Complutensian Polyglot​—Transleison Tul wea Important Long History

LONG samting olsem year 1455, wanfala big change kamap long wei for pablisim Bible. Johannes Gutenberg iusim wanfala printing machine for mekem first Bible wea olketa printim long wei for iusim olketa metal leta bilong alphabet wea olketa savve arrangem for printim each page. Disfala niu wei hem barava fast winim wei for man raetem each Bible, wea bifor mekem hem hard for evriwan kasem wanfala Bible. Olketa savve wakem staka Bible and kost bilong hem no hae. No longtaem bihaen, Bible hem kamap buk wea moa pipol kasem winim eni narafala buk long world.

Bible bilong Gutenberg hem long Latin languis. Bat olketa Bible savveman long Europe luksavve hao olketa needim wanfala Bible wea olketa savve trustim long tufala languis wea olketa iusim for raetem Bible firstaem—Hebrew and Greek. Catholic Church ting long datfala Latin Vulgate olsem only gudfala transleison bilong Bible, bat tufala big problem stap. Long mek-16 century, klosap evriwan no savve long Latin languis. And tu, insaed wan thousand year wea olketa bin copyim datfala Vulgate transleison, olketa putim staka mistek insaed.

Olketa transleita and savveman needim wanfala Bible long Hebrew and Greek, and tu, wanfala Latin Bible wea moabeta. Long 1502, cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros, wea hem man for givim advaes long Isabella I bilong Spain saed long spiritual samting and saed long politik, disaed for satisfaem wei wea olketa needim diswan witim wanfala pablikeson nomoa. Gogo, nem bilong disfala transleison tul wea important saed long history hem Complutensian Polyglot. Goal bilong Cisneros hem for mekem wanfala Polyglot, wea hem nao Bible wea garem olketa difren languis insaed, wea hem bae best transleison long Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, witim samfala part long Aramaic languis. From olketa just start for savve hao for print, disfala pablikeson hem kamap wanfala important samting saed long history bilong printing tu.

Cisneros startim disfala big waka long wei for baem planti oldfala Hebrew manuscript, wea staka nao stap long Spain. Hem kasem tu samfala difren manuscript long Greek and Latin languis. Olketa kamap faondeson bilong datfala Polyglot. For kolektem, stretem, and putim evri raeting hia long olketa buk, Cisneros markem wanfala team bilong olketa savveman wea hem organizem long datfala niu University of Alcalá de Henares, long Spain. Wanfala long olketa savveman wea hem ask for help long diswan hem Erasmus from Rotterdam wea staka pipol savve long hem olsem man wea garem bigfala savve saed long olketa languis, bat hem no laek duim.

Olketa savveman waka for tenfala year for mekem olketa buk hia wea hem big waka fogud, and then nara fofala year for printim. Olketa garem staka problem for printim diswan bikos olketa wea duim printing long Spain no garem olketa metal leta for duim printing long Hebrew, Greek or Aramaic languis. So, Cisneros askem wanfala barava savveman saed long printing, Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, for wakem olketa leta hia. Gogo, olketa start for printim diswan long 1514. Olketa finisim sixfala volume bilong diswan long July 10, 1517, fofala month bifor Cisneros hem dae. Olketa pablisim samting olsem six handred copy, and samting wea mekem iumi sapraes hem hao diswan happen long taem wea Spanish Inquisition hem barava spoelem staka pipol.a

Lukluk Bilong Datfala Polyglot

Evri page bilong datfala Polyglot garem staka information. Long fofala volume wea garem olketa Hebrew Scripture, raeting from Vulgate Bible hem long midol bilong each page; Hebrew raeting hem long wanfala saed bilong datfala page; and Greek raeting witim interlinear transleison long Latin, hem long nara saed. Long each page hem garem information abaotem wea olketa Hebrew word kam from. And andanit olketa raeting wea kam from datfala Pentateuch, olketa putim tu datfala Targum of Onkelos (wanfala Aramaic paraphrase bilong first faevfala buk bilong Bible) witim wanfala Latin transleison.

Mek-faev volume bilong datfala Polyglot garem raeting bilong olketa Greek Scripture long raet saed and left saed bilong each page. Wanfala saed hem garem raeting bilong olketa Greek scripture, and nara saed garem olketa sem scripture long Latin from datfala Vugate. Long each verse hem garem olketa smol leta bilong alphabet wea semsem for tufala languis evriwan, mekem taem reader laek faendem sem scripture long nara languis long page hem luk aotem datfala sem leta. Datfala Polyglot hem first taem wea olketa printim insaed wanfala buk evri Greek Scripture, wea hem nao “Niu Testament.” No longtaem bihaen, Erasmus tu mekem wanfala buk bilong olketa Greek Scripture.

Olketa savveman faendem 50 mistek nomoa from olketa careful tumas taem olketa chekim evri raeting long mek-faev volume. From olketa savveman hia barava careful, olketa savveman distaem sei hem moabeta winim datfala Greek transleison bilong Erasmus wea staka savve long hem. Naesfala Greek raeting hem lelebet olsem uncial raeting long olketa manuscript bifor datfala taem wea luk naes tumas. Long buk bilong hem The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, R. Proctor hem sei: “Evriwan agree hao firstfala stael bilong Greek raeting wea olketa long Spain mekem hem barava luk naes winim eni narawan.”

Mek-six volume bilong datfala Polyglot garem olketa difren samting for helpem man studyim Bible: wanfala Hebrew and Aramaic dictionary, mining bilong olketa Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic nem, information abaotem Hebrew grammar, and wanfala Latin index for datfala dictionary. Iumi minim why staka pipol talem hao datfala Complutensian Polyglot hem “best example bilong stael wei for raetem olketa word and samting for savve gud long olketa Scripture.”

