Mmene Baibulo Linadzafikira kwa Ife​—Mbali Yachitatu

BURMA, 1824​—Antchito a mfumu angofunkha kumene nyumba ya amishonale ya Adoniram ndi Ann Judson, kutenga zilizonse zimene anaziona ngati zofunika. Koma iwo aphonya chuma chamtengo wapatali koposa​—Baibulo lolembedwa pamanja lotembenuzidwa limene Ann anabisa pansi pa nyumba. Adoniram, amene analitembenuza, ngwomangidwa maunyolo m’ndende yodzaza udzudzu, atamuimba mlandu wakuti ndi mzondi. Tsopano chinyontho chingawononge cholembedwacho. Kodi adzachipulumutsa bwanji? Ann achisokera mkati mwa mtsamiro wolimba ndi kuupereka kwa mwamuna wake m’ndende. Mtsamirowo usungidwa, ndipo zamkati mwake zikhala mbali ya Baibulo loyamba lachibama.

Kuyambira kalekale Baibulo lakhala ndi zochitika zambiri zotere. M’makope apitawo, tinasimba za kutembenuza ndi kufalitsa Baibulo kuyambira pamene linamalizidwa mpaka kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m’ma 1600. Kodi Baibulo lakhala ndi zotani kuyambira nthaŵiyo mpaka lero? Kodi anthu onse akanalipezadi? Kodi Watch Tower Society yachitaponji?

Amishonale ndi Mabungwe Ofalitsa Baibulo

M’maiko ambiri, zaka za m’ma 1600 ndi 1700 zinadziŵika ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu oŵerenga Baibulo. Makamaka England anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Baibulo m’nyengo imeneyi. Kwenikweni, nkhani ndi ziphunzitso za Baibulo zinakhudza maganizo pafupifupi a munthu aliyense m’dzikolo, kuyambira mfumu mpaka mnyamata wolima ndi pulawo. Koma chisonkhezero cha Baibulo chinapyolanso pamenepo. Panthaŵiyo, England anali ngwazi m’zamalonda apanyanja ndi utsamunda, ndipo Angelezi ena analinyamula Baibulo pamaulendo awo. Zimenezi zinali chiyambi cha mkupiti waukulu wofalitsa Baibulo.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1700, Baibulo linachititsa ena ku England kuganizira za zosoŵa zauzimu za anthu a kumaiko akutali olamuliridwa ndi Britain. Komabe, si onse amene anali ndi nkhaŵa imeneyi. Atsogoleri ambiri atchalitchi ankakhulupirira za kuikidwiratu kwa zamtsogolo, ndiyeno ankanena kuti nchifuniro cha Mulungu kuti anthu ena asapulumutsidwe. Pamene yemwe anali kudzakhala mmishonale William Carey anapereka nkhani mokhudzidwa mtima kupempha chichirikizo kuti amishonale apite ku India, wina wake anamdzudzula mokweza nati: “Khala pansi, mnyamatawe; pamene Mulungu adzafunira kutembenuza akunja, Iye adzachita zimenezo popanda iweyo kumthandiza!” Komabe, Carey anakwera chombo napita ku India mu 1793. Modabwitsa, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anatembenuza Baibulo lonse kapena zigawo zake m’zinenero 35 za ku India.

Amishonale anazindikira kuti chiŵiya chawo chofunika koposa chinali Baibulo m’chinenero chakomweko. Komabe, kodi ndani anali kudzapereka mabaibulo? Mosangalatsa, makonzedwe amene anali kudzafalitsa mabaibulo padziko lonse anayambitsidwa mosadziŵa ndi msungwana wa ku Wales wazaka 16, Mary Jones. Mu 1800, Mary anayenda pansi wopanda nsapato mtunda wa makilomita 40 kukagula Baibulo lachiwelishi kwa mtsogoleri wachipembedzo. Anali atasunga ndalama zake kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo pamene Mary anamva kuti mabaibulo onse anagulitsidwa, analira mopwetekedwa mtima. Atamva chisoni chachikulu, mtsogoleri wachipembedzoyo anapatsa Mary limodzi mwa mabaibulo ake.

