Kuloŵa Mmalo Kwautumwi

Tanthauzo: Chiphunzitso chakuti atumwi 12 ali ndi owaloŵa mmalo kwa amene ulamuliro waperekedwako mwa maikidwe a Mulungu. M’Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, abishopo monga kagulu amanenedwa kukhala oloŵa mmalo a atumwi, ndipo papa akunenedwa kukhala woloŵa mmalo wa Petro. Kukunenedwa kuti apapa a Roma anatsatirapo mwamsanga pambuyo pake, kukhala pamalo antchito ndi kuchita ntchito ya Petro, kwa amene Kristu akunenedwa kukhala ataperekako ulamuliro waukulu pa Tchalitchi chonse. Sichiri chiphunzitso cha m’Baibulo.

Kodi Petro anali “thanthwe” pa limene tchalitchi chinamangidwapo?

Mat. 16:18, JB: “Ine tsopano ndikuti kwa iwe: Ndiwe Petro ndipo pathanthwe iri ndidzamangapo Tchalitchi changa. Ndipo zipata za dziko la pansi pa nthaka sizingapambane konse motsutsana nacho.” (Wonani m’mawu apambuyo ndi patsogolo [vesi 13, 20] kuti kukambitsiranako kwasumikidwa pa kudziŵikitsidwa kwa Yesu.)

Kodi atumwiwo Petro ndi Paulo anazindikira yani kukhala “thanthwe,” “mwala wa pangondya”?

Mac. 4:8-11: “Petro wodzala ndi Mzimu Woyera anati kwa iwo, Oweruza anthu inu, ndi akulu kunali m’dzina la Yesu Kristu Mnazarayo, amene inu munampachika pamtanda, amene Mulungu anamuukitsa kwa akufa, kwa iyeyu munthuyu aimirirapo pamaso panu wamoyo. Iye ndiye mwalawo woyesedwa wopanda pake ndi inu omanga nyumba, umene unayesedwa mutu wa pangondya [“mwala wapangondya,” NAB].”

1 Pet. 2:4-8, JB: “Idzani kwa iye [Ambuye Yesu Kristu] kotero kuti nanunso . . . mukhale miyala ya moyo yopanga nyumba yauzimu. Monga momwe lembalo limati: Wonani mmene ndiyalira m’Ziyoni mwala wapangondya wamtengo wapatali umene ndasankha ndipo munthu amene aika chidaliro mwa uwo sadzachita manyazi. Ichi chitanthauza kuti kwa inu amene muli okhulupirira, uli wamtengo wapatali; koma kwa osakhulupirira, mwala wokanidwa ndi omangawo watsimikizira kukhala mwala waukulu wokhumudwapo, thanthwe logwetsera anthu pansi.”

Aef. 2:20, JB: “Inu muli mbali ya chimango chimene chiri ndi atumwi ndi aneneri monga maziko ake, ndipo Kristu Yesu iyemwiniyo monga mwala wake wapangondya waukulu.”

Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali chikhulupiriro cha Augustine (amene anawonedwa monga woyera mtima ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika)?

“M’nyengo imodzimodziyo ya unsembe wanga, ndinalembanso bukhu lotsutsa kalata wa Donatus . . . Patsamba lina m’bukhuli, ndinanena za Mtumwi Petro kuti: ‘Pa iye monga thanthwe Tchalitchi chinamangidwapo.’ . . . Koma ndidziŵa kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kwambiri panthaŵi ina ya pambuyo pake, ndinalongosola motero chimene Ambuye ananena kuti: ‘Iwe ndiwe Petro, ndipo pamwamba pa thanthwe iri ndidzamangapo Tchalitchi changa,’ kuti kudziŵike monga chomangidwa pa Iye amene Petro anavomereza kuti: ‘Ndinu Kristu, mwana wa Mulungu wamoyo,’ ndipo chotero Petro, wotchedwa dzina lathanthweli, anaimira munthuyo pa amene Tchalitchi chamangidwa pa thanthwe iri ndi kulandira ‘mfungulo za ufumu wakumwamba.’ Pakuti, kwa iye kunanenedwa kuti ‘Ndiwe Petro’ osati ‘Ndiwe thanthwe.’ Koma ‘thanthwe linali Kristu,’ povomereza za iye monganso Tchalitchi chonse chimamuvomereza, Simoni anatchedwa Petro.”—The Fathers of the Church—Saint Augustine, the Retractations (Washington, D.C.; 1968), lotembenuzidwa ndi Mary I. Bogan, Book I, p. 90.

