Say Gapowan na Impierno

“IMPIERNO,” impaliwawa na New Catholic Encyclopedia, so salitan “nausar a mangituturo ed pasen na dusaan.” Inukeran na Protestanten ensiklopedia so impierno a bilang “say pasen na arapen a kadusa na marelmeng.”a Balet say pananisia ed ontan a pasen na dusaan ed kayari na ipatey so agnigeter ed saray manunan iglesia na Kakristianoan. Satan so nanlapu ed dakel iran siglos sakbay a linmesa so Kakristianoan.

Say Impierno ed Mesopotamia

Ngalngalin 2,000 taon sakbay na inkianak n en Jesus, sinisia na saray Sumeriano tan saray Babiloniano so sakey a mundo-ed-leksab a tinawag da na Dalin na Agpakapawil. Sayan karaanan a pananisia so nisindag ed saray anlong a Sumeriano tan saray Akkadiano ya akabatan a “The Epic of Gilgamesh” tan say “Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld.” Sayan pasen na saray inaatey so dedeskribien da a bilang sakey ya abung na kabilungetan, “say abung ya anggapo so tinmaynan a linmoob ditan.”

No nipaakar ed kipapasen a wadtan, ibabaga na karaanan a teksto na Asiriano a “say mundo-ed-leksab so napno na kakebbiewan.” Say Asirianon prinsipe a nibagan naikdan na pakanengneng ed sayan walad-leksab ya ayaman na saray inaatey so anestigon saray “bitking to so ginmiwgiw” ed anengneng to. Dedeskribien to si Nergal, say ari na mundo-ed-leksab, inkurit to: “Diad masebeg ya akis et sikato so inmurangal ed siak a sisasanok a singa mapayugpog a bagyo.”

Saray Relihyon na Ehipsio tan Taga-Bukig

Saray kadaanan iran Ehipsios so anisia ed imortalidad na kamarerwa, tan sikara so walaan na dilin kaisipan ed kayari-mundo. Ibabaga na The New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Saray sulat na Ehipsio nipaakar ed punerarya so mangireretrato ed nengneng na ontumbok a mundo a bilang ginewgew na makapakigtot a kaatapan: makapataktakot iran ankakabaleg ya ayep, saray dayat na apuy, saray puertan agnadalan nilikud ed pangusar na saray mahikan pormula, tan say manangidakit na desyang a say mauges a getma to so sumbraan diad panamegley na mahika.”

Saray Indo-Iranian a relihyon so anibukel na nanduruman pananisia diad kadudusa kayari na ipatey. Nipaakar ed Hinduismo, inkuan na Pranses ya Encyclopædia Universalis (Universal Encyclopedia): “Walaray agnabilang a deskripsion na 21 ya impiernon inisip na saray Hindus. Saray makasalanan so sinabsab na saray atap ya ayep tan saray uleg, inkalot, nilaglagari, pinairap ed kapgaan tan kaerasan, inlambong ed larak, odino tinemek ed pulbos diad balatyang odino baton baseha.”

Say Jainismo tan Budismo so namparan walaan na bersion ed impierno, a saray agmanagbabawin makasalanan so napairap. Say Zoroastrianismo, a niletneg ed Iran, odino Persia, so walaan met na impierno​—sakey ya ambetel, mauges-angob a pasen a kapairapan na saray kamarerwa na saray makasalanan.

Makapasagyat, ompatnag a saray panagpairap na saray Ehipsio, Hindu, Jain, Budista, tan Zoroastriano a bersion na impierno so aliwan andi-anggaan. Unong ed sarayan relihyon, kayari na sakey a peryodo na panirap, saray kamarerwa na makasalanan so niyalis ed sananey a pasen odino kipapasen, mandepende ed partikular a kaisipan na relihyon ed destino na too. Saray ideya ra ed impierno so miulibay ed purgatoryo na Katolisismo.