Pambuyo pake, mtsogoleri wachipembedzoyo anaganizira za enanso ambiri amene anafuna mabaibulo, ndipo anakambitsirana vutolo ndi anzake a ku London. Chotsatirapo chake chinali kupangidwa kwa Bungwe la Britain ndi Maiko Akunja Lofalitsa Baibulo mu 1804. Cholinga chake choyamba chinali chapafupi: Kupatsa anthu mabaibulo omwe angathe kugula a m’chinenero chawo, osindikizidwa “opanda ndemanga zilizonse.” Mwa kuchotsa ndemanga m’mphepete mwake, oyambitsa Bungwe limenelo anafuna kupeŵa kuwombana kwa ziphunzitso. Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri, Bungwe Lofalitsa Baibulo limenelo linasiyana maganizo ponena za mabuku a Apokirifa, ubatizo womiza m’madzi, ndi chiphunzitso cha Utatu.

Kufunitsitsa koyambirira kunafala mwamsanga, ndipo podzafika mu 1813 mabungwe ofanana anapangidwa ku Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, ndi Russia. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mabungwe ofalitsa Baibulo m’maiko ena anawonjezereka. Pamene mabungwe ofalitsa Baibulo oyambirira anakhazikitsa zolinga zawo, anaganiza kuti m’madera ambiri padziko lapansi anthu amagwiritsira ntchito zinenero zingapo zokha zazikulu. Sanaganizepo nkomwe kuti kunali zinenero zikwizikwi! Panali otembenuza ochepa omwe ankadziŵa Chihebri ndi Chigiriki moti nkutembenuza mwachindunji m’chinenero chakomweko. Choncho, pamene Bungwe la Britain ndi Maiko Akunja Lofalitsa Baibulo linachirikiza kutembenuza, nthaŵi zambiri otembenuzawo anagwiritsira ntchito King James Version yachingelezi pochita ntchito yawo.

Ziyeso za Wotembenuza Wina

Zambiri m’Baibulo ndi nkhani ndi mafanizo ozikidwa pa zochitika za masiku onse. Zimenezi zimapeputsa kulitembenuza kusiyana ndi zimene zikanakhalira ngati linali ndi nkhani zosadziŵika zafilosofi. Komabe, mwachidziŵikire, zoyesayesa za amishonale nthaŵi zina zinatulutsa matembenuzidwe osokoneza kapena oseketsa. Mwachitsanzo, matembenuzidwe ena anapatsa anthu a ku mbali ina ya India lingaliro lakuti Mulungu ali ndi maonekedwe a bluu. Mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kunena “wakumwamba” m’mawu akuti “Atate wakumwamba” anatanthauza “wamaonekedwe akuthambo”​—kumwamba kwenikweniku!

Ponena za zopinga za wotembenuza, Adoniram Judson mu 1819 analemba kuti: ‘Pamene tiphunzira chinenero chimene anthu akumadera ena a dziko lapansi amalankhula, amene kalingaliridwe kawo kamasiyana kutali ndi kathu, amenenso kalankhulidwe kawo nkachilendo kwambiri, ndipo zilembo zake ndi mawu zosafanana mpang’ono pomwe ndi zinenero zomwe tazimvapo; pamene tilibe dikishonale kapena womasulira ndipo tiyenera kuchidziŵa pang’ono chinenerocho tisanapemphe thandizo kwa mphunzitsi mwini chinenerocho​—imakhalatu ntchito imeneyo!’ Ndipotu ntchito ya otembenuza monga Judson inapangitsa kuti Baibulo lizipezeka mosavuta.​—Onani tchati patsamba 12.

Ann Judson anathandiza mwamuna wake pantchito yovutayo yotembenuza. Koma Judson ndi mkazi wake anakumana ndi mavuto ena osati a kutembenuza okha. Pamene antchito a mfumu anaponya Adoniram m’ndende, Ann anali ndi pakati. Molimba mtima, kwa miyezi 21 anachonderera akuluakulu ankhanza kuti amasule mwamuna wake. Kuzunzika kumeneko limodzi ndi matenda ake kunawononga thanzi lake. Posapita nthaŵi Adoniram atamasulidwa, Ann wake wolimba mtimayo ndi mwana wawo wamng’ono ameneyo wamkazi anamwalira ndi malungo. Adoniram anapwetekedwa mtima. Koma anayang’anabe kwa Mulungu kuti ampatse nyonga ndipo anapitiriza kutembenuza, namaliza Baibulo lachibama mu 1835. Zikali chonchi, kunayambika mikangano ina yachiŵembu yokhudza Baibulo.

