Kineyiform wa Pasak ni Bibil

PARUMBANGESHAU rudim ra antu ku Babel, kwikala mitapu kushalijan ya kufund. Antu adinga mu Mesopotami, mudi in Simer ni in Babilon, asadila kineyiform. Dizu dined didiokil mu Latin dirumburikin “chifwatul” ni disambidin piur chijingidij cha makonk masatu chafatulau nich chom chisomburikina chasadilau mulong wa kufwatul nich yijingidij pa kam utalela.

In kupund yom ya pakur avumbula kal mifund ya kineyiform yisambidina piur pa antu ni yishiken yisambidinau mu Bibil. Ov, yom ik yitwija piur pa mutapu winou wa kufund wa pasak? Ni mifund yiney yilejen ukinakin ik piur pa Bibil?

Jinsangu ja Pasak Jashala Chikupu

In kwilej a yom ya pasak itiyijin anch pa kusambish in Mesopotami adinga ni kusadil yifwatul mu kufund kwau, nich kusadil chijingidij ap chipich chilejena dizu ap chitongijok. Chilakej, chijingidij cha ikwal a ngomb pakusambish chadinga mutu wa ikwal a ngomb. Mudi mukwamekana maswir ma kufund yom mulong wa kuyilam, mutapu wa kufund wa kineyiform waya kamu kurutu. Buku NIV Archaeological Study Bible urumburil anch: “Katat yijingidij yikutwish yikal mulong wa mazu ni yikunku ya mazu (syllabes), yijingidij yivud adinga ni kuyibombakesh pamwing yikal yikunku ya dizu.” Chakin kamu, yijingidij 200 kushalijan yatwishisha kineyiform “kufanikesh kulond, pamwing nich mazu ni gramer wach ukasikena nakash.”

Pa chirung cha Abraham, piswimp kupwa kwa kusut kwa mivu 2000 K.C.C., kineyiform wadinga waya kal kamu kurutu nakash. Mu kusut kwa yitot 20 ya mivu, ndim 15 ni kusut jasadila kineyiform. Mifund 99 pa chitot ya kineyiform ayifunda pa masalet ma kam. Pa kusut kwa mivu 150, avumbula masalet minam mavud mu Ur, Ourouk, Babilon, Nimroud, Nippour, Ashour, Ninive, Mari, Ebla, Ougarit, ni Amarna. Buku Archaeology Odyssey ulondil anch: “In kukimbijol alondilining anch avumbwil kal piswimp masalet ma kineyiform miliyon umwing ap aad, ni pa muvu ni muvu akat kuvumbul makwau 25000 ap ni kusut.”

In kwilej kineyiform adia mu mangand mawonsu akwet mudimu ujim wa kukarumun. Kukwatijan nich kuchind kumwing, “ching kusu 1/10 ya mifund ya kineyiform yatwishinau kal kuyitang mu yisu yetu ya katat.”

Kujingunin ndim jaad ap jisatu mu mifund ya kineyiform wadinga ukwash ujim wa kutwish kutang kineyiform. In kwilej yom pasak ajingunina anch mikand yiney yadinga nich mifund yawiy yimwing mu jindim kushalijan pakwez yawonsu ayifunda mu kineyiform. Chawiy chom chakwasha mudimu wa kutang majin, majin ma mwaz, majuku ma ant, ni ap mazu ma kwitumbish kwau adinga ni kumachirikin.

Mu muvu wa 1850, in kwilej yom ya pasak atwisha kutang rudim radingau ni kusadil in kwisak adinga Kwingangel wa Pakach, ra in Akadiyen, ap ra in Asiri nau in Babilon, rafundau mu kineyiform. Buku Encyclopædia Britannica urumburil anch: “Patwishau kutang rudim ra in Akadiyen, atwisha kutesh yom yivud, ni atwisha kutenchik mutapu wa kurumburil ndim jikwau jafundau mu kineyiform.” Ov, yom yiney yafundau yikwatin nchik ku Bibil?

Uman Witiyijina Nich Bibil

Bibil ulondil anch Yerusalem amuyikela kudi ant in Kanan djat ni pamukwatinau kudiay David, piswimp mu muvu wa 1070 K.C.C. (Yos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9, NW) Pakwez in kwilej a yom ya pasak amwing akat kwidjidjek pa mulong winou. Pakwez, mu muvu wa 1887 mband umwing kazweny watana disalet dia kam mu Amarna mu Idjibit. Mifund 380 yavumbulau kwinikwa yimeken kwikal mikand yafundijadinau ant a mu Idjibit (Aménophis III ni Akhénaton) ni mant ma in Kanan. Mikand musamban yadiokala kudiay Abdi-Heba, nyikel wa Yerusalem.