Kodi atumwi enawo anawona Petro monga wokhala ndi ulamuliro pa iwo?

Luka 22:24-26, JB: “Mkangano unabukanso pakati pawo [atumwi] wa amene ayenera kuwonedwa kukhala wamkulu koposa onse, koma iye anati kwa iwo, ‘Pakati pa akunja ndiwo mafumu amene amachita umbuye pa iwo, ndipo okhala ndi ulamuliro pa iwo amapatsidwa dzina laulemu lakuti Wopindulitsa. Izi siziyenera kuchitika ndi inu.’” (Ngati Petro anali “thanthwe,” kodi pakanakhala funso lirilonse ponena za kuti ndani wa iwo amene “ayenera kudziŵika monga mkulu koposa onse.”?)

Popeza kuti Yesu Kristu, mutu wa mpingo, ngwamoyo, kodi afunikira omloŵa mmalo?

Aheb. 7:23-25: “Ambiri anakhala ansembe [mu Israyeli], popeza imfa idawaletsa asakhalebe; koma iye [Yesu Kristu], chifukwa kuti akhala iye nthaŵi yosatha ali nawo unsembe wosasinthika, kuchokera komweko akhoza kupulumutsa konsekonse iwo akuyandikira kwa Mulungu mwa iye.”

Aroma 6:9: “Podziŵa kuti Kristu anaukitsidwa kwa akufa, sadzafanso.”

Aef. 5:23, JB: “Kristu ndiye mutu wa Tchalitchi.”

Kodi chiyani chimene chinali “mfungulo” zoperekedwa kwa Petro?

Mat. 16:19: “Ndidzakupatsa mfungulo za ufumu wakumwamba: chirichonse ukachimanga padziko lapansi chidzalingaliridwa kukhala chomangidwa m’mwamba; chirichonse chimene umasula padziko lapansi chidzalingaliridwa kukhala chomasulidwa m’mwamba.”

M’Chivumbulutso, Yesu anatchula mfungulo yophiphiritsira imene inagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi iye kutsegulira mwaŵi ndi mipata kwa anthu

Chiv. 3:7, 8, JB: “Nawu uthenga wa woyera ndi wokhulupirika amene ali ndi mfungulo ya Davide, kotero kuti pamene atsegula, palibe aliyense angatseke, ndipo pamene atseka, palibe aliyense angatsegule: . . . Ndatsegula pamaso panu khomo limene palibe munthu adzakhoza kutseka.”

Petro anagwiritsira ntchito “mfungulo” zopatsidwa kwa iye kutsegulira (kwa Ayuda, Asamariya, Amitundu) mwaŵi wa kulandira mzimu wa Mulungu ncholinga cha kuloŵa kwawo Ufumu wakumwamba

Mac. 2:14-39: “Petro anaimirira pamodzi ndi khumi ndi mmodzi, nakweza mawu ake, nanena kwa iwo, nati, Amuna inu Ayuda, ndi inu nonse akukhala kwanu m’Yerusalemu . . . Mulungu anamuyesa Ambuye ndi Kristu, Yesu amene inu munampachika. Pamene anamva ichi analaswa mtima, natitu kwa Petro ndi atumwi enawo, Tidzachita chiyani, amuna inu, abale? Koma Petro anati kwa iwo, Lapani, batizidwani yense wa inu m’dzina la Yesu Kristu kuloza ku chikhululukiro cha machimo anu; ndipo mudzalandira mphatso ya Mzimu Woyera. Pakuti lonjezano liri kwa inu, ndi kwa ana anu, ndi kwa onse akutali, onse amene Ambuye Mulungu wathu adzaitana.”