Akangana za Baibulo

M’zaka za m’ma 1800 munachitika mikangano yaikulu yokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale, nthaŵi zina Baibulo likumakhala chochititsa mkangano. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti Bungwe Lofalitsa Baibulo la Russia linayambika motsogozedwa ndi mfumu ndi tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox Church, iwowa m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anathetsa ndi kuletsa Bungwe limenelo. (Mabaibulo zikwizikwi anali atatenthedwa kale pafupifupi chaka chimodzi poyambapo ndi otsutsa Bungwe limenelo.) Atsogoleri achipembedzo a Orthodox tsopano anayesetsa mwaphamphu kuthetsa zimene Akristu oyambirira anayambitsa mwachangu​—kufalitsa Baibulo padziko lonse. Atsogoleri a Orthodox m’zaka za zana la 19 analimbikira kunena kuti Baibulo linali kulanda ulamuliro wa zonse ziŵiri Tchalitchi ndi Boma. Modabwitsa, gulu landale lachipanduko lomwe linabadwa linayamba kuona Baibulo, osati monga chowopseza ulamuliro, koma, m’malo mwake, monga chiŵiya chomwe Tchalitchi ndi Boma zimagwiritsira ntchito pochititsa anthu kukhala ogonjera. Baibulo analiukira kumbali zonse ziŵiri!

Zaka zotsatirapo zinakhalanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ziukiro za “maphunziro” pa Baibulo. Mu 1831, Charles Darwin anakwera chombo kupita paulendo womwe unayambitsa chiphunzitso chake cha chisinthiko. Mu 1848, Marx ndi Engels anafalitsa Communist Manifesto, yomwe inapereka chithunzi chakuti Chikristu ndi chiŵiya choponderezera anthu. Ndiponso m’nyengoyi, amaphunziro apamwamba ofufuza Baibulo anakayikira kuona kwa Malemba ndi kukhalapo kwa anthu akalewo otchulidwa m’Baibulo​—ngakhale Yesu weniweniyo! Koma anthu ena oganiza anaona chinyengo cha ziphunzitso zokana Mulungu ndi Baibulo, ndipo anafuna njira zaukatswiri zoperekera umboni wakuti Baibulo nlodalirika. Mmodzi wa ameneŵa anali Konstantin von Tischendorf, katswiri waluso la zinenero wachijeremani.

Zopezedwa Zithandiza Kutsimikizira Malemba a Baibulo

Tischendorf anayendayenda ku Middle East kufunafuna zolembedwa zakale za Baibulo, ndi chifuno choti atsimikizire malemba akale a Baibulo kwakuti pasakhale kukayikira. Mu 1859, chaka chomwecho chimene Darwin anafalitsa buku lakuti The Origin of Species, Tischendorf anapeza kope lomwe linadziŵika kuti ndilo lakale kwambiri la Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu m’nyumba ya amonke munsi mwa phiri la Sinai. Limatchedwa kuti Codex Sinaiticus ndipo liyenera kuti linapangidwa pafupifupi zaka 50 Jerome asanamalize Vulgate yachilatini. Ngakhale kuti padakali kutsutsana kwakuti kaya kuchotsa kwake kopelo m’nyumba ya amonkeyo kunali koyenera, Tischendorf analifalitsa, kuchititsa kuti akatswiri amaphunziro aligwiritsire ntchito.a

