Ukapolo Ndi Khalidwe Lankhanza Lomwe Lidakalipobe

KODI ukapolo unatha? Anthu ambiri angakonde zitakhala choncho. Tikangomva chabe mawu ameneŵa timakumbukira zinthu zoopsa zankhanza ndiponso zosautsa kwambiri. Komabe anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti zimenezi n’zochitika zakalekale. Mwachitsanzo, ena amaganizira zombo zoweyeseka zakalekale za akapolo, zitanyamula anthu ochuluka mopitirira muyeso ogwidwa mantha, akukhala mwa uve wosaneneka.

Inde, n’zoona kuti m’nyanja zamasiku ano simudzapezamo mukuyenda zombo zoterozo ndipo mayiko anagwirizana zothetsa ukapolo woterowo. Komabe sitinganene n’komwe kuti ukapolo unatheratu. Bungwe loona zaufulu wa anthu la Anti-Slavery International linaŵerengetsera kuti anthu 200 miliyoni adakali paukapolo mwanjira inayake. Amagwira ntchito m’mavuto amene mwina angapose a akapolo amene analipo zaka mazana angapo kumbuyoku. Kwenikweni, anthu ena oona mmene zinthu zikuyendera ananena kuti “anthu ambiri masiku ano ali paukapolo kuposa nthaŵi ina iliyonse m’mbiri.”

Nkhani zokhudza akapolo amasiku anoŵa n’zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Kanji,a yemwe ali ndi zaka khumi zokha, amaŵeta ng’ombe za mabwana ankhanza tsiku lililonse omwe amam’menya nthaŵi zonse. Iye anafotokoza kuti, “Ndikachita mwayi ndimapeza mkute, apo ayi ndiye kuti tsiku lonse limatha osadya kena kalikonse. Chiyambireni sindinalipidweko kena kalikonse pantchito yangayi chifukwa chakuti ndine kapolo ndiponso ndine katundu wawo wapakhomo. . . . Ana amsinkhu wanga amaseŵera ndi anzawo, ndipo ine ndikanakonda nditangofa mmalo moti ndizingokhalabe ndi moyo wosautsawu.”

Mofanana ndi Kanji, akapolo amasiku ano nthaŵi zambiri amakhala ana kapena akazi. Amagwira kwambiri ntchito zimene iwo sakufuna, monga kuluka makapeti, kukonza misewu, kudula nzimbe, mwinanso ngakhale kugwira ntchito ya uhule. Ndipo akhoza kuwagulitsa pa ndalama zochepa kwambiri mwina zongokwana madola 10 basi. Ana ena amathanso kugulitsidwa ndi makolo awo kuti akakhale akapolo n’cholinga choti makolowo abweze ngongole zimene zikuwavuta kubweza.

Kodi nkhani zoterezi zikukuipirani? Si inu nokha amene zikukuipirani. Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Kevin Bales analemba ndemanga iyi m’buku lake lakuti Disposable People: “Ukapolo ndicho chinthu choipa kwambiri. Sikuti kumangokhala kum’gwiritsa ntchito munthu kwaulere, koma kumakhalanso kuba moyo wake wonse wa munthuyo.” Poona zochita za anthu zauchinyama zimene amachitira anthu anzawo, kodi pali chifukwa chotani chokhulupirira kuti nkhanza yaukapolo imeneyi idzatha? Mwina mungafulumire kuganiza kuti funsoli silikukhudza inuyo mwachindunji, koma ndithu likutero.

Monga mmene tionere, sikuti pali ukapolo wamtundu umodzi wokha. Ukapolo ulipo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mitundu ina imakhudza munthu wina aliyense. Choncho tonsefe tifunika kudziŵa ngati anthu onse adzapezedi mtendere weniweni. Koma poyamba, tiyeni tione kaye mwachidule mbiri ya malonda a ukapolo.

Tinayamba Kalekale Kulimbana Ndi Ukapolo

“Akamati uyu ndi kapolo ndiye kuti: amazunzidwa n’kumangopirira, ama’mchitira nkhanza zosaneneka n’kumangokhalabe chifukwa chakuti alibe koloŵera.”—Anatero wolemba nkhani za zisudzo wina wa m’zaka za m’ma 1400 B.C.E wa ku Greece dzina lake Euripides.

