Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Mbali 1b: Kodi Tifunikiradi Boma?

ANAKE: kusakhalapo kwa mpangidwe uliwonse wa ulamuliro wandale zadziko, kotulukira m’kukhalapo kwa chitaganya cha anthu opanda boma, odzinenera kukhala ndi ufulu wotheratu.

WANTHANTHI Wachigiriki Aristotle ananena kuti mwachibadwa mitundu yonse yamaboma a anthu njosakhazikika ndipo njosinthasintha. Mogwirizana ndi wolemba wina, iye anati “kukhazikika kwa maulamuliro onse kukulepheretsedwa ndi mphamvu ya nthaŵi.”

Chifukwa chamikhalidwe yoteroyo, sikodabwitsa kuti anthu ena achirikiza lingaliro la kusakhala ndi boma konse, kapena kukhala ndi lochepa kwambiri monga momwe kungathekere. Koma kwenikweni kuchirikiza ‘kusakhala ndi boma’ ndiko kuitana chianake, liwu lotengedwa kuliwu Lachigiriki lotanthauza “kusakhala ndi wolamulira.”

Liwu lakuti “anake” linagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu 1840, zaka zenizeni 150 zapitazo, ndi Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, wolemba zandale zadziko waku Falansa. Koma nthanthi yachianake inafotokozedwa bwino lomwe zaka 200 zapitazo ndi Mngelezi wotchedwa Gerrard Winstanley. Monga momwe kwalongosoledwera mu The New Encyclopœdia Britannica, “Winstanley anakhazikitsa amene pambuyo pake anadzakhala malamulo amaziko pakati pa okhulupirira chianake kuti: ulamuliro umanyenga; kuti chuma sichimagwirizana ndi ufulu; kuti ulamuliro ndi chuma ziŵirizi zimabala upandu, ndikuti kokha m’chitaganya chopanda olamulira, kumene ntchito ndi zotulukapo zake zimagaŵanidwa ndi onse, nkumene anthu angakhale omasuka ndi achimwemwe, akumachita zinthu osati mogwirizana ndi malamulo okakamiza ochokera kwa olamulira koma malinga ndi zikumbumtima zawo.”

Koma kodi zokumana nazo sizikutiphunzitsa kuti gulu lirilonse limafunikira malamulo akutiakuti ochitiramo zinthu? “Kuyambira kalekale,” ikutero The World Book Encyclopedia, “mtundu wakutiwakuti wa boma wakhala mbali yofunika m’chitaganya chirichonse.” Iyo ikulongosola kuti “gulu la anthu lirilonse—kuyambira pabanja mpaka kumtundu—liri ndi malamulo achikhalidwe kulamulira miyoyo ya ziŵalo zake.” Kuleka apo, ndimotani mmene lingakwaniritsire zifuno zake kaamba ka phindu la ziŵalo zake zonse?

Chotero anthu ambiri adzavomereza mosavuta lingaliro lakuti mabungwe ena ali ndi kuyenerera kwalamulo kwakuchita ulamuliro ndi kupanga zosankha kaamba ka ubwino wa onse. Popanda boma lopanga zosankha kaamba ka chitaganya, munthu aliyense angayenerere kutsatira zifuno zachikumbumtima chake, monga momwe Winstanley analingalirira. Kodi zimenezi zikachititsa chigwirizano? Kapena kodi sikowonekeratu kuti munthu aliyense akalondola zifuno zake zaumwini, kaŵirikaŵiri akumapondereza ufulu wa ena?

Kuyesayesa kwa kukhala popanda boma kwalephera kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa anthu. Zoyesayesa za zigaŵenga m’zaka za zana la 20 zakudodometsa chitaganya, kuti awononge zimene akuzilingalira kukhala zikuwawononga, zisinabweretse ubwino uliwonse.

Kunena mokhweka nkwakuti, ‘kupanda boma’ kumaitana chipolowe. Motero funso silakuti ‘boma kapena kupanda boma?’ Koma m’malo mwake nlakuti, ‘kodi ndiboma lamtundu wo-tani limene lingadzetse zotulukapo zabwino koposa?’

Magwero a Ulamuliro wa Anthu

Ulamuliro wa Mulungu unali chitsanzo choyambirira chokhazikitsidwira anthu m’munda wa Edene zaka zoposa zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo. Mlengiyo anagogomezera kudalira kwa anthu pa iye ndi pamalangizo ake azinthu mogwirizana ndi lamulo la makhalidwe abwino lolongosoledwa pambuyo pake m’Baibulo lakuti: “Sikuli kwa munthu woyenda kulongosola mapazi ake.” (Yeremiya 10:23) Kapena monga momwe mwambi Wachitchaina umatsimikizira kuti: “Popanda chithandizo cha Kumwamba munthu sangasunthe phazi lake.”

