Olketa Germ wea Faetem Medicine​—Hao Olketa Savve Kam Bak Moa

Olketa virus, bacteria, protozoan, fungi, and olketa narakaen germ stap kam from taem wea laef start long earth. Olketa germ, wea barava simpol samting wea God wakem, garem nambawan wei for change wea mekem olketa savve laef long olketa ples wea no eni nara samting savve laef long hem. Olketa stap long barava hot wata long botom bilong sea and tu olketa savve stap long wata long Arctic wea cold olsem ice. Distaem olketa germ hia winim barava strongfala wei for attakim olketa—hem nao olketa antimicrobial medicine.

Handred year bifor, pipol savve hao samfala germ savve mekem sik kamap, bat no eniwan long datfala taem savve long olketa antimicrobial medicine. So sapos man kasem wanfala nogud sik wea isi for kasem narawan, planti doctor no garem eni treatment, only samting olketa savve duim hem for givim comfort. Body bilong man seleva nao mas faet againstim datfala infection. Sapos man no strong, sorre samting nomoa bae kamap from datwan. Nomata smol garekil wea germ go insaed hem savve mekem man dae.

Dastawe, wei wea olketa faendem olketa first antimicrobial medicine wea no danger for iusim—olketa antibiotic—hem mekem olketa change kamap saed long health.a Wei wea olketa start for iusim olketa medicine wea garem sulfa long olketa year bilong 1930 and olketa kaen medicine olsem penicillin and streptomycin wea olketa faendem long olketa year bilong 1940, hem mekem planti for faendem samfala moa medicine bihaen. Kasem olketa year bilong 1990, olketa garem samting olsem 150 difren kaen antibiotic wea stap long 15-fala grup.

Tingting for Sei Olketa Win Hem Finis

Kasem olketa year bilong 1950 and 1960, samfala pipol start for tingse man hem winim olketa kaen sik wea savve isi for kasem narawan. Samfala savveman saed long olketa germ tingse olketa sik hia bae kamap wanfala nogud samting wea stap bifor nomoa. Long 1969 U.S. surgeon general hem sei long Congress dat olketa man maet klosap for “no wari nao abaotem olketa sik wea isi for kasem narawan.” Long 1972, Macfarlane Burnet, man wea kasem datfala Nobel laureate, and David White raet olsem: “Luk olsem bae no eni report olsem bae kamap long future from sik olsem hem bae finis nao.” Tru nao, samfala tingse bae kaen sik olsem maet finis evribit.

Wei wea pipol tingse olketa winim finis kaen sik olsem mekem pipol evriwea tingse olketa no need for careful. Wanfala nurse wea lukim danger wea olketa germ kosim bifor man garem antibiotic, hem sei hao samfala nurse wea young no followim moa olketa simpol wei for keepim olketa samting klin. Taem hem talem olketa for wasim hand bilong olketa, olketa ansa bak and sei: “No wari, iumi garem antibiotic distaem.”

Bat, barava nogud samting kamaot from wei for depend long antibiotic and for ova tumas for iusim. Olketa sik wea isi tumas for kasem narawan hem still stap yet. And tu, kakam bak bilong olketa hem barava big and hem kamap main samting wea kosim dae long full world! Olketa nara samting wea kosim sik olsem for kamap moa big hem war, wei wea olketa poor kantri no garem inaf healthy kaikai, no eni klin wata, no eni gud toilet and ples for torowem rabis, wei for travel overseas hem kwiktaem, and wei wea weather bilong world hem change.

Olketa Bacteria wea Faet Againstim Medicine

Man barava sapraes long wei wea olketa germ savve faet againstim medicine, wea distaem hem kamap bigfala problem wea pipol no expectim for happen. Bat, sapos man ting bak, hem shud isi for man luksavve olketa germ bae winim olketa medicine. Why? Olsem example, tingim samting wea semsem lelebet wea happen long olketa midol year bilong 1940 taem olketa faendem datfala medicine DDT wea olketa iusim for killim olketa insect.b Long dat taem olketa man wea waka long farm hapi tumas from no eni flae stap taem olketa iusim DDT. Bat samfala flae laef nomoa, and gogo pikinini bilong olketa no savve dae from DDT. Olketa flae hia, wea DDT no savve finisim, gogo kamap staka fogud.

Nomata bifor olketa iusim DDT, and bifor olketa doctor start iusim penicillin long 1944, olketa bacteria wea savve spoelem man hem showimaot finis hao hem savve protectim hemseleva. Dr. Alexander Fleming, man wea faendem penicillin, hem gogo luksavve long diswan. Long laboratory hem lukim hao planti genereson bilong Staphylococcus aureus (hospital staph) wakem olketa cell wea olsem wall wea kamap moa strong winim datfala medicine wea hem faendem.

From diswan Dr. Fleming hem givim warning samting olsem 60 year finis abaotem wei wea olketa bacteria wea savve spoelem man savve gogo faet againstim penicillin. So sapos penicillin hem no killim staka bacteria hia, pikinini bilong hem wea savve finis hao for faetem medicine bae kamap staka. From diswan, bae sik hia kam bak moa bat datfala penicillin bae no savve finisim diswan.

Datfala buk The Antibiotic Paradox hem sei: “Warning bilong Fleming hem gogo kamap tru bat long wei wea moa worse winim wanem hem expectim.” Hao nao diswan happen? Well, olketa faendemaot hao long samfala kaen bacteria, olketa gene—sismol DNA bilong bacteria—hem savve mekem olketa enzyme for stopem penicillin for affectim hem. From diswan, nomata man tekem olketa full dose bilong penicillin bae hem iusles nomoa. Datwan barava mekem olketa man seke!

For trae and winim olketa sik wea isi for kasem narawan, olketa evritaem wakem niu kaen antibiotic start long olketa year bilong 1940 go kasem 1970, and tu samfala long olketa year bilong 1980 and 1990. Olketa savve iusim olketa medicine hia for finisim olketa bacteria wea win for faetem olketa nara medicine. Bat no longtaem bihaen, niu kaen bacteria kamap moa wea savve tu for faetem olketa niu medicine hia.

Olketa man sapraes for faendem hao bacteria kleva tumas for faetem medicine. Bacteria savve hao for changem cell wall bilong olketa for stopem antibiotic kam insaed or olketa savve changem chemical bilong olketa seleva mekem antibiotic no killim olketa. Samtaem bacteria savve aotem antibiotic semtaem hem kam insaed olketa, or maet bacteria mekem datfala antibiotic kamap iusles taem olketa pisisim datwan.

Taem pipol iusim planti moa antibiotic, kaen bacteria wea savve faetem medicine hem kamap moa staka and kamap moa big. Waswe, diswan minim olketa antibiotic fail nao? Nomoa, planti taem hem no olsem. Sapos wanfala antibiotic hem no finisim wanfala kaen infection, narakaen maet finisim. Wei wea bacteria savve for faetem medicine hem spoelem man, bat planti taem olketa fit for kontrolem.

Savve Faetem Planti Medicine

Then, olketa medical scientist seke fogud taem olketa faendaot hao bacteria savve sharem olketa gene bilong olketa witim olketa nara bacteria. Firstaem olketa tingse only olketa semkaen bacteria savve sharem olketa gene. Bat bihaen olketa faendem hao sem gene wea faetem medicine hem stap tu long olketa difren kaen bacteria. Thru long diskaen wei for share, olketa difren kaen bacteria savve for faetem staka difren kaen medicine.

Bat winim datwan, olketa research long olketa year bilong 1990 showimaot hao samfala bacteria lane seleva for faetem medicine. Nomata sapos wanfala antibiotic nomoa stap, samfala kaen bacteria savve for faetem tu olketa narakaen antibiotic, wea natural and wea olketa wakem from chemical.

Future wea No Mas Gud

Nomata klosap evri antibiotic distaem savve helpem staka pipol, waswe, olketa medicine hia bae still waka long future? The Antibiotic Paradox hem sei: “Distaem iumi no fit for expectim firstfala treatment bilong antibiotic wea doctor chusim bae fit for finisim eni infection.” Buk hia sei tu: “Long samfala ples long world, wei wea no staka difren antibiotic stap hem minim olketa no garem eni antibiotic wea savve finisim sik. . . . Olketa sikman safa and dae from olketa sik wea 50 year bifor olketa sei hem bae finis evribit.”

Hem no bacteria nomoa wea savve faetem medicine. Olketa virus and fungi and olketa nara sismol parasite savve tumas hao for change, wea luk olsem olketa germ hia bae mekem hard waka bilong pipol for faendemaot and wakem olketa medicine hem iusles.

So, wanem nao man savve duim? Waswe, man savve finisim or kontrolem wei wea olketa germ faetem medicine? Hao nao olketa antibiotic and nara antimicrobial savve go ahed for win for finisim infection nomata world go ahed for kasem olketa sik wea isi for kasem narawan?

[Footnotes]

[Box/Piksa long page 6]

Wanem Nao Olketa Antimicrobial?