Mac. 8:14-17: “Pamene atumwi a ku Yerusalemu anamva kuti Samariya adalandira mawu a Mulungu, anawatumizira Petro ndi Yohane; amenewo, mmene adatsikirako, anawapempherera, kuti alandire Mzimu Woyera: pakuti kufikira pamenepo nkuti asanagwe pa wina mmodzi wa iwo; koma anangobatizidwa m’dzina la Ambuye Yesu. Pamenepo anaika manja pa iwo, ndipo analandira Mzimu Woyera.” (Vesi 20 limasonyeza kuti Petro anali uyo amene anatsogoza pa chochitika ichi.)

Mac. 10:24-48: “Mmaŵa mwake analoŵa m’Kaisareya. Koma Korneliyo [Wakunja wosadulidwa] anali kudikira iwo, . . . Petro anatsegula pakamwa pake . . . Petro ali chilankhulire, Mzimu Woyera anagwa pa onse akumva mawuwo.”

Kodi kumwamba kunayembekezera pa Petro kupanga zosankha ndiyeno nkutsatira chitsogozo?

Mac. 2:4, 14: “Anadzadzidwa onse ndi Mzimu Woyera, nayamba kulankhula ndi malirime ena, monga Mzimu anawalankhulitsa. . . . Ndiyeno [pambuyo pake Kristu, mutu wampingowo, anawasonkhezera kupyolera mwa mzimu woyera] Petro anaimirira pamodzi ndi khumi ndi mmodziwo nalankhula nawo,” JB. (Wonani vesi 33.)

Mac. 10:19, 20, JB: “Mzimu unafunikira kumuuza [Petro] kuti. ‘Amuna ena adza kuwonana nawe. Fulumira, ndipo usazengereze za kubwereranso nawo [kunyumba ya Wakunja Korneliyo]; ndinali ine amene ndinawauza kuti adze.’”

Yerekezerani ndi Mateyu 18:18, 19.

Kodi Petro ndiye woweruza ponena za woyenerera kuloŵa mu Ufumu?

2 Tim. 4:1, JB: “Kristu Yesu . . . adzakhala woweruza wa amoyo ndi akufa.”

2 Tim. 4:8, JB: “Zokha zimene zidzadza tsopano ndiyo korona wachilungamo wosungidwira ine, amene Ambuye [Yesu Kristu], woweruza wolungama adzandipatsa Tsiku lijalo; ndipo si kwa ine ndekha koma kwa onse amene analakalaka Kuwonekera kwake.”

Kodi Petro anali mu Roma?

Roma amatchulidwa m’mavesi asanu ndi anayi a Malemba Opatulika; palibe lirilonse la amenewa limene limanena kuti Petro anali kumeneko. Petro Woyamba 5:13 amasonyeza kuti anali m’Babulo. Kodi dzinali linali chinsinsi cha Roma? Kukhala kwake m’Babulo kunali kogwirizana ndi gawo lake la kufikira Ayuda (monga kwasonyezedwa pa Agalatiya 2:9), popeza munali chiŵerengero chachikulu cha Ayuda m’Babulo. Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem, 1971, Vol. 15, col. 755), polankhula za kutulutsidwa kwa Talmud Yachibabulo imasonya ku “maphunziro apamwamba aakulu a Babulo” Achiyuda mkati mwa Nyengo ya Onse.

Kodi pakhalapo mzera wosadukiza wa oloŵa mmalo kuyambira pa Petro kufikira kwa apapa amakono?

M’Jesuit John McKenzie, pamene anali profesala wanthanthi zaumulungu pa Notre Dame, analemba kuti: “Palibe umboni wa m’mbiri yolembedwa umene ulipo wa mtandadza wathunthu wa kuloŵana mmalo kwa olamulira a tchalitchi.”—The Roman Catholic Church (New York, 1969), p. 4.

New Catholic Encyclopedia ikuvomereza kuti: “ . . . kusoŵeka kwa zolembedwa kukuchititsa zambiri zokaikitsa ponena za mzera woyambirira wa oyang’anira . . . ”—(1967), Vol. I, p. 696.

