Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Gawo 2: Mafumu, Amakwera ndi Kugwa, Mofanana ndi Nyenyezi

Monarchy: ili ndi boma lotsogozedwa ndi nyakwaŵa wa ufumu wosiirana m’banja, monga ngati mfumu kapena wolamulira; Kingdom: uwu ndi mtundu wa boma la “monarchy” lotsogozedwa ndi mfumu kapena mfumukazi; Empire: ili ndi gawo lofutukuka lomwe kaŵirikaŵiri limapangidwa ndi mitundu yambiri, maiko, kapena anthu olamulidwa ndi ufumu umodzi, umene kaŵirikaŵiri umalamulidwa ndi wolamulira.

“NDIPO panali masiku a Amarafele mfumu ya Sinara.” Panopa, monga mmene Genesis chaputala 14 chayambira, Baibulo lagwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti “mfumu” kwanthaŵi yoyamba. Kaya Amarafele linali dzina lina la Hammurabi, Mfumu yotchuka ya Babulo, monga mmene ena amanenera sitikudziŵa. Chomwe timadziŵa nchakuti, mulimonse mmene iye amadziŵidwira, lingaliro la ufumu wa anthu silinayambidwe ndi Amarafele. Zaka mazana ambiri kuchiyambiyambi, Nimrode, ngakhale kuti sanatchedwe mfumu, mwachidziŵikire ndiye anayambirira. Kwenikweni, iye ndiye anali mfumu yoyamba yaumunthu m’mbiri.—Genesis 10:8-12.

Zowona, tiribe umboni wolozera kwa Mfumu Nimrode kapena kwa Mfumu Amarafele. “Enmebaragesi, mfumu ya ku Kisi, ndiye wolamulira wakalekale wa ku Mesopotamiya amene pali mawu ake ozokotedwa otsimikizirika,” ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Kuchokera ku Kisi, mzinda waukulu wakalekale wa Mesopotamiya, nkumene kunachokera liwu Lachisumeriya kaamba ka wolamulira, lotanthauza “mwamuna wamkulu.” Madeti a kulamulira kwa Enmebaragesi, ngakhale kuti ngosiyana ndi kupenda masiku kwa Baibulo, ngachifupibe ndi nyengo ya nthaŵi yovomerezedwa ndi Baibulo ndipo, chofunika kwenikweni, iwo amaika kuyambika kulamulira kwa munthu m’chigawo cha dziko lapansi chofanana ndendende ndi cha Baibulo.

Umodzi Kupyolera M’zokonda Munthu Mmodzi

Ufumu wapabanja wotchedwa Shang, kapena Yin, wa ku China umalingaliridwa mwachisawawa kukhala unayambika nthaŵi ina pakati pa zaka za mazana a 18 ndi 16 B.C.E., ngakhale kuti masikuwa ngosatsimikizirika. Chirichonse chomwe ichi chingakhale, maufumu a monarchy ndiwo mtundu wakalekale wa boma la munthu. Iwo ngofalikiranso.

Liwu lakuti “monarch” limachokera m’mawu Achigiriki awa moʹnos, kutanthauza “yekha,” ndi ar·kheʹ, kutanthauza “kulamulira.” Mogwirizana ndi awa, ufumu wa monarchy umaika ulamuliro waukulu pamunthu mmodzi wotumikira ndi ulamuliro wake monga mtsogoleri wokhalirira wa boma. Mu ufumu wa monarchy olamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi, mawu a mfumu ndiwo lamulo. Iye amapanga zokonda munthu mmodzi, kunena kwake titero.

Maufumu a monarchy nthaŵi zonse alingaliridwa kukhala othandiza kumangirira mitundu pamodzi. John H. Mundy, amene amaphunzitsa mbiri yakale ya nyengo zapakati ya Yuropu, walongosola kuti m’nthaŵi za nyengo zapakati, nthanthi za ndale zadziko “zinatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti unapambana zipani zakutizakuti, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufumu wa monarchy kunali koyenerera m’madera aakulu okhala ndi nkhani zokanganirana zigawo.” Madera aakuluwa “okhala ndi nkhani zokanganiranapo m’chigawocho” kaŵirikaŵiri anatulukapo kulakika kwa gulu lankhondo, popeza kuti mafumu ankakhala atsogoleri a gulu lankhondo mokhazikika. Kwenikweni, katswiri wa mbiri yakale W. L. Warren akuti kulakika m’nkhondo “kunalingaliridwa mofala kukhala muyezo woyambirira wa ufumu wokhala ndi chipambano.”

Chotero, boma lamtundu wa ufumu wa monarchy linatheketsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa maulamuliro adziko monga ngati Ufumu wa Grisi pansi pa Alexander Wamkulu, Ufumu wa Roma pansi pa Akaisara, ndipo posachedwapa kwenikweni, pakhala Ufumu wa Briteni. Womalizirawo, m’kulamulira kwake kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, unagwirizanitsa pafupifupi nusu ya chiŵerengero cha anthu a padziko lapansi ndi la dziko lake pansi pa munthu mmodzi.