Antibiotic wea doctor savve givim iu hem wanfala long olketa medicine wea olketa kolem antimicrobial. Diskaen medicine hem part long treatment wea olketa kolem “chemotherapy,” wea minim wei for iusim olketa chemical for treatim olketa sik. Planti taem pipol iusim disfala toktok “chemotherapy” for treatment bilong cancer, bat long firstaem—and long distaem tu—olketa savve iusim disfala toktok for minim treatment for olketa sik wea isi for kasem narawan. Olketa kolem diswan antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Olketa germ olketa smolfala samting wea laef wea man mas iusim microscope for lukim. Olketa antimicrobial hem olketa chemical wea olketa iusim for faet againstim olketa germ wea savve mekem sik kamap. Bat sorre nao, samtaem olketa antimicrobial savve faet againstim olketa germ wea body needim.

Long 1941, Selman Waksman, man wea help for faendem streptomycin, hem iusim disfala toktok “antibiotic” for minim samting for faet againstim bacteria wea kamap from samfala kaen germ. Wei for iusim olketa antibiotic and narakaen antimicrobial long medical treatment hem important bikos diswan savve poisonim olketa germ bat no fit for poisonim iumi long nogud wei.

Bat, really, evri antibiotic fit for poisonim iumi. Olketa garem wei for markem wea olketa kolem therapeutic index, wea showimaot haomas nao fit for affectim olketa germ and haomas nao bae spoelem iumi. Sapos index hem big, datfala medicine moa sef for iusim; sapos index smol hem bae moa danger for iusim. For tok stret, olketa faendem planti thousand antibiotic, bat planti long olketa no fitim for man iusim olsem medicine from olketa garem tumas poison wea nogud for pipol or animal tu.

First natural antibiotic wea man fit for tekem insaed body hem nao penicillin, wea olketa wakem from wankaen green mold wea nem bilong hem Penicillium notatum. Firstaem for olketa iusim penicillin olsem nila hem long 1941. No longtaem bihaen, long 1943, olketa separatem streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus, wankaen bacteria wea stap long graon. Gogo, olketa wakem planti narakaen antibiotic, samfala olketa wakem from samting wea laef and samfala olketa wakem long synthetic wei. Nomata olsem, bacteria mekem hemseleva for strong for againstim olketa antibiotic, wea kosim wanfala medical problem for full world.

[Piksa]

Grow bilong penicillin long botom bilong disfala dish hem stopem wei wea bacteria hem grow

[Credit Line]

Christine L. Case/Skyline College

[Box/Piksa long page 7]

Olketa Difren Kaen Germ

Virus hem sismol germ. Olketa nao savve kosim olketa sik olsem kof, flu, and soa throat. Virus tu kosim nogud sik olsem polio, Ebola, and AIDS.

Bacteria hem samting wea laef wea garem wanfala cell nomoa. Hem simpol tumas from hem no garem eni nucleus and tu planti taem hem garem wanfala chromosome nomoa. Planti million million bacteria stap insaed body bilong iumi, especially long bele. Olketa help for pisisim kaikai insaed body bilong iumi and main samting iumi kasem from hem nao vitamin K, wea iumi needim for mekem blood kamap thik.

Samting olsem 4,600 difren kaen bacteria stap bat samting olsem 300 nomoa olketa sei hem pathogen (wea minim hem savve kosim sik). Nomata olsem, bacteria nao kosim planti sik long olketa plant, animal, and olketa man. Olketa man savve kasem kaen sik olsem tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, anthrax, rotten teeth, samfala kaen pneumonia, and planti sik wea savve kamap from sex.

Olketa Protozoan garem nomoa wanfala cell olsem bacteria, bat olketa savve garem winim wanfala nucleus. Insaed diswan hem olketa amoeba and trypanosome and tu olketa parasite wea kosim malaria. Wanfala long evri thrifala samting wea laef hem parasite—samting olsem 10,000 difren kaen nao stap—bat only samfala parasite hia savve mekem man sik.

Fungi tu savve kosim sik. Olketa garem wanfala nucleus and savve mekem olketa filament cell for kamap olsem mat. Planti taem infection wea kamap hem ringworm, wea kosim bakua, and candidiasis (Candida). Olketa barava nogud infection wea kamap from fungi hem savve kasem olketa wea body kamap wik from olketa no kaikai gud, garem cancer, iusim drug, or kasem olketa virus wea stopem immune system for waka.

[Olketa piksa]

Ebola virus

“Staphylococcus aureus” bacteria

“Giardia lamblia” protozoan

Ringworm fungus

[Credit Line]

CDC/C. Goldsmith

CDC/Janice Carr

Courtesy Dr. Arturo Gonzáles Robles, CINVESTAV, I.P.N. México

© Bristol Biomedical Image Archive, University of Bristol

[Piksa long page 4]

Alexander Fleming, man wea faendem penicillin