Goal bilong Cisneros hem “for encouragem pipol for interest moa long wei for studyim Bible,” bat hem no ting for mekem evriwan savve garem datfala Bible. Long tingting bilong hem, “olketa savveman nomoa fit for minim gud Bible, no olketa man nating.” And tu, hem biliv dat “Bible shud stap nomoa long sem thrifala languis wea olketa iusim long raeting wea olketa putim antap long cross wea Jesus dae long hem.”b So, dastawe datfala Complutensian Polyglot no garem eni Spanish transleison insaed.

Markem Datfala Vulgate Witim Olketa First Languis Bilong Bible

Olketa samting insaed datfala Polyglot mekem olketa savveman wea waka long hem no agree. Olketa markem Bible savveman from Spain wea staka savve long hem, Antonio de Nebrija,c for chekim olketa scripture bilong Vulgate wea bae stap insaed long datfala Polyglot Bible. Nomata Catholic Church ting long datfala Vulgate bilong Jerome olsem only Bible wea fitim, Nebrija laek for chekim Vulgate witim olketa firstfala Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek scripture. Hem laek for stretem olketa mistek wea kamap insaed long olketa copy bilong Vulgate wea olketa garem long datfala taem.

For stretem olketa scripture insaed datfala Vulgate wea difren from firstfala Hebrew and Greek languis, Nebrija barava encouragem Cisneros for, “Onem moa tufala torch bilong religion bilong iumi, hem nao Hebrew and Greek languis. Givim reward long olketa wea waka hard for duim diswan.” Hem talem tu disfala idea: “Evritaem olketa Latin manuscript bilong Niu Testament hem difren from olketa firstfala languis bilong Bible, iumi shud markem datwan witim olketa Greek manuscript. Long evri ples wea olketa Latin manuscript no semsem, or olketa Latin and Greek manuscript bilong Old Testament no semsem, iumi shud lukluk gud long firstfala Hebrew languis for savve which wan nao hem stret.”

Wanem nao tingting bilong Cisneros abaotem datwan? Long introduction bilong datfala Polyglot Bible, Cisneros talem klia. “Iumi putim datfala Latin transleison bilong Jerome midol long datfala Synagogue [Hebrew raeting] and datfala Oriental Church [Greek raeting], olsem wei wea olketa nilam tufala criminal long tufala saed bilong Jesus, wea hem stand for Roman Church, wea hem nao Latin Church.” So, Cisneros no letem Nebrija for stretem datfala Latin Vulgate for followim olketa firstfala languis bilong Bible. Gogo, from hem no laekem pipol for ting hem join witim datwan, Nebrija disaed for finis from datfala project from hem no laek for waka long samting wea no stret evribit.

Comma Johanneum

Nomata datfala Polyglot Bible bilong Alcalá de Henares hem barava help for mekem wanfala Bible wea moabeta saed long olketa firstfala Bible languis, samfala taem wei wea pipol bin tinghae long samting for longfala taem finis hem win ovarem samting wea stret. From olketa barava tinghae long datfala Vulgate olketa savveman feel olsem olketa mas changem olketa firstfala Greek raeting bilong “Niu Testament” for mek sure hem semsem witim Latin, winim for changem Latin for fitim datfala Greek raeting. Wanfala example bilong diswan hem datfala false scripture wea olketa kolem comma Johanneum.d No eni oldfala Greek manuscript hem garem datfala toktok, wea luk olsem olketa putim insaed leta bilong John tu-thri century bihaen hem raetem leta bilong hem finis; and hem no stap tu long olketa firstfala manuscript bilong datfala Vulgate. So Erasmus aotem datfala toktok from Greek “Niu Testament,” wea hemseleva wakem.

Olketa wea wakem datfala Polyglot no willing for aotem wanfala verse wea bin stap insaed datfala Vulgate for planti handred year. So, olketa keepim datfala false toktok insaed Latin scripture and disaed for transleitim datwan and putim insaed datfala Greek raeting mekem olketa scripture long tufala languis hia long datfala page semsem.

Faondeson for Olketa Niu Bible Transleison

Wei wea datfala Complutensian Polyglot hem gud hem no just bikos hem garem firstfala full Greek Scripture wea olketa printim, witim tu, firstfala Septuagint wea olketa printim. Long sem wei wea datfala Greek “Niu Testament” bilong Erasmus hem kamap datfala Received Text bilong Olketa Greek Scripture (wea minim hem faondeson for planti transleison long olketa nara languis), Hebrew raeting long Polyglot hem kamap main samting for transleitim olketa Hebrew and Aramaic Scripture.e William Tyndale iusim disfala Polyglot for transleitim Bible go long English.

So, gudfala waka wea datfala team duim for mekem datfala Complutensian Polyglot barava helpem wei for studyim and minim Bible hem muv ahed. Olketa pablisim diswan long taem wea interest bilong staka pipol long Europe saed long Bible hem grow wea lead go long wei for transleitim go long olketa languis bilong pipol. Datfala Polyglot hem wanfala long olketa firstfala step wea lead go long wei for mekem stret and keepim gud olketa firstfala Greek and Hebrew Bible raeting. Evri samting hia hem fitim datfala purpose bilong God for ‘toktok bilong Jehovah wea gud,’ ‘toktok bilong God bilong iumi, bae stap for olowe.’—Psalm 18:30; Isaiah 40:8; 1 Peter 1:25.

[Olketa Footnote]

[Piksa long page 29]

Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros

[Credit Line]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Piksa long page 30]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Credit Line]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Piksa Credit Line long page 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid