Mipukutu ya Kunyanja Yakufa​—Chuma Choposa China chirichonse Chakale

PASINDE pa Wadi Qumran, ku mbali yakumpoto koma chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja Yakufa, kuli mabwinja akale. Polingaliridwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kukhala mabwinja a msasa wa asirikali Achiroma, iwo sanakope kwenikweni chidwi cha akatswiri ofukula m’mabwinja. Komabe, kutumbidwa kwa Mipukutu ya Yesaya ya Kunyanja Yakufa mu 1947 kunabutsa kupendedwanso kwa malowo.

Posapita nthaŵi akatswiri anadziŵa nyumbazo kuti zinali za chitaganya cha anthu achipembedzo Achiyuda. Lingaliro lotsatira linali lakuti anthu ameneŵa adabisa mipukutuyo m’mapanga pakati pa materezi apafupipo. Koma zotumbidwa pambuyo pake zinawoneka kukhala zokaikiritsa zimenezo.

Zotumbidwa Zoposa Zakale Zirizonse

Abedouin anazindikira phindu la malembo apamanja omwe anapezapo kale. Chotero, mu 1952, pamene mwamuna wokalamba wina anakumbukira kuti pamene adali wachichepere anapitikitsapo mkhwali yovulala kufikira inaloŵa pachiboo pa materezi, kumene anapeza mbiya ndi nyali yamafuta yamakedzana, anayambiranso kufunafuna kwatsopano.

Mwamuna wokalambayo anakhozabe kudziŵa poloŵera pa phanga pakati pa maphompho a therezi lalitalilo. Anapeza kuti linali phanga lopangidwa ndi anthu, tsopano lotchedwa Phanga 4. Kumeneko Abedouin amenewo anapezako zidutswa za malembo apamanja pafupifupi mita imodzi pansi kusiya nthaka yakaleyo. Palibe chidutswa chirichonse chomwe chinasungidwa m’nsupa, chotero zambiri zinaola, kuda, ndi kuuma kwambiri. M’kupita kwanthaŵi zidutswa 40,000 zinapezedwa, zokhala ndi malembo apamanja pafupifupi 400. Mabuku onse a Malemba Achihebri, kusiyapo Estere, analipo pakati pa malembo apamanja a Baibulo okwanira zana limodzi. Zinthu zambiri zotumbidwa mu Phanga 4 sizinafalitsidwebe.

Amodzi a malembo apamanja ofunika kwambiri anali mabuku a Samueli, onjambulidwa pa mpukutu umodzi. Malemba ake Achihebri, osungidwa pa madanga 47 mwinamwake otsala pa 57, ngofanana kwambiri ndi aja ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi omasulira matembenuzidwe a Septuagint Achigiriki. Palinso zidutswa Zachigiriki za Septuagint za Levitiko ndi Numeri zokhala ndi deti la m’zaka za zana loyamba B.C.E. Malembo apamanja a Levitiko amagwiritsira ntchito IAO, kutanthauza יהוה Yachihebri, dzina laumulungu la Mulungu, mmalo mwa liwu Lachigiriki lakuti Kyʹri·os, lotanthauza “Ambuye.”a

M’chidutswa cha Deuteronomo, malemba Achihebri amaphatikizapo chigawo chochokera pa mutu 32, vesi 43, chopezeka mu Septuagint ndipo chogwidwa mawu pa Ahebri 1:6 kuti: “Ndipo amgwadire iye angelo onse a Mulungu.” Iyi ndiyo nthaŵi yoyamba imene mzera umenewu wapezedwa mu malembo apamanja alionse Achihebri, kuvumbula lemba limene limachirikiza matembenuzidwe Achigiriki. Chotero akatswiri apeza chidziŵitso chatsopano cha malemba a Septuagint, ogwidwa mawu kaŵirikaŵiri m’Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki.

Mpukutu wa Eksodo wapezedwa kukhala wa chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachitatu B.C.E., wina wa Samueli kumapeto kwa zaka za zana limodzimodzi, ndiponso mpukutu wa Yeremiya pakati pa 225 ndi 175 B.C.E. Zinthu zokwanira kuchokera m’zaka za zana lachitatu mpaka ku za zana loyamba B.C.E. zapezedwa zopezera masinthidwe m’kalembedwe ndi zilembo zina za maalifabeti Achihebri ndi Achiaramu, zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’kudziŵitsa madeti a malembo apamanja.