Popeza Sinaiticus inali imodzi ya zolembedwa zakale koposa za m’chinenero choyambirira, siinangovumbula kuti kwenikweni Malemba Achigiriki sanasinthe koma inathandizanso akatswiri amaphunziro kutulukira zolakwitsa zina zomwe zinaloŵa m’zolembedwa zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, ponena za Yesu pa 1 Timoteo 3:16 Sinaiticus imati: “Iye anaonekera m’thupi.” M’malo mwa “iye,” zolembedwa zambiri zodziŵika panthaŵiyo zinasonyeza chidule cha “Mulungu,” chopangidwa mwa kusintha pang’ono liwu lachigiriki lotanthauza “iye.” Komabe, Sinaiticus inapangidwa zaka zambiri cholembedwa chilichonse chachigiriki chonena kuti “Mulungu” chisanapangidwe. Choncho inavumbula kuti malemba anaipitsidwa pambuyo pake, mwachionekere kuti achirikize chiphunzitso cha Utatu.

Chiyambire nthaŵi ya Tischendorf, zolembedwa zowonjezereka zapezedwa. Lerolino, zolembedwa zonse zodziŵika za Malemba Achihebri zili pafupifupi 6,000, ndipo za Malemba Achigiriki, zoposa 13,000. Kuyerekezera zimenezi kwatulutsa malemba a m’chinenero choyambirira odalirika motsimikizika. Monga momwe katswiri wamaphunziro F. F. Bruce ananenera: “Matchulidwe osiyanasiyana . . . samasintha choonadi cha mbiri yake yakale kapena Chikristu ndi chikhulupiriro chake.” Pamene kutembenuza Baibulo kunapitiriza m’zinenero zinanso zowonjezereka, kodi chidziŵitso chowonjezereka chimenechi chinali kudzawapindulitsa motani anthu?

Watch Tower Society ndi Baibulo

Mu 1881 gulu laling’ono koma lakhama la aphunzitsi a Baibulo ndi ophunzira linapanga chimene pambuyo pake chinadzatchedwa kuti Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Poyamba, ankagaŵira mabaibulo ofalitsidwa ndi mabungwe ena ofalitsa Baibulo, kuphatikizapo Malemba Achigiriki a Tischendorf. Komabe, podzafika mu 1890, anali atayamba kufalitsa Baibulo kwenikweniko, kuchirikiza makope oyamba a mabaibulo angapo. Mu 1926 Sosaite inayamba kusindikiza Baibulo pamakina akeake. Koma zinayamba kuonekeratu kuti matembenuzidwe atsopano akufunika. Kodi chidziŵitso chopezedwa mwa zomwe anatulukira ndiponso ndi maphunziro m’zaka za zana lapitalo akanachigwiritsira ntchito kupanga Baibulo lomveka ndi lamtengo wotsika? Ndi cholinga chimenechi, mamembala a Sosaite imeneyi mu 1946 anayamba ntchito yoti atulutse matembenuzidwe atsopano a Malemba.

Matembenuzidwe Amodzi, Zinenero Zambiri

Komiti yotembenuza ya Akristu odzozedwa achidziŵitso inalinganizidwa kuti ipange New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures m’Chingelezi. Baibulo limeneli linafalitsidwa m’mavoliyumu asanu ndi imodzi, otulutsidwa kuyambira mu 1950 mpaka 1960, kuyamba ndi Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu. Chiyambire 1963 Baibuloli latembenuzidwa m’zinenero zowonjezereka 27, ndipo zinanso zili mkati motembenuzidwa. Zolinga za zinenero zina zakhala zimodzimodzi ndi za Chingelezi. Choyamba, matembenuzidwewo ayenera kukhala olongosoka, ofanana kwambiri ndi malingaliro oyambirira monga momwe angathere. Tanthauzo siliyenera kukhotetsedwa kuti ligwirizane ndi chiphunzitso chakutichakuti. Chachiŵiri, payenera kukhala kusasinthasintha, matembenuzidwe ayenera kukhala amodzi pa liwu lililonse lofunika kwambiri malinga ngati nkhani yake ikulola. Njira imeneyi imathandiza oŵerenga kuona mmene olemba Baibulo anagwiritsirira ntchito mawu akutiakuti. Chachitatu, matembenuzidwe ayenera kukhala achindunji kwambiri monga momwe angathere mosabisa tanthauzo lake. Matembenuzidwe achindunji amachititsa woŵerenga kumva mosavuta kalankhulidwe ka zinenero zoyambirira ndi malingaliro ake. Ndipo chachinayi, anthu onse ayenera kuliŵerenga ndi kulimvetsa mosavuta.