Kudzinenera kuti ngwoikidwa ndi Mulungu sikumatanthauza kanthu ngati owapanga saali omvera kwa Mulungu ndi Kristu

Mat. 7:21-23, JB: “Saali awo onena kwa ine kuti, ‘Ambuye, Ambuye,’ amene adzaloŵa ufumu wakumwamba, koma munthu wochita chifuniro cha Atate wanga wakumwamba. Pamene tsikulo lifika ambiri adzati kwa ine, ‘Ambuye, Ambuye, kodi sitinalosere m’dzina lanu, kutulutsa ziwanda m’dzina lanu, kuchita zozizwitsa m’dzina lanu?’ Pamenepo ndidzawauza pamaso pawo: Sindinakudziweni konse inu; chokani kwa ine, anthu oipa inu!”

Wonaninso Yeremiya 7:9-15.

Kodi odzinenera kukhala oloŵa mmalo a atumwi amamatira ku ziphunzitso ndi ntchito za Yesu Kristu ndi atumwi ake?

A Catholic Dictionary imati: “Tchalitchi cha Roma chiri Chautumwi, chifukwa chakuti chiphunzitso chake chiri chikhulupiriro chimene poyamba chinavumbulutsidwa kwa Atumwi, chikhulupiriro chimene chatetezera ndi kulongosola, popanda kuwonjezerako kapena kuchotsako.” (London, 1957, W. E. Addis ndi T. Arnold, p. 176) Kodi zenizeni zikuvomereza?

Umunthu wa Mulungu

“Utatu ali mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonyeza chiphunzitso chachikulu cha chipembedzo Chachikristu.”—The Catholic Encyclopedia (1912), Vol. XV, p. 47.

“Liwu lakuti Utatu, kapenanso chiphunzitso chotsimikizirika chotero, sizimawonekera m’Chipangano Chatsopano . . . Chiphunzitsocho chinayambika mwapang’onopang’ono m’kupita kwazaka mazana angapo kupyola m’mikangano yambiri.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1976), Micropædia, Vol. X, p. 126.

“Pali kuvomereza kochitidwa ndi otanthauzira ndi aphunzitsi anthanthi Zabaibulo zaumulungu, kuphatikizapo chiŵerengero chokula mosalekeza cha Aroma Katolika, kuti munthu sayenera kulankhula za chiphunzitso cha Utatu m’Chipangano Chatsopano popanda chiletso chachikulu. Palinso kuzindikiridwa kofanana kwambiri kwa olemba mbiri ponena za chiphunzitso ndi dongosolo la anthanthi kuti pamene munthu alankhula za chiphunzitso cha Utatu wosatsimikiziridwa, munthuyo wasamuka kuchoka ku nyengo ya chiyambi Chachikristu nafika, tinene kuti, ku nusu yotsirizira ya zaka za zana la 4.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Vol. XIV, p. 295.

Kusakwatira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo

Papa Paulo VI, mu kalata yake yolembera abishopo yotchedwa Sacerdotalis Caelibatus (Kusakwatira kwa Ansembe, 1967), anatchula kusakwatira monga chofunika cha atsogoleri achipembedzo, koma iye anavomereza kuti “Chipangano Chatsopano chimene chiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Kristu ndi Atumwi . . . sichimafunsira mwachindunji kusakwatira kwa aminisitala opatulika . . . Yesu Iye mwiniyo sanakupange kukhala chiyeneretso m’kusankha Kwake Khumi ndi Aŵiriwo, sanateronso Atumwi m’kusankha awo amene anatsogoza m’zitaganya Zachikristu zoyamba.”—The Papal Encyclicals 1958-1981 (Falls Church, Va.; 1981), p. 204.

1 Akor. 9:5, NAB: “Kodi tiribe kuyenera kwa kukwatira mkazi wokhulupirira mofanana ndi otsala a atumwiwo ndi abale a Ambuye ndi Kefa?” (“Kefa” liri dzina Lachiaramu loperekedwa kwa Petro; wonani Yohane 1:42. Wonaninso Marko 1:29-31, pamene patchulidwa za mpongozi wa Simoni, kapena Petro.)

