Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Gawo 5: Mphamvu Zopanda Malire Dalitso Kapena Temberero?

“Autocracy”: boma lolamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi wokhala ndi mphamvu zopanda malire; “Authoritarianism”: kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zolamulira popanda kulingalira olamulidwawo, kulamulira konkitsa kuposa kwa totalitarianism; “Dictatorship”: boma lokhala ndi wolamulira amene mphamvu zake zotheratu siziikiridwa malire ndi lamulo kapena kuletsedwa ndi bungwe lirilonse la nduna; “Totalitarianism”: kulamulira kwa nduna zokha kochitidwa ndi bungwe la autocracy, lopangitsa nzika kukhala pafupifupi zogonjera kotheratu ku ulamuliro wa Boma.

MABOMA a ufumu wa authoritarianism, okonda kulamulira ndipo osakonda kupatsa ufulu waumwini, mwamsanga amakumbutsa mawu ofotokoza ntchito yochitidwa onga ngati “wotsendereza,” “wankhalwe,” ndi “wokwangwanula.” Pokhala oumirira koposa pa utundu, iwo ali maulamuliro amene amalamulira nthambi iriyonse ya boma, amayang’anira mopambanitsa nzika zawo, ndikuletsa machitachita amene samachilikiza zabwino za dzikolo, mosasamala kanthu kuti machitachitawa angakhale osavulaza motani. Nzomvetsa chisoni kunena kuti, mbiri ya anthu siikusoŵa maboma a ufumu wa authoritarianism omwe angasimbe za iwo.

Nkhani ya Ukulu

The World Book Encyclopedia ikuti: “Boma la Russia pansi pa mafumu ake otchedwa czar unali pafupi kukhala ulamuliro wa ufumu wa autocracy yokhayokha.” Koma sikulamulira konse kwa ufumu wa authoritarianism komwe kumakhala kwa mabande ake okhaokha; kwakukulukulu ichi chimadalira pa ukulu wake. Ndipo maboma onse a ufumu wa authoritarianism sali maufumu a autocracy, uku ndiko kuti, maboma olamuliridwa ndi wolamulira mmodzi yekha, wolamulira wopondereza ufulu, kapena czar. Ena angakhale akulamuliridwa ndi gulu, kapena gulu la ankhondo, kapena apamwamba a oligarchy kapena plutocracy.

Ngakhale maufumu a democracy angathe kukhala maufumu a authoritarianism. Nzowona kuti ali ndi zipani za ndale zadziko, amachita masankho, amasungirira malamulo a khoti, ndipo amanyadira nyumba ya malamulo kapena bungwe lopanga malamulo. Komabe, kuukulu wakuti boma ndilo limalamulira ziungwe zimenezi, kuzikakamiza kuchita zofuna zake, kumlingo umenewo ilo nla ufumu wa authoritarianism, mosasamala kanthu za mpangidwe wake. Ichi sichikutanthauza kuti ilo linapangidwa dala motero. Mkati mwa nthaŵi za nkhondo kapena m’nyengo za m’gwedegwede wa dziko, mkhalidwewo ungakhale umasonkhezera bomalo kukhwimitsa malamulo m’nthaŵi ya ngozi. Mwinamwake ngoziyo inatha; komabe, kukhwimitsa malamilo m’nthaŵi ya ngoziko sikunachotsedwe.

Maufumu a monarchy pa mlingo winawake ngaufumu wa authoritarianism. Koma ufumu wa monarchy yokhayokha kwakukulukulu aloŵedwa m’malo ndi maufumu a monarchy okhala ndi polekezera. Mabungwe opanga malamulo ndipo mothekera malamulo olembedwa amaika malire a kulamulira kumene maufumu a monarchy oterowo angakusonyeze, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwawo kwa kukhala ufumu wa authoritarianism. Motero, kusangalala kwa munthu ndi ufulu wake m’maufumu a monarchy okhala ndi polekezera a lerolino kumafikira mlingo woposa kwenikweni uja wopezeka m’maufumu a monarchy yokhayokha a nthaŵi zakale.