Chozizwitsa cha Phanga 11

M’kupita kwanthaŵi, malo onse ozungulira Qumran anafufuzidwa kotheratu, ponse paŵiri ndi Abedouin akumaloko ndi akatswiri ofukula za m’mabwinja. Chikhalirechobe, tsiku lina mu 1956, Abedouin ena anawona mileme ikutuluka m’ming’alu ya matereziwo kumpoto kwa Phanga 1. Iwo anakwera pamwamba napeza phanga lina, poloŵera pake panali potsekedwa. Mathanthwe akugwa olemera matani aŵiri anayenera kugubuduzidwa kuti atsegulepo. Zotumbidwa mkatimo zinali zozizwitsa​—malembo apamanja athunthu aŵiri ndi mbali zina zazikulu zisanu.

Chotumbidwa chofunika koposa chinali mpukutu wokongola wa Masalmo. Kuchindikala kwa chikopacho kumapereka lingaliro lakuti icho mwinamwake nchikopa cha ng’ombe mmalo mwa chikopa cha mbuzi. Mbali zake zisanu, masamba anayi olekana, ndi zidutswa zinayi zimaupangitsa kukhala wautali koposa pa mamita anayi. Chinkana kuti pamwamba pa mpukutu umenewu mpolimba bwino lomwe, pansi pake panaola kwakukulu. Wapezedwa kukhala wa m’theka loyamba la zaka za zana loyamba C.E. ndipo uli ndi mbali za masalmo zokwanira 41. Zilembo Zinayi za dzina la Mulungu zinalembedwa nthaŵi 105 m’zilembo zamakedzana Zachihebri chakale, kuzipangitsa kuwonekera pakati pa zilembo za masiku onse Zachihebri za mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo.

Malembo apamanja ena, a Levitiko, analembedwa kotheratu m’kalembedwe ka Chihebri chakale, koma chifukwa chake sichinalongosoledwebe mokwanira. Iwo ndicholembedwa chachitali koposa chokhalapo chimene chiri ndi kalembedwe kamtundu umenewo, kamene kanagwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene Ayuda anapita muukapolo ku Babulo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri B.C.E.

Kope la Targum, katchulidwe ka Chiaramu ka bukhu la Yobu, linadziŵidwanso. Liri pakati pa ma Targum olembedwa poyambirira. Ndemanga zochuluka pa mabuku ena a Baibulo zinapezedwanso m’mapanga osiyanasiyana. Kodi ndimotani mmene zonsezi zinabisidwira mosamalitsa kwambiri m’mapangaŵa?

Monga momwe zatchulidwira poyamba, ena angakhale anabisidwa ndi anthu a ku Qumran. Koma malinga ndi umboni, zikuwoneka kuti ambiri anaikidwa kumeneko ndi Ayuda othaŵa nkhondo ya Aroma m’Yudeya m’chaka cha 68 C.E., chiwonongeko chomalizira cha Yerusalemu chisanachitike zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake. Chipululu cha Yudeya chinali malo achisungiko achibadwa kaamba ka malembo apamanja osati m’mapanga okhala pafupi ndi Qumran okha komanso mu ena okhala pamtunda wa makilomita ambiri kumpoto, pafupi ndi Yeriko, ndi kum’mwera, pafupi ndi Masada. Ndife oyamikira chotani nanga kuti iwo anasungika! Iwo amapereka umboni wowonjezereka wa kusasintha kwa Mawu ouziridwa a Yehova. Zowonadi, ‘mawu a Mulungu wathu adzakhala nthaŵi zachikhalire.’​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 13]

KODI OWONJEZEREKA ADZABWERA POSACHEDWAPA?

Angakhale kuti zinatumbidwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, zidutswa zambirimbiri za Mipukutu ya Kunyanja Yakufa nzosafalitsidwa. The New York Times ya December 23, 1990, inasonyeza chisoni mwakunena kuti: “Ngakhale zofanana zojambulidwa nzobisidwa ndi gulu la pabanja la akatswiri omwe amamana anzawo ndikukana kufalitsa zambiri zimene akuzisunga.” Komabe, pepalayo inasimba kuti, kusinthidwa kwa antchito m’gulu la olemba limeneli kwapangidwa posachedwapa, kumene kungakhale sitepe lotsogolera ku kupasulidwa kwa “mkhalidwe wa banjalo wotsekereza mipukutu imeneyo . . . , ndipo dziko lidzadziŵa zowonjezereka ponena za nyengo yachilendo m’mbiri.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 12]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.