Saray Impierno na Griego, Etruscano, tan Romano

Saray kadaanan a Griego so anisia ed kililiktar na sakey a kamarerwa (psy·kheʹ, say salitan inusar da met ed kumpapey). Tinawag da so Hades a pasen na saray inaatey tan satan so sinisia ran inuleyan na sakey a dios a walaan na parehon ngaran. Diad libro ton Orpheus​—A General History of Religions, insulat nen eskolar a Pranses a Salomon Reinach nipaakar ed saray Griego: “Say malaknab a nikayat a pananisia et [say kamarerwa] so linmoob ed inpernal a pasen kayari na ibeltang ed Styx diad baluto na daan a manangidakit a Charon, ya angerew bilang plitin obolus [sensilyo], ya inkarga ed sangi na toon inatey. Diad inpernal iran pasen et pinmatnag ed arap na taloran ukom na pasen na . . . ; no akondena ed saray krimen to, manirap ed Tartaro. . . . Saray Griego so angimbento ni na sakey a Limbo, say ayaman na saray ugugaw ya inatey ed inkaugaw, tan sakey a Purgatoryo, a ditan et say samet a kabakbak so manlinis ed saray kamarerwa.” Unong ed The World Book Encyclopedia, saray kamarerwan mansumpal ed Tartaro so “managmak na maandon kapairap.”

Diad Italya et saray Etruscano, a say sibilisasyon da so inmuna nen saray Romano, so anisia met ed kadusa kayari na ipatey. Ibabaga na Dictionnaire des Religions (Dictionary of Religions): “Say alablabas a panangasikaso na saray Etruscano ed saray inaatey da so impaliwawa na kaisipan da ed mundon-ed-leksab a pasen. Singa saray taga Babilonia, saraya so impasen dan paspasen na kairapan tan inkapakaskasi na saray [espiritu na saray inaatey]. Say alenleneg a kainawaan da et manlapu ed mananakbong ya iyaapay a ginawa na saray kapolian da.” Ibabaga na sananey a reperensya: “Saray lubok na Etruscano so mangipapanengneng ed eksena na kakebbiewan ya anagyat ed saray Kristianon pintura ed impierno.”

Saray Romano so angadapta ed impierno na Etruscano, a tinawag da na Orcus odino Infernus. Sikara met so binmayes ed saray Griegon mito nipaakar ed Hades, say ari na mundo-ed-leksab, a tinawag da na Orcus, odino Pluto.

Saray Judios tan say Hebreon Kasulatan

Anto so nipaakar ed saray Judios ed sakbay na agew nen Jesus? Nipaakar ed sikara, nabasa tayo ed Encyclopædia Britannica (1970): “Manlapud koma-5 siglo K.P. a manpatuloy, saray Judios so maapit a mitatalosan ed saray Persiano tan saray Griego, a saratan so anibukel-a-maong na ideya ed bilay-kayari-patey. . . . Diad panaon nen Kristo, saray Judio so akagamor na pananisia a saray marelmeng a kakamarerwa so napairap kayari na ipatey ed Gehenna.” Anggaman kuan, ibabaga na Encyclopædia Judaica: “Anggapoy suhestion ed sayan saginonor a kaisipan ed Gehenna a naromog ed Kasulatan.”

Sayan saginonor a balikas so duga. Anggapo so suhestion ed Hebreon Kasulatan na kayari-na-ipatey a kadusa na kamarerwa diad mandarlang ya impierno. Sayan makapakigtot a doktrina so nanlapu ed sakbay-Delap iran relihyon na Babilonia, aliwan diad Biblia. Say doktrina na Kakristianoan ed kadudusa ed impierno so nanlapu ed saray inmunan taga Babilonia. Say Katolikon ideya na remedyon kapairap ed purgatoryo so nanlapu ed asasakbay ya Ehipsio tan saray relihyon ed Bukig. Say Limbo so kinopya a nanlapud mitologon Griego. Saray pikakasi tan iyaapay a para ed saray inaatey so inagamil na saray Etruscano.

Balet diad anto so niletnegan na manunan panangipasen ed sarayan doktrina na naliknan kadudusa kayari na ipatey?

[Paimano ed leksab]

[Litrato ed pahina 5]

Ibebeltang ed Styx a singa adeskribe ed “Inferno” nen Dante

[Credit Line]

Dover Publications, Inc.