Ufumu m’Zovala Zachipembedzo

Mafumu akalekale ambiri anati anali milungu. Monga mmene katswiri wa mbiri yakale George Sabine wanenera motere: “Kuyambira ndi Alexander, mafumu Achihelene anaphatikizidwa pakati pa milungu ya mizinda Yachigiriki. Mfumu yolingaliridwa kukhala mulungu inakhala magwero ovomerezedwa ponseponse Kum’mawa ndipo pomalizira pake inafunikira kutsanziridwa ndi olamulira Achiroma.” Iye akuti kukhulupirira m’kukhala milungu kwa mfumu kunaumirira mu Yuropu “mumkhalidwe uwu ndi uwo, kufikira lerolino.”

Chapakati ndi Kum’mwera kwa Amereka, maboma a Aztec ndi Inca analingaliridwa kukhala maufumu a monarchy opatulika. Mu Asia munali mu 1946 pamene Hirohito, Wolamulira wa ku Japan anathetsa kunena kwake kwakuti anali mbadwa yaumunthu ya nambala 124 ya mulungu wachikazi wadzuŵa wotchedwa Amaterasu Omikami.

Pamene kuli kwakuti simafumu onse amene anati ndi milungu, ambiri a iwo anadzilingaliradi kuti anali ndi chilikizo laumulungu. Kupatulidwa kuimira Mulungu padziko lapansi kunaloŵetsamo machitachita aunsembe. John H. Mundy akulongosola kuti “lingaliro lakalekale lakuti mafumu pawokha anali ansembe linafalikira Kumadzulo konse, ili linapanga kalonga kukhala mtsogoleri wolamulira tchalitchi chake ndi mtsogoleri wa atumwi.” Ichi chinali chiphunzitso chachipembedzo “chotengedwa m’kugwirizanitsa tchalitchi ndi boma kochitidwa ndi Constantine [mkati mwa zaka za zana lachinayi C.E.], ndi kuchokera m’kuloŵetsa Nthanthi za Plato zofanana ndi izi m’tchalitchi.” Dalitso lachipembedzo lobweretsedwa panthaŵi ya kuveka ufumu linalemekeza kulamulira kwa mfumu mwalamulo limene apo phuluzi silikadapezedwa.

Mu 1173, Henry II wa ku Mangalande anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito mawu aulemu akuti “Mfumu mwa chisomo cha Mulungu.” Ichi chinatsogolera ku lingaliro lodziŵika pambuyo pake kukhala kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, kutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wa mfumuyo unali wosiirana m’banja. Kunalingaliridwa kuti Mulungu anasonyeza kusankha kwake pakubadwa iyeyo. Mu 1661, Louis XIV wa ku Falansa anapangitsa chiphunzitso cha lamuloli kugwira ntchito kwenikweni mwa kutenga ulamuliro wonse wa boma m’manja mwake. Iye analingalira chitsutso kukhala chimo lotsutsana ndi Mulungu yemwe akumuimirayo. “L’état c’est moi! [Ine ndine Boma],” iye anadzitukumula tero.

Lingaliro lofananali linamvedwa mu Scotland panthaŵi imodzimodziyi. Pamene ankalamulira Scotland monga James VI koma asanakhale Mfumu James I wa ku Mangalande mu 1603, monarch uyu (mfumu) analemba motere: “Mafumu akutchedwa Milungu . . . chifukwa chakuti amakhala pa MULUNGU Mpando wake Wachifumu padziko lapansi, ndipo amaŵerengera kulamulira kwawo kwa [I]ye.” Sitikudziŵa utali umene chikhulupiriro chimenechi chinasonkhezerera James kulamulira kutembenuzira Baibulo m’Chingelezi. Zotulukapo tikuzidziŵa, ndizo King James Version, yomwe idakagwiritsiridwabe ntchito mofala ndi Aprotestanti.

Nyengo ya maufumu a “Monarchy” Olamulidwa ndi Munthu Mmodzi

Kuchokera kuchiyambi kwa Nyengo Zapakati kunka mtsogolo, ulamuliro wa maufumu a monarchy ndiwo unali mtundu wodziŵika wa boma. Mafumu anatumba njira yopepuka ndi yoyenerera ya kulamulira mwa kupatsa mphamvu eni minda otchuka. Pambuyo pake, awa anapanga dongosolo la ndale zadziko ndi lankhondo lodziŵika kukhala feudalism (kubwereketsa minda). Mwakusinthanitsa mautumiki ankhondo ndi ena, eni minda anapatsa akapolowo pokhala. Koma obwereketsa mindawo atakhala okhutiritsa ndi amphamvu, mwachidziŵikire ufumuwo ukagawanikana kukhala zigawozigawo zolamulidwa ndi anthu obwereketsa mindawo.