Ngakhale pamene maufumu a monarchy yokhayokha anali ofala, mphamvu zawo zinali ndi polekezera. Orest Ranum, profesa wa mbiri yakale akulongosola kuti “mafumu ambiri adalibe zonse ziŵiri chifuno ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya kulamulira kotheratu nzika zawo kapena kuthetsa anthu oŵerengeka okhala ndi tsankho laufuko ndi mwambo monga ngati Hitler kapena Mussolini kapena Stalin.” Mwachiwonekere, miyezo yapamwamba ya mfumu ndi mikhalidwe yabwino—kapena kusoŵeka kwa iyo—ndiyo inapanga chosankha. Mulimonse momwe zinakhalira, Ranum akuti: “Palibe ufumu wa monarchy yokhayokha umene unafikira maboma amakono a totalitarianism pamlingo wake wa kulamulira mwambo ndi chuma.”

Kulakalaka Kukhala ndi Ulamuliro pa Zonse

M’ma 1920 ndi 1930, mu Italy, Soviet Union, ndi Jeremani, mtundu watsopano wa boma la ufumu wa authoritarianism unawonekera pankhope ya dziko, ufumu umene unafunikira kupangidwa kwa liwu latsopano kuti ulongosoledwe momvekera bwino. M’maiko ameneŵa bungwe lofalitsa nkhani linakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Boma. Apolisi anakhala atumiki a chipani chandale zadziko cholamulira ndipo sanalinso atumiki a anthu. Mawu obukitsa malingaliro aumwini, kufufuza nkhani zoti zifalitsidwe, kulemba usilikali, kufufuza kwa apolisi achinsinsi, ndipo ngakhale kukakamiza kunagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulimbana ndi chitsutso. Nzika zinkakakamizidwa kutsanzira malingaliro a zandale ndi mayanjano a boma. Anthu amene anakana analingaliridwa kukhala akazitape. Liwu lakuti “totalitarianism” ndilo linawoneka kukhala loyenerera—lotanthauza boma lofuna zake zokha, lolamulira kotheratu nzika zake zonse.

Magazine Achijeremani akuti Informationen zur politischen Bildung (Chidziŵitso cha Maphunziro Andale Zadziko) akulongosola motere: “Boma limene limafuna kulamulira zinthu zonse, mosemphana ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, silimakhutira ndi kutenga malo anduna a ulamuliro. Ilo silimafuna kupatsa nzika ufulu wochepa waumwini koma limakakamiza kuti nzikazo zikhale zomvera ndipo zidzichilikiza kumemezera kwake nthaŵi zonse. Zikhumbo zopanda polekezera zimenezi zimafuna kuti boma la ufumu wa totalitarianism udzisonkhezera madera amene mwachibadwa safunikira kuloŵereradwa ndi boma, monga ngati banja, chipembedzo, ndi nthaŵi yosanguluka. Kuti likwaniritse zikhumbo zimenezi, boma la ufumu wa totalitarianism lifunikira kuponya khoka limene lingakhoze kuyang’anira munthu aliyense panthaŵi iriyonse.”

Ndithudi, monga momwe Bomalo ndi zikondwerero zake zimalingalirira, boma la ufumu wa totalitarianism nlowakhutiritsa kotheratu. Koma nlovuta kulichilikiza, akutero mtola nkhani Charles Krauthammer. Pali zinthu zankhaninkhani zofunikira kulamuliridwa. “Kwa kanthaŵi kochepa mungaike m’ndende, ngakhale kupha anthu,” iye akutero, “koma patapita nthaŵi pang’ono mumatheredwa zipolopolo, nyonga, ndende, ngakhale minkhole. . . . Kusinthika kokhazikika kokha ndiko kungakwaniritse zofuna za ufumu wa totalitarianism, ndipo kusinthika kokhazikika nkosatheka. Ngakhale munthu wankhalwe aliyense amafunikira kugona.”

Kodi Anayambitsidwa ndi ‘Kuchulukitsa Zitaganya’?

Pakhala nthanthi zosiyanasiyana zimene zachilikizidwa kulongosola chifukwa chake ufumu wa authoritarianism, makamaka mumpangidwe wake wonkitsa ndi wachipambano, ufumu wa totalitarianism, wakhala wotchuka kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 20. Mogwirizana ndi The World Book Encyclopedia, “nyengo ziŵiri zoyambirira mwa zitatu za ma 1900 zinali nyengo za kusintha kwakukulu—mwinamwake kusintha kofulumira ndi kofalikira koposa m’mbiri yonse.” Mosakaikira, ichi chayambukiridwa ndi chikhoterero kulinga ku ufumu wa authoritarianism.

Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu, kupangidwa kwa matauni, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga ndizo zinthu zamakono zimene zathandiza kupanga chimene chikudziŵika kukhala kuchulukitsa zitaganya. Liwu limeneli limasonyeza chitaganya cha indasitale chodziŵika ndi ziungwe zazikulu zolamulira, ndi zaumwini. Icho ndi chitaganya m’chimene maunansi a anthu ngosayanjidwa ndi a apa ndi apo. Ndi chitaganya chimene, pakati pa anthu ambiri, anthu osungulumwa nthaŵi zonse amakhala akufunafuna maziko awo ndi cholinga cha ziungwe.

Mlingo umene kuchulukitsa zitaganya kunapititsira patsogolo kupangidwa kwa ufumu wa totalitarianism idakali nkhani yotsutsaniranapo. Mogwirizana ndi wasayansi ya ndale wobadwira ku Jeremani, Hannah Arendt, chisonkhezero chake chinali chachikulu ndithu. Bukhu lake lakuti The Origins of Totalitarianism likudziŵitsa kuti ufumu wa totalitarianism umapangidwa, osati ndi magulu a anthu akutiakuti, koma pa maunyinji a anthu omwe “kaya chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero chawo, kapena kuipidwa, kapena zonse ziŵiri, sangagwirizanitsidwe kupanga gulu lirilonse lokhala ndi cholinga chimodzi, m’zipani zandale kapena maboma a mizinda kapena magulu a akatswiri kapena ziungwe za malonda.”

Arendt akutchulanso mfundo zina zimene zinathandizira ku kuyambika kwa ufumu wa totalitarianism: imperialism (ufumu wokhala ndi ulamuliro pa maiko ena), kudana ndi Ayuda, ndi kugaŵanikana kwa maboma adziko a mwambo.

Kodi Unalidi Ufumu wa “Imperialism”?

Mwamsanga zaka zana zisanathe, kulamulira kwa atsamunda kunayambika. Katswiri wa zachuma wa ku Briteni, John Atkinson Hobson akuika madeti a 1884 mpaka 1914 kukhala nyengo imene tsopano ikutchedwa ufumu watsopano wa imperialism. Uku sikunali chinachake koma kugwiritsira ntchito kotheratu kwa mphamvu za maboma za authoritarianism kochitidwa ndi ufumu wa monarchy kapena maboma a ufumu wa democracy kaamba ka chifuno chofutukula maufumu awo. Kuthamangira maiko ena kunafikiritsidwa mwakulamulira kwachindunji kapena kulamulira kosakhala kwachindunji kwa zochita zawo zandale ndi zachuma. Hobson akumasulira ufumu wa imperialism kukhala kwakukulukulu nkhani ya zachuma. Kwenikweni, mtundu watsopano wa utsamunda umenewu kaŵirikaŵiri unali ndi zohita za ndale zochepa kuposa zimene unachita ndi kufutukuka kwa zachuma ndi kupangidwa kwa misika yatsopano kaamba ka katundu wa dzikolo.

Kulibe kwina kulikonse kumene ichi chinakhala chowonekera kwambiri kuposa kumene tsopano kunadziŵika kukhala Kulimbanirana Afirika. Kalekale m’ma 1880, Briteni, Falansa, ndi Portugal anali ndi maiko ambiri ku Afirika. Koma pamene Belgium ndi Jeremani anayamba kukhumbira, kuthamangirako kunayambika. Kupatulapo Ethiopia ndi Liberia, Afirika yense anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Yuropu. Anthu akuda a ku Afirika anakakamizidwa kupenyerera pamene “Akristu” oyera obwera kudzakhala anawalanda malo awo.

United States of America inakhalanso ufumu wa boma lokhala ndi ulamuliro pa maiko ena. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, iyo inapata Alaska, Hawaii, Zisumbu za Philippine, Guam, ndi Samoa ndi zisumbu zina za Pacific, limodzinso ndi Puerto Rico ndi zisumbu zina za ku Caribbean. Ndemanga yosafunikira kuphonyedwa njomwe inapangidwa ndi Henry F. Graff, profesa wa mbiri yakale pa Columbia University, amene akulemba kuti: “Machitachita a amishonale Achikristu anali osonkhezera mofanana ndi aja a ofalitsa ulamuliro wa boma lamakono la ufumu wa imperialism.” Koma amishonale a Chikristu Chadziko ameneŵa akanakhala Akristu enieni, iwo akanakhala auchete mwandale m’kulimbanirana Afirika limodzi ndi maufumu ena a atsamunda, mogwirizana ndi mawu awa a Yesu: “Siali a dziko lapansi monga Ine sindiri wa dziko lapansi.”—Yohane 17:16; Yakobo 4:4.

