Abantu baturuka mu miryango iciye bugufi barahinduye Bibiliya

MU 1835 uwitwa Henry Nott, akaba yari umumaso w’Umwongereza be n’uwitwa John Davies yiga ivyo kudandaza mw’ibutike aturuka mu gihugu ca Galles, bararanguye iporoje amahanga. Bamaze imyaka irenga 30 bakora bagatama, amaherezo barasozereye igikorwa co guhindura Bibiliya yose mu rurimi rw’igitahiti. Abo bagabo babiri baturuka mu miryango iciye bugufi bahuye n’ingorane izihe, kandi ubutame bwabo buranga urukundo bwavuyemwo iki?

Umuhari witwa “Ukwikangura gukomeye” (The Great Awakening)

Mu gice kigira kabiri c’ikinjana ca 18, abagize umuhari w’abaporotisanti witwa Ukwikangura gukomeye, bariko baravuga ubutumwa mu Bwongereza mu bibanza abantu bakunda guhuriramwo vyo mu dusagara, iruhande y’aho bacukurira ubutare be no mu mahinguriro. Bari bafise intumbero yo gushikira abanyakazi basanzwe. Abavugabutumwa bo muri uwo mugwi babigiranye umwete barafashije mu vyo gukwiragiza Bibiliya.

Uwatanguje uwo muhari, na we akaba ari umubatisita yitwa William Carey, yaragize uruhara mu vyo gushinga Ishirahamwe ry’abamisiyonari ry’i Londres, iryashinzwe mu 1795. Iryo shirahamwe ryaramenyereje abantu bari bafise umutima ukunze wo kwiga indimi za kavukire bagaheza bagakora ari abamisiyonari mu karere ka Pasifike y’Epfo. Intumbero y’abo bamisiyonari yari iyo kwigisha Injili mu rurimi abantu bo muri ako karere bavuga.

Izinga rya Tahiti, iryari riherutse kwuburwa, ni ryo ryabaye irya mbere rya shirahamwe ry’abamisiyonari ryakoreyemwo. Abagize wa muhari w’abaporotisanti, ayo mazinga bayabona ko ari ahantu h’umwiza h’abapagani, imirima igeze kwimburwa.

Abantu baturuka mu miryango iciye bugufi bakora igikorwa kitoroshe bakererwa

Kugira ngo batororokanye uwo mwimbu, abamisiyonari bashika kuri 30 bacaguwe ningoga na ningoga batowe mu buryo budashemeye, barafashe ubwato bwitwa Duff, bukaba bwari bwaguzwe na rya shirahamwe ry’abamisiyonari. Raporo imwe yerekana yuko harimwo “abapasitori bane batiwe [batari baramenyerejwe bihagije], ababaji batandatu, abashonyi b’ibirato babiri, abamaso babiri, abahinguzi b’ibitambara vy’impuzu babiri, abatayeli babiri, umunyeduka, umuhinguzi w’amatandiko y’ibitwazi, umukozi wo mu nzu, umukozi wo mu busitani, umuganga, umucuzi, umuhinguzi w’ibigunguru bikozwe mu biti, umuhinguzi w’ipampa, umuhinguzi w’inkofero, umuhinguzi w’impuzu, umuhinguzi w’ibikoresho vyo mu nzu, abagore batanu hamwe n’abana batatu”.

Ibikoresho abo bamisiyonari bari bafise kugira ngo bimenyereze indimi zo mu ntango Bibiliya yanditswemwo, vyari gusa inyizamvugo y’ikigiriki n’icongereza na Bibiliya irimwo inyizamvugo y’igiheburayo. Mu kiringo c’amezi indwi abo bamisiyonari bamaze mu bwato, barafashe ku mutwe amajambo amwamwe y’igitahiti yanditswe n’abari baragendeye ako karere, menshi muri yo akaba yari yaranditswe n’abagumutsi bari mu bwato bwitwa Bounty. Amaherezo bwa bwato bwitwa Duff bwarashitse muri Tahiti, maze kw’igenekerezo rya 7 Ntwarante 1797, ba bamisiyonari bava mu bwato. Ariko rero, haciye umwaka umwe benshi muri bo bari bamaze gucika intege bikurira meza. Hasigaye abamisiyonari indwi gusa.

Muri abo ndwi, uwitwa Henry Nott, wa wundi yahora ari umumaso, yari afise imyaka 23 gusa. Ufatiye ku makete ya mbere yanditse, yari yize amashure abayabaye. Naho ari ukwo, kuva mu ntango yaragaragaje yuko afise ububangukirwe mu vyo kwiga ururimi rw’igitahiti. Yadondowe ko yari umuntu w’inziraburyarya, atikoroga mu buzima, kandi w’umutima mwiza.

