo Lochokera kwa Mfumu ndi Mfumukazi ku Spain, 1492

[Credit Line]

Decree: Courtesy of the Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

[Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Yunivesite ya Alcalá de Henares

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Chithunzi cha Koyambirira kwa Baibulo la Zamora Lomasulira Liwu ndi Liwu