1 Tim. 3:2, Dy: “Chifukwa chake, kuli koyenera, kuti bishopo akhale . . . mwamuna wa mkazi mmodzi [“wokwatira kamodzi kokha,” NAB].”

Nyengo Yachikristu isanafike, Chibuddha chinafuna ansembe ake ndi mamonke kukhala osakwatira. (History of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church, London, 1932, chotuluka chachinayi, chosindikizidwanso, Henry C. Lea, p. 6) Ngakhale poyambirirapo, malamulo apamwamba kwambiri aunsembe wa Chibabulo anali kufunikiritsa mchitidwe wa kusakwatira, mogwirizana ndi The Two Babylons lolembedwa ndi A. Hislop.—(New York, 1943), p. 219.

1 Tim. 4:1-3, JB: “Mzimu wanena motsimikizira kuti mkati mwa nthaŵi zotsiriza mudzakhala ena amene adzachoka pa chikhulupiriro ndi kusankha kumvetsera mizimu yonyenga ndi ziphunzitso zimene zimachokera kwa ziwanda; . . . ndipo adzanena kuti ukwati ngoletsedwa.”

Kulekana ndi dziko

Papa Paulo VI, polankhula ku Mitundu Yogwirizana mu 1965 anati: “Anthu a padziko lapansi akutembenukira ku Mitundu Yogwirizana monga chiyembekezo chotsirizira cha chigwirizano ndi mtendere; ndi chidaliro tikupereka panopa, kudzipereka kwawo ndi kwa Ife, kwaulemu ndi chiyembekezo.”—The Pope’s Visit (New York, 1965), Time-Life Special Report, p. 26.

Yoh: 15:19, JB: “[Yesu Kristu anati:] Ngati mukanakhala a dziko, dziko likadakukondani monga ake; koma chifukwa chakuti simuli a dziko, chifukwa chakuti kukusankhani kwanga kunakupatulani kudziko, chotero dziko likudani.”

Yak. 4:4 JB: “Kodi simudziŵa kuti kupanga dziko kukhala bwenzi lanu kuli kupanga Mulungu kukhala mdani wanu.”

Kutembenukira ku zida zankhondo

Wolemba mbiri Wachikatolika E. I. Watkin akulemba kuti: “Mulimonse mmene kuvomereza kuyenera kukhalira kopweteketsa mtima, ife sitingathe kulandula kapena kunyalanyaza chenicheni cha m’mbiri ichi moyanja malangizo onyenga kapena kukhulupirika konyenga chakuti Abishopo nthaŵi zonse achirikiza nkhondo zonse zomenyedwa ndi boma ladziko lawo. Ndithudi sindikudziŵa ngakhale nyengo imodzi mu imene bungwe la abishopo lamtunduwo linatsutsa nkhondo iriyonse kukhala yosalungama . . . Chirichonse chimene chiri chiphunzitso cha lamulo chochitika chakuti ‘dziko langa nlolungama nthaŵi zonse’ chakhala mwambi wakale wotsatiridwa m’nthaŵi yankhondo ndi Abishopo a Katolika.”—Morals and Missiles (London, 1959), lolembedwa ndi Charles S. Thompson, pp. 57, 58.

Mat. 26:52, JB: “Pamenepo Yesu anati, ‘Bwezera lupanga lako, pakuti onse osolola lupanga adzafa ndi lupanga.’”

1 Yoh. 3:10-12, JB: “Mwanjira iyi timasiyanitsa ana a Mulungu ndi ana a mdyerekezi: yense . . . wosakonda mbale wake saali mwana Mulungu. . . . Tiyenera kukondana wina ndi mnzake; osafanana ndi Kaini, amene anali wa Woipayo nadula pakhosi mbale wake.”

Mounikiridwa ndi zapamwambapazi, kodi awo odzinenera kukhala oloŵa mmalo atumwi aphunzitsadi ndi kuchita zimene Kristu ndi Atumwi ake anachita?