Katembenuzidwe kachindunji ka New World Translation yachingelezi kamalichititsa kukhala losavuta kulitembenuzira m’zinenero zina. Pochita zimenezi magulu otembenuza a Sosaite panopo akugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta amakono kuti achite ntchito yawo mofulumira ndi kuti ikhale yolongosoka kwambiri. Njira imeneyi imathandiza otembenuza kundandalika mawu a m’chinenero chawo ofanana ndi liwu lililonse lofunika kwambiri. Imawathandizanso kuphunzira katembenuzidwe kachingelezi ka liwu lililonse la m’Chihebri ndi m’Chigiriki la m’Baibulo.

Kutembenuza kuchokera m’Chingelezi, m’malo mochokera m’Chihebri ndi m’Chigiriki mwachindunji, kuli ndi mapindu ofunika. Kuwonjezera pa kuchepetsa nthaŵi yotembenuza, kumatheketsa zinenero zonse kukhala ndi katembenuzidwe kogwirizana. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti nkopepuka kutembenuza ndendende kuchokera m’chinenero china chamakono kupita m’chinenero china chamakononso kuposa kutembenuza kuchokera m’chinenero chakale kupita m’zinenero zosiyanasiyana zamakono. Ndipotu otembenuza angafunse eni zinenero zamakono koma osati eni zinenero zomwe zinkalankhulidwa zaka zikwi zambiri kalelo.

Uthenga Wabwino kwa Mitundu Yonse

Zambirimbiri zingalembedwe ponena za amuna ndi akazi akhama amene athandizira kuti Baibulo likhale buku lofala koposa padziko lapansi. M’zaka mazana onsewa, mabaibulo ngati 4,000,000,000 ndi zigawo zina za Baibulo zasindikizidwa m’zinenero zoposa zikwi ziŵiri, zolankhulidwa ndi anthu oposa 90 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse!

Baibulo linaneneratu za kulengeza Ufumu wa Mulungu kwapadziko lonse m’tsiku lathu. Pachifukwa chimenecho, Yehova Mulungu iye mwini mosakayikira wathandizira kuti Baibulo lipezeke pafupifupi kulikonse tsopano. (Mateyu 13:47, 48; 24:14) Otembenuza ndi ofalitsa Baibulo akale opanda mantha anadziika pangozi yaikulu kuti atipatse Mawu a Mulungu​—magwero okha a kuunika kwauzimu m’dziko lamakhalidwe oipa. Chitsanzo chawotu chikusonkhezereni kuŵerenga, kutsatira, ndi kugaŵira ena Mawu amenewo ndi chitsimikizo chofananacho chimene anasonyeza. Inde, masiku onse, gwiritsirani ntchito mokwanira Baibulo lodalirika limene lili m’manja mwanulo!​—Yesaya 40:6-8.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Tchati patsamba 12]

Kuwonjezeka kwa Mabaibulo Otembenuzidwa

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Chiŵerengero

cha Zinenero

1 Ayuda ayamba kutembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chigiriki

c. 280 B.C.E.

12 Jerome amaliza Vulgate yachilatini c. 400 C.E.

35 Gutenberg amaliza Baibulo loyamba losindikizidwa c. 1455

81 Bungwe la Britain ndi Maiko Akunja Lofalitsa Baibulo lokhazikitsidwa mu 1804

Chiŵerengero Choyerekezera cha Zinenero Mogwirizana ndi Chaka

522

1900

600

700

800

900

1,049

1950

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,471

1970

2,123

1996

2,200

2,300

2,400

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kumene zachokera: Christianity Today, United Bible Society

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Judson anamangidwa ndi kutengedwa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chochokera m’buku lakuti Judson the Hero of Burma, lolembedwa ndi Jesse Page

[Zithunzi patsamba 10]

Tischendorf anapulumutsa cholembedwa chofunika kwambiri panyumba iyi ya amonke munsi mwa phiri la Sinai

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.