Mu 1801, Nott yaracaguwe ngo yigishe ururimi rw’igitahiti abamisiyonari icenda bari baherutse gushika ngaho. Muri abo harimwo uwitwa John Davies w’imyaka 28 aturuka mu gihugu ca Galles, akaba yaragaragaje ko ari umunyeshure abishoboye be n’umukozi w’umunyamwete, w’umugwaneza kandi w’inda nziza. Haciye igihe gito, abo bagabo babiri baciye biyemeza guhindura Bibiliya mu rurimi rw’igitahiti.

Igikorwa kitoroshe

Ariko rero, guhindura mu rurimi rw’igitahiti vyaragaragaye yuko ari igikorwa kitoroshe, kubera ko ururimi rw’igitahiti rutari bwabe ururimi rwandikwa. Abo bamisiyonari babwirizwa kurwiga rwose uko rwakabaye mu kwumviriza. Nta nyizamvugo canke igitabu c’indimburo bari bafise. Amajwi asohoka y’urwo rurimi yumvikanamwo uturuhuko, indome zivuga zarwo nyinshi zikurikirana (mw’ijambo rimwe zishobora gushika kuri zitanu) be n’indome z’indagi zarwo nkeya vyaraciye intege cane abo bamisiyonari. Bidoze bavuga bati: “Amajambo menshi usanga ata kindi kiyagize atari indome zivuga gusa, kandi indome imwimwe yose ikaba ifise ijwi”. Bariyemereye yuko batari bashoboye “kwumva neza ukuntu amajambo avugwa, neza na neza nk’uko ategerezwa kwumvikana”. Mbere baribaza yuko bumva amajwi atabaho!

Icavyunyuye, mu rurimi rw’igitahiti vyarashika amajambo amwamwe ntabe agicishwa mu kanwa, gutyo bikaba ngombwa ko asubirizwa ayandi. Ivyitiranwa vy’amajambo vyari ikindi kintu gitesha umutwe. Mu rurimi rw’igitahiti, ijambo “isengesho”, ryari rifise ibindi vyitiranwa vyaryo birenga 70. Indimburo y’urwo rurimi, iyitandukanye rwose n’iy’icongereza, yari iyindi ngorane. Naho hari izo ngorane, abo bamisiyonari buhorobuhoro baragize urutonde rw’amajambo, ayo Davies yahavuye asohora inyuma y’imyaka 50 mu nyizamvugo igizwe n’amajambo 10.000 asiguwe.

Kwandika ururimi rw’igitahiti yari iyindi ngorane. Abo bamisiyonari bagerageje kwandika urwo rurimi bakoresheje uburyo icongereza candikwa. Ariko rero, ukuntu icongereza gikoresha urutonde rw’indome z’ikilatini ntivyari bijanye n’amajwi y’igitahiti. Ivyo vyatumye haba uguharira kudahera ku bijanye n’ukuntu ururimi rusomwa be n’ukuntu rwandikwa. Akenshi wasanga abo bamisiyonari bashinga uburyo bwo kwandika amajambo, kubera ko ari bo babaye aba mbere muri ako karere mu gufata ururimi ruvugwa bakarushira mu nyandiko. Ntibari bazi na gato yuko indimi nyinshi zo mu karere ka Pasifike y’Epfo zohavuye zisunga igikorwa cabo.

Ibikoresho bikeyi ariko bikoreshanywe ubuhanga

Abo bahinduzi bari bafise ibitabu bikeyi gusa bifashisha. Rya shirahamwe ry’abamisiyonari ryababwirije gukoresha impinduro yitwa Textus Receptus be n’iyitwa King James Version ngo zibabere ibisomwa bisunga. Nott yasavye nya shirahamwe kurungika izindi nyizamvugo zo mu giheburayo no mu kigiriki hamwe n’Amabibiliya yo muri izo ndimi. Nta wuzi nimba ivyo bitabu yarabironse. Davies wewe yarahawe n’abagenzi biwe bo mu gihugu ca Galles ibitabu bimwebimwe vyanditswe n’incabwenge. Kahise kerekana ko n’imiburiburi yari afise inyizamvugo y’ikigiriki, Bibiliya y’igiheburayo, isezerano rishasha ryo mu kigiriki be na ya mpinduro yitwa Septante.