Pambali pa ichi, dongosolo lobwereketsa minda linalanda nzika ulemu wawo ndi ufulu. Iwo analamulidwa ndi eni malo ankhondo, amene anali ndi thayo la kuwapatsa malipiro. Pokhala atalandidwa mwaŵi wa maphunziro ndi mwambo, “kapolo anali ndi zoyenerera zochepa zoikidwa ndi lamulo za kutsutsa mbuye wake wamkuluyo,” yatero Collier’s Encyclopedia. “Iye sakanatha kukwatira, kusiira munda wake mbadwa zake, kapena kuthawa mkulu wakeyo popanda chilolezo cha mbuyeyo.”

Iyi sinali njira yokha yolamulira m’maufumu a monarchy olamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi. Mafumu ena anapatsa maudindo aulamuliro kwa anthu amene pambuyo pake akachotsedwa paudindowo, kutalingaliridwa kukhala koyenera. Mafumu ena anaikiza chigawo cha boma kwa ziungwe zotchuka zimene zinalamulira kupyolera mwa mwambo ndi kudidikiza mayanjano. Koma njira zonsezi zinali zosakhutiritsa m’njira zina. Komabe, olemba mabuku a m’zaka za zana la 17, monga ngati Bwana Robert Filmer wa ku Mangalande ndi Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet wa ku Falansa, adapititsabe patsogolo kulamulira kwa banja limodzi lokha kukhala mtundu wabwinopo wa boma. Komabe masiku ake anali oŵerengeka.

“Milungu” Ichepetsedwa Kukhala Mafano

Mosasamala kanthu za chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti mamonarch anali oŵerengera kwa Mulungu yekha, kutsendereza kwakhala kukukulakula kuwapangitsa iwo kukhala oŵerengera ku malamulo, miyambo, ndi mphamvu za anthu. Podzafika m’zaka za zana la 18, “mamonarch anagwiritsira ntchito mawu osiyana ndi a mafumu a m’zaka za zana la khumi mphambu zisanu ndi ziŵiri,” ikutero The Columbia History of the World, komabe, inawonjezera kuti “m’tanthauzo lokhala kumbuyo kwa mawuwo iwo anali adakali mafumube.” Iyo inalongosolanso kuti “pamene Frederick Wamkulu anadzitcha yekha ‘mtumiki woyamba wa boma’ ndi kukana kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, iye sankaganizira za kulumbira kutula ufumu.”

Komabe, pambuyo pa Kusinthika kwa mu 1688 m’Mangalande ndi Kusinthika kwa Chifrench kwa mu 1789, nyengo ya kulamulira kwa munthu mmodzi yekha inali itatha m’mbali yaikulu. Pang’onopang’ono, maufumu a monarchy olamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi anasiira mpata maufumu a monarchy okhala ndi polekezera okhala ndi miyezo kapena malamulo, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Mosiyana ndi m’zaka za zana la 12 pamene “ufumu udali chirichonse chimene mfumu inatha kuchita, ndipo nzika zake zinakonzekera kuzivomereza,” kugwira mawu a katswiri wa mbiri yakale W. L. Warren, lerolino kulamulira kwa ndale zadziko kwa mafumu ambiri ndi mfumukazi kulidi ndi polekezera.

Ndithudi, mamonarch oŵerengeka adakakhalabe ndi mphamvu zakutizakuti zolamulira. Koma ambiri a awa kwanthaŵi yaitali ataikiridwa ndi kutchuka kwa “umulungu” ndipo ngokwaniritsidwa kutumikira monga mafano, wolamulira wamkulu amene anthu angalimbikitsidwe kugubirako mwa mzimu wa kukhulupirika. Maufumu a monarchy okhala ndi polekezera ayesera kusungabe mbali zogwirizanitsa za kulamulira kwa munthu mmodzi yekha pamene athetsa mbali zake zoipa mwa kuika mphamvu zenizeni za kupanga malamulo pa bungwe.

Lingaliro la maufumu a monarchy okhala ndi polekezera lidakali lotchukabe. Posachedwapa mu 1983, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, mtsogoleri wa Chipani cha Nepali Congress mu Nepal, analankhula mochilikiza ufumu wa monarchy ‘kuti ngwoletsa tsoka,’ nati ‘Mfumu njofunika kwenikweni kusungirira dziko kukhala logwirizana.’ Ndipo ngakhale kuti mu 1987 Afalansa ankapanga makonzedwe omalizira a kukondwerera chikumbukiro cha 200 cha Kusinthika kwa Chifrench, 17 peresenti ya anthu amene anafunsidwa anakonda za kubwerera ku kulamulira kwa ufumu wa monarchy. Chiŵalo chimodzi cha gulu la mamonarch chinati: “Mfumu ndiyo njira yokha ya kugwirizanitsa mtundu wogawikana chotere ndi kupikisana kwa ndale.”