Anthu aŵiri oyambirirawo analingalira mosiyana. Iwo anasankha kuyenda “popanda chithandizo cha Kumwamba” ndipo potsirizira pake anakakamizidwa kutuluka m’Paradaiso amene Mulungu adawapatsa. Pambuyo pake, banja laumunthu litakula, kufunika kwa bata m’kakonzedwe kameneko kunakula. Pamene ulamuliro wa Mulungu unakanidwa, ulamuliro wa anthu, unadzatenga malowo.—Genesis 3:1-5.

Onse Ngofanana—Komabe Osiyana

Kuchokera kuchiyambi chatsoka chimenechi, maboma a anthu akhalapo m’mipangidwe yambiri yosiyanasiyana. Kaya akhale osavuta kapena ocholoŵana mopambanitsa, onse ali ndi zofanana zakutizakuti. Nazi zochepera:

Maboma amasamalira zosoŵa za nzika zawo. Boma lolephera kuchita chimenechi limakhala losayenerera.

Maboma amakhazikitsa mpambo wa malamulo akakhalidwe, amene ngati nzika zawo siziwatsatira, zimalangidwa. Mpambo umenewu umakhala ndi malangizo ndi malamulo, limodzinso ndi miyambo yotulukiridwa mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kwakukulukulu nzikazo zimamvera malamulo achikhalidwe kaya chifukwa chakuti zimawona mapindu opezedwa mwakutero, chifukwa chakuti zimawawona kukhala ‘chinthu chanzeru kuchita,’ chifukwa chakupanikizidwa ndi atsamwali, kapena chifukwa chakuwopa kulangidwa ngati saatero.

Maboma amachita mautumiki opanga malamulo, kuyendetsa boma, ndi kuweruza mwakugwiritsira ntchito mabungwe olinganizidwa akutiakuti. Malamulo amapangidwa, chiweruzo chachilungamo chimaperekedwa, ndipo malamulowo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Maboma amasunga maunansi olimba azachuma ndi dongosolo lazamalonda.

Ndiponso kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amakhala pamgwirizano ndi mpangidwe wakutiwakuti wachipembedzo, ena amagwirizana kwambiri kuposa ena. Iwo amachita izi ncholinga chakudzetsa chivomerezo chakutichakuti paulamuliro wawo—‘dalitso la Mulungu’—limene mwinamwake sakanakhala nalo.

Ndithudi, maboma nawonso amasiyanasiyana. Asayansi yandale zadziko amaŵadziŵikitsa ndi kuŵagaŵa m’njira zingapo. The New Encyclopœdia Britannica, imati: “Mwachitsanzo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maboma mwanjira ya chiŵerengero cha olamulira—boma lolamuliridwa ndi munthu mmodzi (la mfumu kapena la wotsendereza ufulu), boma lolamuliridwa ndi anthu ochepa (aristokrase kapena oligake), ndi boma lolamuliridwa ndi anthu ambiri (demokrase).”

Nthaŵi zina maboma amadziŵikitsidwa mwa mabungwe awo aakulu olamulira (boma la nyumba yamalamulo, boma la nduna zaboma), malinga ndi malamulo awo aakulu a ulamuliro wandale zadziko (amwambo, amphamvu ya wolamulira), malinga ndi mpangidwe wawo wachuma, kapena malinga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo mphamvu bwino kapena molakwa. “Ngakhale kuli kwakuti palibe yabwino kotheratu,” likutero buku limeneli, “iriyonse ya njira zosiyanitsira zimenezi iri ndi ubwino wake.”

Koma mosasamala kanthu za mmene tingawasiyanitsire, chinthu chofunika kukumbukira nchakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulamuliro wa anthu—mosasiyapo uliwonse—tsopano ikuyesedwa pamiyeso. Ichi chidzakhala ndi zotulukapo zazikulu patonsefe.

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Polemba za olamulira aboma amene akhala akulamulira kufikira panthaŵi inoyi, mtumwi Paulo analemba kuti: “Anthu onse amvere maulamuliro a akulu.” (Aroma 13:1, 7) Chifukwa chake, Akristu amene amatsatira chitsogozo cha Baibulo mwachikumbumtima amamvera malamulo onse a dziko limene akukhalamo, kusiyapo ngati auzidwa kuswa malamulo a Mulungu, amene ali oposa kwambiri.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Boma nlofunika—monga malamulo apamsewu—kuchinjiriza chipwirikiti