Kukulingaliridwa kuti nyengo ya ufumu wa imperialism inatha mu 1914. Komabe, zimenezo sizowona ponena za chikhoterero chake cha ufumu wa authoritarianism. Chikhoterero chimenechi chinasonyezedwa bwino ndi Cecil Rhodes, nduna yaikulu yaboma m’ma 1890 ya imene tsopano ili mbali ya South Africa, pamene iye ananena kuti: “Kufutukuka ndiko chirichonse.” Pokhala magwero okangalika osonkhezera kufutukula British Empire, iye panthaŵi ina anadzitukumula kuti: “Ndingakhoze kulamulira mapulaneti ena ngati ndingathe kutero.” Chikhoterero chodzikondweretsa chimenechi chidakasonkhezerabe maiko kulamulira, kuutali umene angafike, ndale ndi malamulo achuma a maiko ena kaamba ka phindu lawo. Mwachitsanzo, Japan pokhala italephera kugonjetsa mwankhondo, tsopano imapatsidwa mlandu nthaŵi zina woyesera “kugonjetsa” mwachuma.

Kodi Kugwetsa Ulamuliro wa “Authoritarianism” Ndiko Yankho?

Ulamuliro wopanda malire woperekedwa ndi anthu opanda mwambo ndi aumbombo nditemberero, osati dalitso. Mawu awa a Mfumu Solomo wakale alidi ofika pamfundo: “Taona, misozi ya otsenderezedwa, koma analibe wakuwatonthoza; ndipo akuwatsendereza anali ndi mphamvu koma iwowa analibe wakuwatonthoza.”—Mlaliki 4:1.

Pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu wa authoritarianism “misozi ya otsenderezedwa” yakhaladi yambiri. Komabe, m’bukhu lake la mu 1987 lakuti Perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev anachenjeza kuti: “Nkotheka kutsendereza, kukakamiza, kupatsa chiphuphu, kuphwanya kapena kuphulitsa, koma nkwakanthaŵi kochepa kokha.” Mogwirizanamo, mosasamala kanthu zakuti mphanvu “ziri m’manja mwa otsendereza,” mobwerezabwereza nzika zimaukabe kuyesera kugwetsa zogwirira za boma la ufumu wa authoritarianism. Kugwetsedwa kwa boma kwakupha kwa ku Romania, December watha kwa Nicolae Ceauşescu ndi magulu ake ankhondo, otchedwa Securitate, ndiko kumene kukutanthauzidwa pano.

Kugwetsa ulamuliro wa ufumu wa authoritarianism kungabweretsedi mpumulo. Komanso nzowona, monga momwe mwambi wa ku Burma ukulongosolera kuti, “ndikokha pamene muli ndi wolamulira watsopano pamene mumazindikira ubwino wa wakaleyo.” Kodi ndani amene angatsimikizire kuti chimene chinali choipa sichingalowedwe m’malo ndi chinachake choipitsitsa?

Kungotchulapo chitsanzo chimodzi chokha, ulamuliro wa ufumu wa authoritarianism m’dziko lina la ku Latin America unagwetsedwa. Anthu anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu kuti zinthu zidzawongokera, koma kodi zinawongokeradi? Pothirira ndemanga pamkhalidwewo zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, magazine ena anati moyo “waipirapo.” Polankhula za kuchepa mphamvu kwa ndalama komakwerakwera, magazinewo anatcha ndalama ya m’dzikomo kukhala “yopandiratu ntchito,” anadandaula ndi kupereŵera kwa zipatala m’dzikomo, ndikudziŵitsa kuti matenda opangitsidwa ndi kupereŵera kwa zakudya ankawonjezeka. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ulamuliro umenewo unagwetsedwanso.

Kodi sichowonekeratu kuti ulamuliro wa anthu mumpangidwe wake uliwonse wapezedwa wopereŵera? Ndipo komabe anthu akupitiriza kufunafuna boma labwino. Zitsanzo ziŵiri za kugwiritsidwabe mwala kumene ichi chingatsogolere, kulowetsa maiko onse m’kuthedwa nzeru ‘popanda akuwatonthoza,’ zidzafotokozedwa m’kope lathu lotsatira.

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Chitsanzo cha autocracy yokhayokha anali Russia mu ulamuliro wa mafumu otchedwa czar

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Alexander II by Krüger, pafupifupi 1855