Jurnal Biblical Archaeology Review ulondil anch: “Masalet ma ku Armana misambidin kamu patok anch Yerusalem mudi musumb, kadiap mudi ngand yikemp mwi ngand yijim, ni Abdi-Heba mwaz wend mud . . . nyikel wadinga ushichingamu ni amasalay in Idjibit 50 adinga amulamininga mu Yerusalem, chawiy chimekeshina anch Yerusalem wadinga musumb wa want wadinga pa kamukandu.” Jurnal winou umwing walonda kand anch: “Tukutwish twikal nich kashinsh anch, kukwatijan nich yilondila mikand ya ku Amarna, musumb winou, wadinga wa ntumb pa chisu chau, chakin kamu wadingaku.”

Majin mu Jinsangu ja in Asiri ni ja in Babilon

In Asiri, ni kupwa in Babilon, afunda jinsangu jau pa masalet ma kam, ap kand pa masilendre, pa maprisim, ni pa yipaz. Chawiy, pa chisu in kwilej jinsangu ja pasak patwishau kutang rudim ra in Akadiyen rafundau mu kineyiform, atana anch mifund yiney yadinga yijimbwil majin ma antu madjimbwilau mu Bibil.

Buku The Bible in the British Museum ulondil anch: “Mu muvu wa 1870, Dr Samuel Birch wachileja chisak chisu cha Society of Biblical Archaelogy chadinga chifumbinau, patwishay kujingunin [majin mu mifund ya kineyiform ma] ant a Hebereu mudi Omiri, Akab, Yehu, Azaria . . . , Menahem, Peka, Hoshea, Ezekias ni Manase, ant a in Asiri Tiglate-Pilezer . . . [III], Sargon, Sanekerib, Ésar-Haddon ni Assurbanipal, . . . ni in Siri Ben-Hadad, Hazayel ni Resin.”

Buku The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating ulikejin jinsangu ja pasak ja Isarel ni Yuda jidia mu Bibil nich jinsangu jidia mu mifund ya kineyiform. Chibudikin chidi nchik? “Ant awonsu, 15 ap 16 a Yuda ni Isarel ayisambidin, mu mikand yindjing, mudi kamu mwisambidinau piur pa majin mau ni pa yirung yayikelau mudi Ant mu [Bibil]. Kwikil mwant ap umwing wavuramenau, ap mikand ya ngendj kiyijimbwilap dijin dia mwant wakadiau kujimbul mu buku wa Ant.”

Mifund yimwing ya kineyiform yijikena nakash yavumbulau mu muvu wa 1879, Silendre wa Sirus, ulondil anch kupwa kumukwat Babilon mu muvu wa 539 K.C.C., Sirus wasadila manangu mend ni wayichirisha asuk mu jingand jau. Pakach pa asuk inay padinga in Yuda. (Ezra 1:1-4) In kwilej avud a yom ya pasak a mu chitot cha 19 atadika ukinakin wa mbil ya kuyilikishaku yisambidinau mu Bibil. Pakwez, mikand ya kineyiform yisambidina yom yasadika pa chirung cha in Peris, pamwing nich Silendre wa Sirus, yilejen uman witiyikishina anch rusangu ridia mu Bibil ridi rakin.

Mu muvu wa 1883 atana mu Nippour, piswimp ni Babilon, mifund ya kineyiform 700 ni kusut. Pakach pa majin 2500 majimbwilau, piswimp majin 70 chitwishikin kumajingunin anch madi ma in Yuda. Mwin kwilej jinsangu ja pasak Edwin Yamauchi, ulondil anch mameken “mudi antu asukina manswik, antu a mudimu, atuman, in kulambwish yitand, ni ant.” Uman ulejena anch in Yuda adandamena nich kusal mujikit yiney piswimp ni Babilon mu chirung chinech kudi kwa usey. Ukwatijadin pamwing nich mazu ma uprofet madia mu Bibil malondila anch ap anch “akemp kusu” a in Isarel awiy achirika mu Yuda kudiokal mu uyong mu Asiri ni mu Babilon, avud kachirikap kwau.—Isay 10:21, 22.

Mu chikunku cha kusambish cha mivu kanan K.C.C., kineyiform wadinga uyil pamwing nich alufabe. Pakwez in Asiri ni in Babilon alika kusadil kineyiform asambish kusadil mamuny ma alufabe.

Kudi yitot ya tunan twa masalet maruzukinau mu mamize chakwel amileja. Yiney yatwishau kal in manangu kuyitang yiletin uman wakinakin wa uyakin wa Bibil. Ov, nany wija uman ukwau ukweza ku mifund yikwilejau?

Dizu Dirumburila Chipich Chidia pa paj wa 21]

Foto wakwatau kudi mwin kusal mudimu wa mu British Museum