Girisi ndi Roma Akhudza Moyo wa Ayuda
UFUMU wa Girisi unayambira kumapiri a Makedoniya n’kumakula. Kumeneko Alesandro, ali kumayambiriro a zaka zake za m’ma 20, anayamba kuganiza zopita kum’maŵa. M’chaka cha 334 B.C.E., anatsogolera asilikali ake kudutsa Helesipotale (Dardanelles), amene amalekanitsa Ulaya ndi Asiya. Agirikiwo ali pambuyo pa Alesandro, anayamba kugonjetsa mitundu ina mofulumira mofanana ndi “nyalugwe” wamphamvu. (Dan. 7:6) Alesandro anagonjetsa Aperisi pafupi ndi Troy, m’madambo a Mtsinje wa Gelenikasi, ndipo anawagonjetsanso kotheratu ku Isase.
Kenako Agiriki anaukira Suriya ndi Foinike, ndipo analanda Turo atazinga mudziwo miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri. (Ezek. 26:4, 12) Alesandro anasiya Yerusalemu ndi kukagonjetsa Gaza. (Zek. 9:5) Atafika ku Igupto, anakhazikitsa mzinda wa Alesandriya, umene unakhala malo a zamalonda ndi zamaphunziro. Atadutsanso ku Dziko Lolonjezedwa, iye anakagonjetsanso Aperisi kotheratu, ku Gogamela, pafupi ndi mabwinja a Nineve.
Atatero, Alesandro anatembenukira kum’mwera kukalanda Babulo, Susani (Susa), ndi Pesepoli—malikulu a Ufumu wa Perisiya. Kenako anadutsa dera la Perisiya mofulumira mpaka anakafika ku Mtsinje wa Indase, kudera limene panopa ndi Pakistan. Pa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokha, Alesandro anagonjetsa mbali yaikulu ya dziko linkadziŵika panthaŵi imeneyo. Koma m’chaka cha 323 B.C.E., ali ndi zaka 32, anamwalira ndi malungo ku Babulo.—Dan. 8:8.
Moyo wa Agiriki unakhudza kwambiri moyo wa Ayuda m’Dziko Lolonjezedwa. Agiriki ena amene kale anali asilikali a Alesandro anakhazikika kuderalo. Mmene zaka za zana loyamba zinali kufika, kuderalo kunali chigawo chokhala ndi mizinda yolankhula Chigiriki (Dekapole). (Mat. 4:25; Marko 7:31) Malemba Achihebri anali kupezeka m’Chigiriki. Chinenero chotchedwa Koine (Chigiriki cha anthu ŵamba) chinali kulankhulidwa kulikonse ndipo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsira ziphunzitso zachikristu.
Ufumu wa Roma
Nanga kodi kumadzulo kunali kuchitika zotani? Roma—amene poyamba anali midzi yosiyanasiyana ku Mtsinje wa Tiber—anayamba kukula. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, chifukwa cha luso lake pa zankhondo komanso chifukwa chokhala ndi boma pamalo amodzi, Roma anasesa madera onse olamulidwa ndi akazembe anayi a Alesandro. Mmene chaka cha 30 B.C.E. chimafika, zinali zoonekeratu kuti Ufumu wa Roma unali ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Kumeneku kunali kuyamba kuonekera kwa ‘chilombo choopsa’ chimene Danieli anaona m’masomphenya.—Dan. 7:7.
Dera la Ufumu wa Roma linayambira ku Britain mpaka Kumpoto kwa Africa, komanso kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Atlantic mpaka ku Nyanja ya Perisiya. Popeza kuti ufumuwo unazungulira dera lonse la Mediterranean, Aroma anatcha nyanjayo Mare Nostrum (Nyanja Yathu).
Roma anakhudzanso moyo wa Ayuda, amene dziko lawo linali chigawo cha Ufumu wa Roma. (Mat. 8:5-13; Mac. 10:1, 2) Yesu anabatizidwa ndi kumwalira panthaŵi imene Mfumu Tiberiyo anali kulamulira. Olamulira ena achiroma anazunza Akristu mwankhanza koma sanagonjetse kulambira koona. Patapita zaka 1,300, ufumuwo unagonja poukiridwa ndi mitundu ya ku Germania kumpoto kwake komanso mitundu yoyendayenda kum’maŵa kwake.