Chaka chimodzimodzicho, magazine a Time anadziŵitsa motere: “Mwinamwake ufumu umafuna kukhulupirika chifukwa chakuti mamonarch ndiwo mafano omalizira a m’nyengo yathu yaudziko, anthu aakulu koposa omwe angafulumizebe kukhulupirira popanda kuwazindikira. Ngati Mulungu ngwakufa, akhale ndi moyo wautali Mfumukazi!” Komano polingalira zinthu motsimikizirika, iyo inawonjezera kuti “mphamvu za kulamulira kwa Mfumukazi [ya ku Briteni] kwakukulukulu zikuwonekera m’kupanda mphamvu kwake.”

Upezedwa Woperewera

Maufumu a monarchy olamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi ngosakhutiritsa. Mwakapangidwe kawo kokha, iwo ngosakhazikika. Mosataya nthaŵi, wolamulira aliyense amafa ndipo amafunikiranso mlowa mmalo, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa chifukwa cha kukhala kwake mbadwa ndipo osati chifuwa cha makhalidwe abwino kapena luso. Kodi ndani angatsimikizire kuti mwana wamwamunayu adzakhala wabwino mofanana ndi bambo wake? Kapena ngati bambo wakeyo anali woipa, ndani angatsimikizire kuti mwana wakeyo adzakhala wabwino kumposa?

Ndiponso, monga mmene Cristiano Grottanelli akufotokozera, “kusankha mlowa mmalo wa mfumu” kaŵirikaŵiri “kumachitidwa mosasamalitsa, kotero kuti pakati pa ziŵalo za mzere wachifumuwo pangabuke kupikisana. Chotero nyengo yapambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala nyengo ya tsoka m’zamayanjano (ndi pachiunda chonse), ponse paŵiri yeniyeni ndi yophiphiritsira.”

Pokhala olamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi, kukhutiritsa kwa maufumu a monarchy olamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi kumadalira pakukhutiritsa kwa munthu yemwe ali wolamulira wakeyo. Maluso ndi mfundo zake zamphamvu zingazindikiridwe m’boma lake komanso zifooko, zophophonya, ndi kusadziŵa kanthu kwake kumawonedwanso. Ngakhale anthu aluntha ngwopanda ungwiro. Mafumu oipa amakhazikitsa maboma oipa, mafumu abwino mothekera amakhazikitsa abwinopo, koma ndimfumu yangwiro yokha basi imene ingakhazikitse mtundu wa boma limene anthu amalilakalaka ndikuliyenerera.

Maufumu a monarchy okhala ndi nyumba zamalamulo kapena okhala ndi polekezera onsewo amakhala ndi zophophonya. Mu United Kingdom, m’zaka za zana lino mwawonedwa mafumu ndi mfumukazi za ku Mangalande omwe apangidwa mafano akumatsogolera kugawanikana kwa ufumu wamphamvu kwenikweni padziko lapansi.

Nyenyezi ya Mtundu Wosiyana

Mafumu, mofanana ndi nyenyezi, onsewo amakwera ndi kugwa—kupatulapo imodzi. Podzilankhulira, Yesu Kristu anati iye ndiye “muzu ndi mbadwa ya Davide, nyenyezi yonyezimira ya nthanda.” (Chibvumbulutso 22:16) Pokhala mbadwa yeniyeni ya Mfumu Davide, Yesu ngoyenerera kukhala Mfumu ya boma laumulungu la Mulungu. Monga “nyenyezi yonyezimira ya nthanda,” Yesu alinso “nyenyezi yamasana” imene Petro anati ikauka kufikira kukacha.—2 Petro 1:19, NW; Numeri 24:17; Salmo 89:34-37.

Polingalira nsongazi, kodi nkwanzeru motani kuyang’ana ku nyenyezi zakugwa za maufumu a monarchy a anthu? Mmalo mwake, nzeru idzatitsimikizira kuti tikuika ziyembekezo zathu kwa Mfumu yoikidwa ndi Mulungu, Yesu Kristu, “Mfumu ya mafumu ndi Mbuye wa ambuye; amene Iye yekha [pamafumu aumunthu onse] ali nawo moyo wosatha.” (1 Timoteo 6:15, 16) Pokhala kale wokwera monga Mfumu yosawoneka m’mwamba, iye posachedwapa adzabweretsa m’mamawa mwa dziko latsopano. Iye ndiye nyenyezi—mfumu—amene, popeza tsopano wakwera, sadzagwa konse!

[Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Paimfa ngakhale mfumu yaumunthu yabwino kwambiri imasiira ntchito yake m’manja osatsimikizirika