Muri ico gihe, igikorwa c’abo bamisiyonari co kuvuga ubutumwa cabandanije kutagira ico kivamwo. Naho abo bamisiyonari bari bamaze imyaka 12 muri Tahiti, nta munyagihugu n’umwe wo ngaho yari amaze kubatizwa. Amaherezo, intambara idahera y’abanyagihugu yatumye abo bamisiyonari bose bahungira muri Ositaraliya kiretse Nott uwanse guhunga. Yaramaze igihe kinaka ari we mumisiyonari wenyene asigaye mu mazinga yitwa îles du Vent ari muri wa mugwi w’amazinga witwa îles de la Société, mugabo vyabaye ngombwa ko akurikira Umwami Pomare II igihe uwo mwami yahungira mw’izinga ribanyi rya Moreya.

Ariko rero, uguhunga kwa Nott ntikwahagaritse igikorwa c’ubuhinduzi, kandi Davies amaze imyaka ibiri muri Ositaraliya, yaciye asubira iyo Nott yari ari. Muri ico gihe nyene Nott yari yarize ururimi rw’ikigiriki n’urw’igiheburayo arazinonosora. Ivyo vyatumye atangura guhindura ibice bimwebimwe vy’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo mu rurimi rw’igitahiti. Yararobanuye ibisomwa vya Bibiliya birimwo inkuru zari gukora ku mutima imvukira z’aho hantu.

Mu gusenyera ku mugozi umwe na Davies, Nott yaciye atangura guhindura Injili ya Luka, iyasozerewe muri Nyakanga 1814. Yaratunganije igisomwa cumvikana neza mu rurimi rw’igitahiti, maze Davies aragikosora yisunze igisomwa c’ikigiriki. Mu 1817, Umwami Pomare II yarasavye ko ubwiwe yocapura ikopi ya mbere y’Injili ya Luka. Yayicapurishije icuma gitoya gicapura hakoreshejwe amaboko cazanywe i Moreya n’abandi bamisiyonari. Inkuru yerekeye ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya mu rurimi rw’igitahiti yoba idakwiye tudacishijemwo Umunyatahiti w’umwizerwa yitwa Tuahine, uwagumanye n’abamisiyonari imyaka n’iyindi akongera akabafasha gutegera insobanuro zinyuranye z’amajambo y’urwo rurimi.

Ubuhinduzi burangira

Mu 1819, haheze imyaka itandatu harangurwa igikorwa kitoroshe, ni ho uguhindura Injili, Ivyakozwe n’intumwa be n’igitabu c’Amazaburi vyarangira. Icuma co gucapura, cazanywe n’abamisiyonari bari baherutse gushika, caroroheje icapurwa ry’ivyo bitabu vya Bibiliya n’ikwiragizwa ryavyo.

Haciye hakurikira ikiringo c’igikorwa kitavanako c’uguhindura, ugusuzuma n’ugusubiramwo. Nott amaze imyaka 28 aba muri Tahiti yararwaye, aho hakaba hari mu 1825 maze rya shirahamwe ry’abamisiyonari rimwemerera gufata ubwato ngo asubire mu Bwongereza. Igishimishije ni uko ico gihe uguhindura Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki kwasa n’ukwarangiye. Mu gihe c’urugendo yagize aja mu Bwongereza be no mu kiringo yamazeyo, yarabandanije guhindura igice gisigaye ca Bibiliya. Nott yarasubiye muri Tahiti mu 1827. Haciye imyaka umunani, muri Kigarama 1835, ni ho yarangiza ico gikorwa c’ubuhinduzi. Inyuma y’imyaka irenga 30 hakorwa igikorwa kitoroshe, Bibiliya yose uko ingana yari imaze guhindurwa.

Mu 1836, Nott yarasubiye i Londres mu Bwongereza kugira ngo ashobore gucapurisha Bibiliya yose uko ingana mu rurimi rw’igitahiti. Ku wa 8 Ruheshi 1838, Nott uwari ahimbawe cane, yarashikirije Umwamikazi Victoria Bibiliya ya mbere icapuwe mu rurimi rw’igitahiti. Birumvikana yuko ico cari igihe gikora ku mutima cane kuri uwo mumaso, uwo hari haciye imyaka 40 yuriye ubwato bwitwa Duff akaja muri Tahiti maze akinjira rwose mu mico kama yaho kugira ngo arangure ico gikorwa amahero kandi camaze igihe kirekire.

Haciye amezi abiri, Nott yarasubiye muri Pasifike y’Epfo atwaye ibisandugu 27 birimwo amakopi 3.000 ya mbere ya Bibiliya ikwiye yo mu rurimi rw’igitahiti. Amaze gushika i Sydney, yarasubiye kurwara, ariko yanka gutandukana na vya bisandugu vy’agaciro. Amaze gukira, yarashitse muri Tahiti mu 1840, aho abanyagihugu baciye basimbira ku muzigo yari azanye, barondera kuronka Bibiliya z’igitahiti. Nott yaguye muri Tahiti muri Rusama 1844 amaze imyaka 70 y’amavuka.