[Mapu patsamba 26]
(Onani m’kabuku kenikeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Ufumu wa Girisi
Alesandro atamwalira, akazembe ake anayi analamulira ufumu waukulu wonsewu
▪ Kasanda
▫ Lasamekasi
○ Tolemi Woyamba
• Selukasi Woyamba
A2 ▪ GIRISI
A2 ▪ Atene
A2 ▪ AKAYA
A3 ○ Kurene
A3 ○ LIBIYA
B2 ▫ Bezantiyamu
B3 ○ KUPRO
B4 ○ No-Amoni (Thebes)
C3 Palimelia (Tadimori)
C3 ○ Gerasa
C3 ○ Filadelfeya
C3 ○ Yerusalemu
C5 ○ Sevene
G2 • Alesandriya Margiana
Njira ya Alesandro
A2 ▪ MAKEDONIYA
A2 ▪ Pella
A2 ▫ THIRESI
B2 ▫ Troy
B2 ▫ Sarde
B2 ▫ Efeso
B2 ▫ Gordium
C2 ▫ Ankara
C3 • Tariso
C3 • Isase
C3 • Antiokeya (wa Suriya)
C3 ○ Turo
C4 ○ Gaza
B4 ○ IGUPTO
B4 ○ Mofi
B4 ○ Alesandriya
A4 ○ Mudzi wa Madzi wa Siwa
B4 ○ Mofi
C4 ○ Gaza
C3 ○ Tulo
C3 ○ Damasiko
C3 • Allepo
D3 • Nisibis
D3 • Gogamela
D3 • Babulo
E3 • Susani
E4 • PERISIYA
E4 • Pesepoli
E4 • Pasagade
E3 • MEDIYA
E3 • Akimeta
E3 • Rhagae
E3 • Hecatompylos
F3 • PARTI
G3 • ARIA
G3 • Alesandriya Areion
G3 • Alesandriya Prophthasia
F4 • DRANGIANA
G4 • ARACHOSIA
G4 • Alesandriya Arachosiorum
H3 • Kabul
G3 • Drapsaca
H3 • Alesandriya Oxiana
G3 • Drapsaca
G3 • BACTRIA
G3 • Bactra
G2 • Derbent
G2 • SOGDIANA
G2 • Maracanda
G2 • Bukhara
G2 • Maracanda
H2 • Alesandriya Eschate
G2 • Maracanda
G2 • Derbent
G3 • Bactra
G3 • BACTRIA
G3 • Drapsaca
H3 • Kabul
H3 • Takasila
H5 • INDIYA
H4 • Alesandriya
G4 • GEDROSIA
F4 • Pura
E4 • PERESIYA
F4 • Alesandriya
F4 • CARMANIA
E4 • Pasagade
E4 • Pesepoli
E3 • Susani
D3 • Babulo
[Malo ena]
A3 KRETE
D4 ARABIYA
[Nyanja]
B3 Nyanja ya Mediterranean
C5 Nyanja Yofiira
E4 Nyanja ya Perisiya
G5 Nyanja ya Arabiya
[Mitsinje]
B4 Nile
D3 Firate
D3 Tigirisi
G4 Indase
[Mapu patsamba 27]
(Onani m’kabuku kenikeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Ufumu wa Roma
A1 BRITAIN
A3 SPANYA
B1 GERMANIA
B2 GAU
B2 ITALIYA
B2 Roma
B3 Kafeji
C2 ILURIKO
C3 GIRISI
C3 Akitumu
C3 Kurene
D2 Bezantiyamu (Kositantinopo)
D3 ASIYA MINA
D3 Efeso
D3 Allepo
D3 Antiokeya (wa Suriya)
D3 Damasiko
D3 Gerasa (Jarash)
D3 Yerusalemu
D3 Alesandriya
D4 IGUPTO
[Nyanja]
A2 Nyanja ya Atlantic
C3 Nyanja ya Mediterranean
D2 Nyanja Yakuda
D4 Nyanja Yofiira
[Chithunzi patsamba 26]
Atamanganso Raba, Tolemi Wachiŵiri anatcha mzindawo Filadelfeya. Mabwinja a bwalo lalikulu la Aroma adakaliko
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Mzinda wa Gerasa (Jarash) ku Dekapole
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Misewu ya Aroma, ngati msewu uwu umene uli pafupi ndi Allepo, inadutsa ku Ulaya, Kumpoto kwa Africa, ndi ku Middle East. Akristu anadutsa misewu imeneyi pofalitsa choonadi cha m’Baibulo