UKAPOLO unayamba kale kwambiri ndipo nthaŵi zambiri unali woipa mosasimbika. Kungoyambira kalekale pamene mayiko a Igupto ndi Mesopotamiya ankayamba kutukuka, mitundu yamphamvu inkagwira ukapolo mitundu yopanda mphamvu yoyandikana nayo. Motero zinthu zoipa zobwera chifukwa cha kupanda chilungamo kwa anthu zinayamba kuonekera.

Chapakati pa zaka 2000 ndi 1000 Yesu asanabwere, dziko la Igupto linagwira ukapolo mtundu wathunthu wa anthu wokhala ndi anthu mwina mamiliyoni angapo. (Eksodo 1:13, 14; 12:37) Pamene dziko la Greece linkalamulira chigawo cha ku Mediterranean, mabanja ambiri achigiriki anali ndi akapolo awo mwina mmodzi kapena kuposa, kungokhala ngati mmene mabanja a m’mayiko ena masiku ano amakhalira ndi galimoto yawoyawo. Munthu wophunzira kwambiri wa ku Greece dzina lake Aristostle ananena kuti panalibe cholakwika pochita zimenezi ponena kuti anthu alipo magulu aŵiri, mabwana ndi akapolo ndiponso kuti mabwanawo ali ndi ufulu wolamulira, koma akapolowo anabadwa n’cholinga choti azingomvera.

Aroma analimbikitsa kwambiri ukapolo mwinanso kuposa mmene anachitira Agiriki. M’masiku a mtumwi Paulo, zikuoneka kuti mumzinda wa Roma munali anthu ambiri ndipo mwina theka la anthu ameneŵa anali akapolo. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti Ufumu wa Roma unkakhala ndi akapolo okwana 500,000 chaka chilichonse kuti amange zipilala, kukumba migodi, kulima minda ndiponso kugwira ntchito m’nyumba zikuluzikulu za anthu achuma.a Amene ankagwidwa pankhondo nthaŵi zambiri ankawasandutsa akapolo. Choncho dziko la Roma lomwe silinkakhutitsidwa ndi akapolo omwe linali nawo liyenera kuti linkangochitabe nkhondo n’cholinga choti lizipezabe akapolowo.

Ngakhale kuti ukapolo unachepako Ufumu wa Roma utagwa, khalidwe lokhala ndi akapolo linapitirirabe. Buku la mbiri yakale ya ku England (lolembedwa mu 1086 C.E.), limati pa anthu 100 alionse apantchito m’zaka zoyambira m’ma 500 mpaka 1500 C.E., 10 anali akapolo. Ndipo akapolo ankawapezabe akagonjetsa adani awo.

Komabe kuyambira nthaŵi ya Kristu, palibe dziko lina limene lasakazidwa kuposa dziko la Africa chifukwa cha malonda ogulitsa akapolo. Ngakhale Yesu asanabwere, Aigupto ankagula ndi kugulitsa akapolo ochokera ku Aitiopia. M’kati mwazaka zoposa 1,250 anthu ochokera muno mu Africa okwana pafupifupi 18 miliyoni ankawapititsa ku Ulaya ndiponso ku Middle East kuti akagwire ntchito yaukapolo kumeneko. Dziko la America litakhala pa utsamunda cha m’ma 1500, msika wina watsopano wogulitsira akapolo unatsegulidwa, ndipo posapita nthaŵi malonda a akapolo amene an’kawaolotsa nyanja ya Atlantic anasanduka malonda opindulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse. Odziŵa mbiri yakale amaŵerengetsa kuti kuyambira m’chaka cha 1650 mpaka mu 1850, kuno ku Africa anatengako akapolo oposa 12 miliyoni.b Ambiri ankawagulitsa m’misika yogulitsira akapolo.

Kulimbana N’kuthetsa Ukapolo

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu ndiponso mayiko achita nkhondo kuti adzichotse paukapolo. M’kati mwa zaka 100 Kristu asanabwere, Spartacus anatsogolera gulu lina la akapolo achiroma okwana 70,000 poyesetsa kumenyera ufulu wawo koma sanaphule kanthu. Kuukira kumene akapolo a ku Haiti anachita zaka 200 zapitazo kunayenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa kunachititsa kuti akhazikitse boma lodziimira palokha m’chaka cha 1804.

N’zoona kuti ukapolo unapitirirabe kwa nthaŵi yaitali m’dziko la United States. Kunali akapolo amene anachita khama kwambiri podzithandiza okha kuti amasuke pamodzi ndi okondedwa awo. Ndipo panalinso anthu ena osakhala akapolo