Yaragize akosho gashika kure

Ariko rero, igikorwa ca Nott nticibagiranywe. Ubuhinduzi bwiwe bwaragize akosho gakomeye ku ndimi zo muri Polineziya. Mu gushira mu nyandiko ururimi rw’igitahiti, ba bamisiyonari barazigamye urwo rurimi. Umwanditsi umwe yavuze ati: “Nott yarashinze indimburo ngenderwako y’igitahiti. Bizokwama nantaryo bikenewe ko umuntu yisunga Bibiliya kugira ngo yige igitahiti co ku muzi”. Igikorwa kitoroshe abo bahinduzi bakoze caratumye amajambo ibihumbi n’ibihumbi atibagirana. Haciye ikinjana kimwe, hari umwanditsi yavuze ati: “Bibiliya idasanzwe y’igitahiti yahinduwe na Nott ni igikorwa c’ubuhinga cerekeye ururimi rw’igitahiti, kandi ico kintu abantu bose baracemera”.

Ico gikorwa gihambaye nticagiriye akamaro gusa Abanyatahiti, ariko kandi carabereye umushinge izindi mpinduro zo mu ndimi zo muri Pasifike y’Epfo. Nk’akarorero, abahinduzi bo mu mazinga ya Cook n’izinga rya Samoa barisunze impinduro ya Nott. Umuhinduzi umwe yavuze ati: “Ahanini nisunze umushingantahe Nott, impinduro yiwe nkaba narayisuzumye nitonze”. Vyaravuzwe kandi yuko uwundi muhinduzi ‘yari afise imbere yiwe igitabu ca Zaburi mu giheburayo hamwe n’impinduro y’icongereza be n’iy’igitahiti’ igihe ‘yariko arahindura imwe mu mazaburi ya Dawidi mu rurimi rw’igisamowa’.

Mu gukurikira akarorero k’abagize wa muhari w’abaporotisanti wo mu Bwongereza (Awakening), ba bamisiyonari bo muri Tahiti bararemesheje babigiranye ubwira ugusoma no kwandika. Kukaba nkako, mu myaka irenga ijana, Bibiliya yari co gitabu conyene abanyagihugu bo muri Tahiti bari bafise. Ivyo vyatumye igira akosho gakomeye mu mico kama y’Abanyatahiti.

Kimwe mu bintu vyiza kuruta ibindi biranga impinduro ya Nott, ni uko izina ry’Imana riboneka ahantu henshi mu Vyanditswe vy’igiheburayo no mu vy’ikigiriki. Ico vyavuyemwo, ni uko muri iki gihe izina rya Yehova rizwi cane muri Tahiti no mu mazinga yaho. Mbere riranditse ku masengero amwamwe y’abaporotisanti. Ariko rero, ubu umuntu yumvise izina ry’Imana ahanini aca abona mu bwenge Ivyabona vya Yehova n’igikorwa co kwamamaza barangurana umwete, aho usanga bakoresha cane Bibiliya y’igitahiti yahinduwe na Nott be n’abamufashije. Vyongeye, utwigoro dukomeye twagizwe n’abahinduzi nka Henry Nott turatwibutsa ingene dukwiye gukenguruka ukuba dufise Ijambo ry’Imana riboneka bitagoranye ku bantu nka bose muri iki gihe.

[Amafoto ku rup. 26]

Impinduro za Bibiliya za mbere zahinduwe mu rurimi rw’igitahiti mu 1815. Izina rya Yehova rirabonekamwo

Henry Nott (1774-1844), umuhinduzi kizigenza wa ya Bibiliya y’igitahiti

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Bibiliya yo mu rurimi rw’igitahiti: Copyright the British Library (3070.a.32); Henry Nott and letter: Collection du Musée de Tahiti et de ses Îles, Punaauia, Tahiti; catechism: With permission of the London Missionary Society Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

[Ifoto ku rup. 28]

Ikatikisimu yo mu 1801 yanditswe mu ndimi zibiri: igitahiti n’ikigaluwa, irimwo izina ry’Imana

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With permission of the London Missionary Society Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

[Ifoto ku rup. 29]

Urusengero rw’abaporotisanti rwanditseko izina rya Yehova, mw’izinga rya Huahine ryo muri Polineziya y’Ubufaransa

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Avec la permission du Pasteur Teoroi Firipa